Proton exchanged waveguides in LiNbO<sub>3</sub> characterization and design methodology

José Manuel Marques Martins de Almeida; António Manuel Pais Pereira Leite

doi:10.1117/12.646088

24 February 2006 Proton exchanged waveguides in LiNbO₃: characterization and design methodology

José Manuel Marques Martins de Almeida, António Manuel Pais Pereira Leite

Proceedings Volume 6123, Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies X; 612319 (2006) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.646088
Event: Integrated Optoelectronic Devices 2006, 2006, San Jose, California, United States

Abstract

The purpose of this work was to develop a design methodology for the fabrication of proton exchanged channel waveguides in LiNbO₃ operating in the singlemode regime at several wavelengths, with specifice characteristics required to optimize integrated devices. To achieve this, it is necessary to obtain the relations between the optical characteristics of the waveguides and their repective fabrication conditions, and to introduce models of the waveguide formation process. The relations between fabrication conditions and optical characteristics of planar waveguides realized by proton exchange in benzoic acid are documented extensively in the literature. However, reports on the characterization of waveguide fabrication processes, performed in a systematic way, could not be found, resulting in the need to combine information from several sources. Discrepancies among results from different researches are evident, resulting from different experimental methodologies and calibration of equipment. Therefore, aiming at extracting a consistent data set, optical characterization techniques of the refractive index profile were employed to study series of samples.

Citation Download Citation

José Manuel Marques Martins de Almeida and António Manuel Pais Pereira Leite "Proton exchanged waveguides in LiNbO₃: characterization and design methodology", Proc. SPIE 6123, Integrated Optics: Devices, Materials, and Technologies X, 612319 (24 February 2006); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.646088

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KEYWORDS

Diffusion

Refractive index

Waveguides

Channel waveguides

Annealing

Planar waveguides

Fabrication

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