Ingemar Fredriksson is an adjunct lecturer at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Linköping University, Sweden, and an R&D optics designer at Perimed AB, Järfälla-Stockholm, Sweden. His research focuses on modelling and model-based analysis of laser speckle based and spectroscopic techniques with applications within monitoring and imaging of microcircular blood flow and metabolic processes.
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We present in vivo optical properties of skin tissue assessed using spatially resolved diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Data was collected in a sub-study of the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS). Measurements were performed on 3,809 subjects, 50-65 years, on the volar side of the forearm with the PeriFlux 6000 EPOS system.
The analysis consisted of an inverse Monte Carlo method where modeled spectra were non-linearly fitted to measured diffuse reflectance spectra at 0.4 and 1.2-mm source-detector fiber separations, respectively, between 475 and 850 nm. The model consisted of one epidermis layer with adaptable thickness and absorption caused by melanin, and two dermis layers. The upper dermis had a fixed thickness of 0.2 mm and the lower an infinite thickness. The absorption in the dermis layers depended on varying amounts of hemoglobin and its oxygen saturation. The reduced scattering coefficient, with three adaptable parameters, was equal in all layers in the model.
Absorption coefficient in epidermis times epidermis thickness, reflecting the total amount of melanin, was 0.19±0.16 [-] at 570 nm with a significant difference between winter (0.12±0.10) and summer (0.26±0.19). Melanin absorption implies an average of 3.9% tissue fraction of melanosomes in epidermis. Absorption coefficient at the 570 nm isosbestic point was 0.19±0.11 mm-1 in the upper dermis layer and 0.10±0.05 mm-1 in the lower. The reduced scattering coefficient was 2.3±0.5 mm-1 at 570 nm. Average sampling depth for all wavelengths and both separations was 0.43±0.03 mm.
The PeriFlux 6000 EPOS system combines diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) for the assessment of oxygen saturation (expressed in percentage), red blood cell (RBC) tissue fraction (expressed as volume fraction, %RBC), and perfusion (%RBC × mm / s) in the microcirculation. It also allows the possibility of separating the perfusion into three speed regions (0 to 1, 1 to 10, and >10 mm / s). We evaluate the speed-resolved perfusion components, i.e., the relative amount of perfusion within each speed region, using a blood-flow phantom. Human blood was pumped through microtubes with an inner diameter of 0.15 mm. Measured DRS and LDF spectra were compared to Monte Carlo-simulated spectra in an optimization routine, giving the best-fit parameters describing the measured spectra. The root-mean-square error for each of the three speed components (0 to 1, 1 to 10, and >10 mm / s, respectively) when describing the blood-flow speed in the microtubes was 2.9%, 8.1%, and 7.7%. The presented results show that the system can accurately discriminate blood perfusion originating from different blood-flow speeds, which may enable improved measurement of healthy and dysfunctional microcirculatory flow.
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