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In this paper we introduce a novel algorithm for the beamforming of a single channel retro-directive phased array
system. Retro-directive array antennas are the best candidate for two-way communication, however there must
be a large spectral difference between the send and receive carriers to reduce the interference and increase the
isolation. When the send and receiver RF frequencies are far apart, e.g. 10 GHz, optical beamforming provides
the unique solution to beamforming problem. Moreover single channel array antennas are hardware efficient
and cost-effective. The core of the proposed structure is a cascaded ring resonator structure with two parallel
waveguides, which can perform the roles of both a tunable optical delay line and a directional coupler. Hence,
there is no need to use an optical circulator to separate the reception path from the transmission path. The
received RF signal from the antenna is modulated with an optical carrier, ?C, and enters the delay line. The
beamforming algorithm calculates the carrier wavelength and the coupling factors between the adjacent rings to
maximize the received power from the desired source. Thermo-optics (TO) phase shifters are used to adjust the
coupling factors. The algorithm calculates the optimum coupling factors based on the instantaneous feedback
from the receiver array, hence it is robust and can compensate for the environmental changes or even the relative
motion of the source and antenna platform. The delayed signal that leaves the delay line is demodulated by
a photodiode (PD). The RF signal is amplified, filtered and delivered to the base-band receiver for decoding.
A sample of the demodulated RF signal is used as the input to the beamforming algorithm to calculate the
received power and signal to noise ratio. Based on the time-reversal property of the retro-directive arrays, the
same amount of delay is required for the transmitter antenna, so the coupling factors do not need to change.
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