2.1

Content of courses

All courses are prepared on the base of existing lectures. The main ideas of such conception are following:

Introduction to telecommunications and optical fibers - Telecommunications, basic ideas, connection point to point, networks, information capacity of optical fibers, transition from analog to digital transmission systems, place and role of the optical communication systems, history and development of the transmission properties and parameters of optical fibers, fiber optical communications systems, basic block diagram of optical transmission, nowaday stage in optical systems, future development trends

Digest of light and its properties - Plane electromagnetic wave, refractive index, energy transmission by light wave, linearly polarized light, circular and elliptical polarized light, transmission of light through quarter-wave plate, interference of light, two-beam interference, coherence of light, Gauss beam, Gauss beam difraction, light as beam of rays, refractive index, reflection and diffraction of light, Brewster angle, total internal reflection, slight as a stream of photons, energy levels of electron and transitions among them, absorption and emission of light

Basics of optical fibers 1 - Light guidance in optical fibers, step index fibers as a basic optical communication structure, total reflection on the core-cladding boundary, refractive index of core and cladding, critical angle on the core-cladding boundary and critical angle of transmission, light launching into optical fiber, acceptance angle, numerical aperture, attenuation on optical fibers, bending losses, microbending losses, light scattering, basic mechanism of absorption, transparent windows for fibers made of SiO2, calculation of total attenuation of optical line, direct method of attenuation measurement

Basics of optical fibers 2 - Intermodal and chromatic dispersion, description of modes, number of modes, physical meaning of modes, modal dispersion, mechanismus of pulse spreading and its calculations, resctriction of the bite rate due to modal dispersion in optical line, first solution to modal dispersion - grade-index fibers, basic ideas of graded-index fibers, reduction of the modal dispersion due to graded-index fibers, second and principal solution of the modal dispersion - singlemode fibers, structire of singlemode fiber, comparison of the modal dispersion in three types of optical fibers

Basics of optical fibers 3 - Chromatic dispersion, mechanisms of chromatic dispersion creation, calculating pulse spreading caused by chromatic dispersion, definition of bit rate and bandwidth, relationship between bit rate and bandwidth, electrical and optical bandwidth, total dispersion and bit rate, bit rate calculation, specification of bit rate and bandwidth by optical fibers producers

Basics of optical fibers 4 - Reading a data sheet of optical fibers, general parameters, optical characteristics, geometrical characteristics of optical fibers, environmental specifications of optical fibers, mechanical specifications, other characteristics

Advanced description of optical fibers 1 - Maxwell’s equations, interpretation of Maxwell’s equations, wave equations, solving wave equations, plane waves, propagation of the EM waves, wave equations for time-harmonic EM field, distribution of electrical and magnetical part of wave in space, wave propagation in lossy medium, phase and group velocity of waves, group refraction index, EM waves in bounded media, rectangular waveguide, modes in waveguide, cutoff frequency and waveguide wavelengths, advanced description of total internal reflection, effects on boundary of two dielectrics, phase shift in total reflection, evanescent waves, reflectances and transmittances on boundary of two dielectrics, Goos-Haenchen shift

Advanced description of optical fibers 2 - Cylindrical fibers, modes of cylindrical fibers, LP modes, selecting rules for EM waves in optical fibers, waves and rays of optical fibers, meridional and skew rays, guided, radiation and leaky modes, optical power in fiber, power distribution between core and cladding, number of modes and measuremnt of attenuation

Advanced description of optical fibers 3 - Cutoff wavelength and cutoff normalised frquency of optical fiber, cutoff condition and total internal reflection, power confinement and cutoff condition, role of cladding, effective refractive index

Advanced description of optical fibers 4 - Attenuation in multimode fibers, general approach to attenuation, intrinsic losses, Rayleigh scattering, behavior of SiO2 fibers, choice of operating wavelength, other materials for optical fibers production, fluoride fibers, chalkogen fibers, extrinsic absorption, macrobending loss, microbending loss, influence of mode structure to fiber attenuation, attenuation and attenuation constant, dispersion in multimode fibers, total dispersion and pulse width, electrical and optical bandwidth, mechanism of modal dispersion

Advanced description of optical fibers 5 - Chromatic dispersion, derivation of the formula for material dispersion, practical calculation of material dispersion according to datasheets, Sellmeier relations, influence of source spectral width, waveguide dispersion, description of bit rate and bandwidth in multimode fibers, choice of operating wavelength according to fiber dispersion, dispersion power penalty

Basics of singlemode fibers (SM fibers) - Principle of action, Gaussian beam, influence of core and cladding to mode field diameter (MFD), cutoff wavelength of SM fiber, attenuation in SM fibers, macrobending loss, microbending loss, absorption of light and light scattering of SM fibers, dispersion and bandwidth, chromatic dispersion, material dispersion, waveguide dispersion, conventional fibers, shifted fibers, dispersion flattened fibers, polarization mode dispersion (PMD), bandwidth and bit rate of SM fibers, reading of datasheets, general characteristics, transmission parameters, MFD and cutoff wavelength, geometric characteristics, mechanical properties of SM fibers

Advanced description of SM fibers 1 - Mode field, Gaussian model and real mode field distribution, cutoff wavelength and V-number, effective cutoff wavelength, detailed description of SM fiber attenuation, bending losses for step-index SM fiber, more sophisticated refractive index profiles of SM fibers, coping with dispersion in Sm fibers, dispersion solution for WDM fibers

Advanced description of SM fibers 2 - compensation of chromatic dispersion with compensating fibers (DCF), designing of DCF systems, dispersion compensating gratings (DCG), fiber Bragg gratings (FBG), production of FGB fibers, polarization mode dispersion (PMD), PMD characteristics of SM fiber, polarization-maintaining fibers, PMD compensation, nonlinear effects in SM fibers, nonlinear refractive effects, self phase modulation (SPM), solitons in optical fiber, cross-phase modulation (XPM), four-wave mixing (FWM) in SM fiber, stimulated scattering effects, trends in fiber design

Fabrication of optical fibers and cables 1 - Requirements on technologies, preparation of molten glasses, fusible technologies, fiber drawing, drawing of long fibers - double-crucible method, deposition technologies, OVPO, VAD, MCVD, PCVD technologies, optical fibers coatings, primary and secondary tight coating, optical cables for telecommunications and data transmission, basic structure of optical cable

Fabrication of optical fibers and cables 2 - Mechanical parameters of optical cables, protection and humidity resistivity, gels in optical cables, protection of optical cables to biological influences, materials for cable coatings, PVC, polyurethan (PUR), HDPE, nylon, teflon, LSZH materials, examples of optical cable datasheets

Installation methods and procedures with optical cables, Installation methods, installation in climbing-irons, cable laying into protective pipes, protection to lightning, self-supporting cables, cables for chemical industry, cables for higher temperature, blowing technologies, new cable laying technologies of optical cables, structure of telecommunication optical lines, structured cabling systems, optical switchgears, design of optical lines, attenuation budget, total dispersion budget

Optical fiber cable connectorization 1 - Mounting splices, fixed splices, intrinsic and extrinsic losses in splices, reflection loss, insertion loss, optomechanical splices, fused splices, fusion splicers of optical fibers, fusion splice protection, optical connectors, basic structure of optical connectors, insertion loss of optical connector, return loss

Optical fiber cable connectorization 2 - Distribution curve of insertion loss, repeatability of connection, mounting density of optical connectors and their compatibility with optical cables and appliances, types and materials for optical ferrules, types of optical connectors-SMA, FC, ST, SC, FDDI, ESCON, E2000, new types of optical connectors-MTRJ, MTP, MU, MINIMAC, the latest trends in connections with optical connectors

Tests and measurements of optical fibers and cables- 1 Kinds of measurements, measurement at SM and MM optical cables, attenuation measurement, conditions for correct attenuation measurement, cut off method, direct method of attenuation measurement, OTDR-metr, basic parts of OTDR-metr, dead zones

Tests and measurements of optical fibers and cables -2 Curve routing of backscattering, cable factor, shape of faults on the backscattering curve, chromatic dispersion, methods for chromatic dispersion measurement, differential phase shift, time delay of pulses, BERT, measurement of insertion loss of connectors and other passive elements in optical lines, return loss measurement

Basics of sources for optical communications - lasers Basic properties of lasers, spontaneous and stimulated radiation, population inversion, positive feedback, material loss, laser activity and conversion laser characteristics, characteristics and laser light properties, diode lasers, basic structures of laser diodes, DH, BH, stripe lasers, QW lasers, VCSEL, optical resonators, restriction of the bandwidth, DFB and DBR lasers, laser diodes with and without active cooler, datasheets parameters of laser diodes

Basics of sources for optical communications -LEDs Advantages and disadvantages of LEDs to laser dodes, creation of photons in semiconductors, light radiation from pn junction, basic description and LED characteristics, homostructure LEDs, heterostructure LEDs, surface radiating LEDs(SLED), edge radiating LEDs(ELED), light coupling into optical fiber, technology improving coupling of optical fiber to LEDs, datasheets parameters of LEDs, modulating bandwidth

Sources for optical communications-advanced description 1 - Intrinsic semiconductors: Fermi energy levels and number of charge carriers, charge carriers density, effective mass of electrons and holes, doped semiconductors, materials for optical communications, PN junction unbiased, density of electrons and holes, biased PN junction, direct and indirect transitions, conservation of energy and momentum law, E-k diagram, Einstein’s rate relations, two-levels systems, equilibrium radiation from two-levels system, relationship between spontaneous and stimulated radiation, emission and absorption of radiation, absorption coefficient and linear coefficient of material amplification

Sources for optical communications-advanced description 2 - Conditions for light amplification, population inversion-description, population inversion and methods of its realisation, three levels and four levels systems, optical feedback, phenomena in optical resonator, threshold condition for laser amplification, losses in optical resonator, total amplification and population inversion, amplification coefficient for small signals

Sources for optical communications-advanced description 3 - Efficiency of laser diodes-internal, external, differential, power, laser resonator efficiency, threshold amplification and line width, radiating and nonradiating recombinations and their influence to laser diodes efficiency, conditions for high laser efficiency, heterosctuctures and their function, efficiency in terms of an E-k diagram, characteristics of laser diodes, threshold current and operating current of laser diode, spectral properties of LDs, radiation patterns of LD, longitudinal and transverse modes of laser radiation, LD modulation

Sources for optical communications-advanced description - 4 Theoretical limit of laser modulation rate, analog and digital modulation of LDs, rate equations of LD, relaxation oscillation of LD, Transfer function of LD, intensity modulation of LD, chirp, noise of LD, RIN and its description, transmitter modules, function block diagram, driving circuits of LD transmitters, link codes for data transmission, circuit solution of optical transmitters with LEDs and LDs

Sources for optical communications-advanced description - 5 Modulation circuits, controlling and monitoring circuits, coupling light from LED transmitter, coupling light from laser transmitter, back reflection protection of LD, integral characteristic of optical transmitter-eye diagram, faults of optical transmitters and their consequences in eye-diagram, internal and external modulators, Mach-Zehnder modulator, electro absorption modulator

Basics of detectors and receivers for optical communications - Basic requirements on optical detectors, basic principles and fotodetector structures, photodiode with PN junction, photovoltaic and photoconductive modes of operation, responsivity of photodiode, responsivity versus wavelength, short and long cutoff wavelength of photodiode, sensitivity of photodiode, photodiode bandwidth, equivalent circuit of a PN photodiode, bandwidth and photodiode digest, PIN photodiode, avalanche photodiode APD), MSM detectors Detectors and receivers for optical communications - advanced description 1 SNR a error rate of receiver, photodiode noise sources, shot noise, thermal noise, dark current, noise 1/f, noise equivalent circuit, total noise figure, normalized noise value, SNR for PIN photodiode, SNR for APD, dependence of SNR on APD amplification, noise equivalent power (NEP), bit error rate (BER), BER and decision threshold, error function (erf), complementary error function (erfc)

Detectors and receivers for optical communications - advanced description 2 - BER description - Q parameter, relationship between BER and SNR, BER versus Q parameter, minimum optical power - photodiode sensitivity, minimum number of photons per bit, quantum limit

Receiver units for optical communications - Functional block diagram of optical receiver, input receiver unit, equivalent circuits of an optical front end, quantizer, clock recovery, decision circuit design, datasheets and parameters of optical receivers

Components of fiber optic networks 1 Point to point links, fiber optical networks, TDM and WDM, add/drop problems, repeaters and amplifiers in optical networks and signal amplifiers, passive and active elements of fiber optical networks, transceivers for fiber optic networks, transmitter requirements in WDM networks, tunable lasers, receivers for optical networks, receiver requirements in WDM networks, amplifiers in optical networks, functional types of optical amplifiers, semiconductor optical amplifiers(SOA), SOA advantages and disadvantages

Components of fiber optic networks 2 Fabry-Perot amplifier(FPA), travelling-wave amplifier(TWA), Gain of FPA, gain of TWA, gain saturation, FPA bandwidth, TWA bandwidth, crosstalk, polarization dependent gain, noise in optical amplifiers, amplified spontaneous emission ASE, datasheets and parameters of optical amplifiers

Components of fiber optic networks 3 Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA), principle of operation, energy band structure, amplifier pumping, C-band and L-band, gain and noise in EDFAs, EDFA components, splicing of erbium-doped fibers, ways to reduce splicing loss, pump laser diodes, datasheets and parameters of EDFAs, other types of optical networks amplifiers

Passive components of fiber optic networks 1 Fused biconical tapers and couplers, port configurations of couplers, characteristics of a WDM coupler, datasheets parameters of couplers, basics of WDM coupler theory, coupling length, phase mismatch, WDM multiplexers and demultiplexers, broadband narrowband WDM MUX/DEMUX

Passive components of fiber optic networks 2 Mux/Dmux, WDM waveguide gratings, WDM diffraction gratings, Fiber Bragg grating (FBG), WDM MUX/DEMUX applications, Add/Drop MUX/DEMUX and routers, optical filters, thin-film filters, tunable filters, acoustooptical filters, optical isolators, optical circulator, attenuators, variable attenuator, datasheet parameters, optical switches and functional modules, wavelength converters

Fiber optic networks Telephone networks, data networks, access networks, transport networks, multiplexing hierarchy in telecommunication networks, metropolitan networks, synchronous and asynchronous network, modulation and optical network multiplex, cable TV networks, place of optical networks in OSI model, coherent communication systems

Fiberless optical networks Atmosphere as a transmission media, phenomena limiting range and bit rate, directional and diffused networks, sources and detectors for fiberless networks, principles of design for fiberless networks

Students

They will be integrated within direct educational process. The main idea is to increase the laboratory and experimental part of their study including project teaching, managed stages, bachelor and diploma work are coming out from needs of firms and companies. Students’ motivation is the same as motivation to study university; authors of this paper have experiences that the student motivation is higher if study is more practically oriented.

Teachers

At present many teachers have never been outside university and knew no needs of firms and companies and ways of thinking of technicians outside universities. Any forced compulsion of teachers to absolve stages in firms and companies have no meaning if it not created natural place for meeting of both sides. As the starting point it is necessary to put the new prepared study materials for rout of technicians not of other teachers. It is impossible to continue with state when study materials especially pro practical teaching are disputed by other teachers. Further it is necessary for teachers to be students for several days. The goal is creation the short time activities for technicians at higher educational level. Motivation for teachers is a real obtaining of contacts, knowledge and skills about ways of thinking.

Technicians

Their main motivation is possibility to influence the study process as their future employers, possibility to create system for further education of their own staff and possibility to create real setting for creation of expert teams. Part of this group will be addressed with offer to participate in educational activities for the first groups, the rest will be participated as a regular students in short term courses.