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1,INTRODUCTIONILight is an essential feature of everyday life. It is a key component of many modern technologies and is used as the primary tool in many sciences ranging from astronomy to zoology. Without some familiarity with the properties of light, students are not expected to fully grasp modern science. The field of optics is a complex area for the students and many studies ha shown students’ difficulties in learning optics see for example (Guesne 1985; Galili, Bendall and al. 1993; Galili and Hazan 2000; Tao 2004). The greatest number of these studies is concerns geometrical optics at the primary and secondary school. There exists important evidence on the fact that the students at the university often have the same conceptual difficulties and of reasoning about optics that those largely divided by younger pupils (McDermott and Al, 1996). However, the studies at university level have been relatively rare. That is why we have chosen this level in our studies. A lot of data about conceptions and representations regarding the phenomena of physics have been accumulated. For Tiberghien (1997) A conception is seen as a hypothetical set of statements, skills, procedures attribute to one or more students in order to account for students’ behaviour in a set of given situations. Other studies (eg: Goldberg & McDermott, 1983) concluded that students did not use concepts systematically, and the particular situation determines the conception that is relevant. Many student conceptions were misconceptions and that these misconceptions were difficult to change through regular instruction. Students come to science classes with opinions and intuitions about physical phenomena derived from prior learning, either in the classroom or from their interaction with the physical and social world (Bransford et al., 1999). Furthermore, these beliefs or opinions are sometimes different from the scientifically accepted ideas presented in the classroom. Terms such as misconceptions, preconceptions, alternative frameworks, children’s science, naive conceptions and so forth; are used to describe such beliefs (Pınarbaşı and Canpolat, 2003). Arons (1990), for example, prefers ‘preconceptions’. He argues that the misconception is to be removed through asserting the correct notion. Viennot (1979) prefers ‘intuitive notions’ that reflect vagueness in student ideas rather than ideas which are well articulated. HUBBER (2005) uses ‘alternative conceptions’ for student’s conceptions after teaching. In the present paper we prefer using the word “misconception”. It may be an appropriate term to use if only because the student may be judged right or wrong, although a misconception can be utilized as a ‘teaching aid’(Stuart Rowlands, 2007). Also for the reason that, Misconceptions are produced when people integrate new information, learnt at school, with previously held information resulting in the new knowledge being reinterpreted to correspond with everyday experiences (Duit, 2002; Duit, 2006). Vygotsky (1997) referred to the possibility that even if adults have successfully developed scientific concepts, their earlier everyday concepts may survive alongside. About the main features of misconceptions research carried out some findings (Duit, and Al, 2003, Driver, 1989; Mortimer, 1995; Eve Kikas, 2003):
For better learning and understanding of scientific concepts, it has been recommended that before the beginning of the instruction, the students’ misconceptions should be taken into account by teachers (Smith and Al., 1993).It must be interesting to take in consideration the misconceptions about light to elaborate a new teaching strategies because the traditional teaching strategies employed were not always successful in changing these conceptions. In light of the studies and ideas outlined above, this study aims to reveal university students’ misconceptions in Algeria about optics phenomena. Therefore, questions to be sought for the responses are:
2,AN OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH STUDENT’S MISCONCEPTIONS OF LIGHTMany studies have sought student’s views and knowledge about light, vision and optics phenomena at different ages, grades and different countries during the past 30 years (Pfundt and Duit 1994, Galili, I. and A. Hazan 2000, Goldberg and McDermott (1983). The Studies of postinstruction students have revealed a persistence of student’s misconceptions even after formal learning of optics. We present here only the student’s misconception at the university level before instruction and at secondary level after studying optics. 2.1Light propagationIn a study by (Langley, Ronen et al. 1997), students’ preconceptions were tested and they found that students didn’t indicate direction in their representation of light. Significant number of students in the Western Australian study believed that the distance light travels is depends on its energy. (Fetherstonhaugh 1990). Goldberg and McDermott (1987) established that the students at the university designs such as a luminous object which has a determined form, sends parallel rays. That the rays are parallel implies obligatorily that this is the privileged direction; and it is generally a horizontal direction. In physics, Shadows are formed when light is stopped by objects, but students think that shadows can be conceived as an image, or as something belonging to an object (Anderson B, Bach F; 2005). There is a need to see light as an entity in space for being able to give an explanation of the formation of shadows (Galili and Hazan 2000). 2.2VisionMost of older students in study of Bendall, Goldberg et al. (1993) have the idea that the eye plays an active role while the object ‘looked at’ has a passive role Students think that the eyes send out something making it possible for us to see. (Andersson, B. and F. Bach (2005), Palacios, J. and Al. (1989)) Heywood (2005) presents three categories of representations in students’ reasoning how we can see an object. Visual representation where students’ focus is on looking and seeing, the eye looking at the direction of the object. Light representation, where students’ reasoning is concerned with where light is travelling. The third category is a dual representation, students’ using both visual representation and light representation. Most of the student’s misconceptions about vision have been founded in history. Ibn-el Heythem has been the first who has revealed the function of eye and light. Ibn-el Heythem rejected the idea that the eye diffuses light. He also asserted that light beams come from the object and then to the eye. 2.3ImageThe students’ difficulties with light as an entity in space is pointed out as a problem in image construction by (Heywood 2005).Image undergoes a deconstruction to a collection of points, each being transmitted by means of single light ray. For Galili and Al (1993), the image construction is complex and one difficulty for students is to use multiple rays and point to point mapping simultaneously. Concerning how students think about images in plane mirrors and lens, Goldberg & McDermott (1986) indicated that a significant number of students believed that an observer can see an image only if it lies along his or her line of sight to the object, and that an image would be in different positions for different observers. They thought that the image of a rod placed in front of a mirror would move to the right if they moved to the left, they would be able to see more of themselves in a mirror by moving further away and the image of an object could be projected onto a screen without lens. Goldberg and McDermott (1983) also reported that many students predicted that half the image would disappear when half of a lens was used to form the image. The same misconceptions are shown by Galili, and Hazan (2000):
The students explain this by their understanding of geometric image construction rather than reasoning about cones of light being partially stopped by the cover The misconceptions are listed in Table 1. Table 1:Misconceptions
- BG: (Bendall, Goldberg 1993) - G B: Galili, I., S. Bendall, (1993) - G.H: Galili, I. and A. Hazan (2000) - G: Guesne, E. (1985) - G M: Goldberg F. M & McDermott. L.C, (1986) - H: Hapkiewicz, A. (1992). - HB: Hubber B. (2005) - Eaton, Harding and Anderson (1985) 3,METHODOLOGYThe participants in the study were 246 first year university students (age from 18 to 21). All of them had studied optics in secondary school. From a survey of literature, it is found that most works on misconceptions about optics have employed interviews and/or open-ended questionnaires. Little research has used multiple choice tests. In our work, the paper multiple choice test was chosen as most appropriate for investigating a sample of 246 students and to diagnose students’ misconceptions. We utilized questions which had been used in previous studies of the light preconception (where their validity and effectiveness had been proved). Our questionnaire comprised 12 questions, 10 of which are selected and partially modified from the studies investigating students’ conception about vision, propagation of light, and imagery in reflection and refraction (Guesne, E. (1985), Viennot L. (1996), Fetherstonhaugh, (1990), Goldberg, F M. and McDermott.L. C, (1983), CHUNG-CHIH CHEN, (2002),) and 2 of them (questions 2 and 3) redefined by the researchers (see table 2). Table 2:Questionnaire description.
The test was taken by the students in a regular class environment, prior to the optics teaching for that year, under the condition of no time limit. 4,RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONWe present our results in four different sections: about conceptions around vision, propagation of light and image. 4.1Vision:Less than 50% (45%) have a scientific concept about vision: to be able to see the object, light coming from the light source to the object which reflects it and then light goes into the eye. Significant numbers of students believed that light comes from eyes to the simple (26%). This idea founded the Grek scientists. A similar number of students (20%) thought that to see we don’t need any material link between eyes and the objects observed. The objects are seen because they are bathed in light. This understanding of vision represents the initial stage in a succession of models of rising complexity that an individual adopts in the course of knowledge development (Gallili, 2000). 4.2Propagation of lightIn the following situation, we have asked student about what happen if there is vacuum (no air) inside of the camera obscure. The answers of this question are in table 3 (see figure 1) Table 3:Light propagation in the vacuum
Almost half of the questioned students (44%) in Algerian university (before optics course) believe that the air is necessary for propagation of light. Also Sexena (1991), in its research to identify that Indian students conceptions in optics (16 are 20 years old), affirms that for many subjects the light cannot penetrate in a completely empty room (vacuum). Significant number of students (21) thought that light propagates in only one direction (horizontal) under the conditions where the air does not exist. In other questions (q3 and q4) there is a mask with a small triangular hole between a small bulb and screen (Wosilait. K and McDermott 1998). The students are asked about the appearance of the image in the normal condition and under the condition where air does not exist. The results obtained in this case confirm the presidents’ results. Under the normal condition (presence of air) more than 48% give a good answer (triangle on the screen). But, when the air doesn’t exist 36% of the students think that image disappears and approximately 21% of students believe we will see a small spot on the screen. The new students misconception that we have found is that the light propagate in the horizontal direction when the air doesn’t exist 4.3ShadowIn this item we ask students about the shadow of a ball (obstacle) between bulb and screen. If the light source is very small, 37% of students think that the obstacle will blocks all the light and we will see a black screen. In the case where the source of light is very large (bigger than the obstacle), the screen becomes completely enlightened. For 46% of the questioned students, the shadow exists on the screen in the case where the source of the light has the same dimension as the obstacle. It seems that students holding the views corresponding to the Shadow Image scheme do not predict partial shadows (penumbra) (Gallili 2000). 4.4Image formationWith an aim of knowing the students misconceptions about the formation of the images by reflection, we put questions about the image of the sludge which is on a table in front of a plane mirror. Obviously, student’s schemes of knowledge may not conform to scientific conceptions and may represent alternative interpretations of reflection. The students’ misconceptions are listed in table 4 along with their percentage frequency of occurrence. Table 4Students’ misconceptions
Most of the student’s misconceptions about the formation of image by using the convergent lens were shown in other studies.(MaCdermott,1996) When the screen moves towards or away from the lens, many students (31%) considered that the image will become bigger and sharp. A similar number of students (32%) thought that the image given by lens will become smaller but remain sharp. When half of a lens is covered, 45% of students believed that only half of the image of object appears on screen. The rest of the image is blocked. And significant number of students (28%) thought that the image will have the half of dimension. 22% of students thought that covering a centre of lens produces a half-image. But, for 43% of the questioned students, the image disappears. They think that the centre of the lens is responsible of image formation. In optics courses (or manual), we always found the light rays which passed from the centre of lens. 5,CONCLUSIONNo change in students’ misconceptions after 20 years of research concerning light and optical phenomena. Misconceptions, which have been found in earlier studies, were also determined in this study. We also have found a new misconception. We can summarise these results as follows:
The misconceptions about optics phenomena are resistant to change with scientific knowledge (Cigdem. SAHIN, 2008). Furthermore, this study offered to the teachers an opportunity to get acquainted with how they can study their pupils’ preconceptions in optics as a part of their daily practice. 6,6,REFERENCESAndersson, B. & Bach, F.,
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