Optogenetics has proven to be a powerful tool for understanding the function of specific cell types and circuits within the
central nervous system and establishing a causal link between their activity and behavior. Its application in non-human
primates has been slow to develop. One challenge has been the damage caused by transdural delivery of viruses and
light to the brain. Here, we report optogenetic activation of neuronal responses in the alert and behaving monkey after
replacement of the native dura with a transparent artificial dura. This approach enables the use of fine glass
micropipettes to inject virus with minimal damage and transdural illumination, obviating the damage that would
otherwise occur as a result of lowering optical fibers into the brain. It also permits visualization of the underlying
cortical micro-vasculature, which has proven to be helpful in targeting electrodes and laser illumination to the virus
location. This approach promises to greatly assist in the dissection of cortical circuits underlying visual perception and
behavior.
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