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The papers included in this volume were part of the technical conference cited on the cover and title page. Papers were selected and subject to review by the editors and conference program committee. Some conference presentations may not be available for publication. The papers published in these proceedings reflect the work and thoughts of the authors and are published herein as submitted. The publisher is not responsible for the validity of the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon. Please use the following format to cite material from this book: Author(s), “Title of Paper,” in Sensors, MEMS, and Electro-Optical Systems, edited by Monuko du Plessis, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 9257 (SPIE, Bellingham, WA, 2014) Article CID Number. ISSN: 0277-786X ISBN: 9781628413243 Published by SPIE P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA Telephone +1 360 676 3290 (Pacific Time)· Fax +1 360 647 1445 Copyright © 2014, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. Copying of material in this book for internal or personal use, or for the internal or personal use of specific clients, beyond the fair use provisions granted by the U.S. Copyright Law is authorized by SPIE subject to payment of copying fees. The Transactional Reporting Service base fee for this volume is $18.00 per article (or portion thereof), which should be paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Payment may also be made electronically through CCC Online at copyright.com. Other copying for republication, resale, advertising or promotion, or any form of systematic or multiple reproduction of any material in this book is prohibited except with permission in writing from the publisher. The CCC fee code is 0277-786X/14/$18.00. Printed in the United States of America. Publication of record for individual papers is online in the SPIE Digital Library. Paper Numbering: Proceedings of SPIE follow an e-First publication model, with papers published first online and then in print and on CD-ROM. Papers are published as they are submitted and meet publication criteria. A unique, consistent, permanent citation identifier (CID) number is assigned to each article at the time of the first publication. Utilization of CIDs allows articles to be fully citable as soon as they are published online, and connects the same identifier to all online, print, and electronic versions of the publication. SPIE uses a six-digit CID article numbering system in which:
The CID Number appears on each page of the manuscript. The complete citation is used on the first page, and an abbreviated version on subsequent pages. Numbers in the index correspond to the last two digits of the six-digit CID Number. Conference Committees Conference Chair Christo Schutte, Denel Dynamics (South Africa) Conference Co-chairs Monuko du Plessis, University of Pretoria (South Africa) Trudi-Heleen Joubert, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (South Africa) Philip Minnaar, Denel Dynamics (South Africa) Program Committee Reinhardt Botha, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (South Africa) Johan Burger, National Metrology Institute of South Africa (South Africa) Monuko du Plessis, University of Pretoria (South Africa) Trudi-Heleen Joubert, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (South Africa) Editorial Committee Reinhardt Botha, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (South Africa) Johan Burger, National Metrology Institute of South Africa (South Africa) Monuko du Plessis, University of Pretoria (South Africa) Ulrich Hilleringmann, Universität Paderborn (Germany) Trudi-Heleen Joubert, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (South Africa) Pieter Rademeyer, INSiAVA (South Africa) Christo Schutte, Denel Dynamics (South Africa) Lukas Snyman, Tshwane University of Technology (South Africa) Session Chairs
IntroductionThe 3rd South African Conference on Sensors, MEMS, and Electro-Optical Systems (SMEOS 2014) was held from 17 to 19 March 2014 in Skukuza, the main rest camp in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, after a very successful SMEOS 2009 and SMEOS 2011. Sensors and Electro-Optical Systems are technologies with many applications worldwide, and are also identified as such by the South African government through the Departments of Science and Technology. The aim of SMEOS 2014 was to provide a common forum for international researchers and developers to exchange information about their latest research findings, ideas, developments, and applications in all areas pertaining to design, fabrication, and application in the fields of interest to SMEOS 2014. This is a relatively small field of expertise in South Africa and working together with international colleagues is of the utmost importance. Monuko du Plessis |
