Mr. Leo C. Singleton Profile

Leo C. Singleton

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Proceedings Article | 29 January 2007 Paper

Flash on disk for low-power multimedia computing

Leo Singleton, Ripal Nathuji, Karsten Schwan

Proceedings Volume 6504, 65040E (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.705760

KEYWORDS: Multimedia, Operating systems, Video, Computing systems, Algorithm development, Systems modeling, Solid state electronics, Digital photography, Data storage, Manufacturing

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Mobile multimedia computers require large amounts of data storage, yet must consume low power in order to prolong battery life. Solid-state storage offers low power consumption, but its capacity is an order of magnitude smaller than the hard disks needed for high-resolution photos and digital video. In order to create a device with the space of a hard drive, yet the low power consumption of solid-state storage, hardware manufacturers have proposed using flash memory as a write buffer on mobile systems. This paper evaluates the power savings of such an approach and also considers other possible flash allocation algorithms, using both hardware- and software-level flash management. Its contributions also include a set of typical multimedia-rich workloads for mobile systems and power models based upon current disk and flash technology. Based on these workloads, we demonstrate an average power savings of 267 mW (53% of disk power) using hardware-only approaches. Next, we propose another algorithm, termed Energy-efficient Virtual Storage using Application-Level Framing (EVS-ALF), which uses both hardware and software for power management. By collecting information from the applications and using this metadata to perform intelligent flash allocation and prefetching, EVS-ALF achieves an average power savings of 307 mW (61%), another 8% improvement over hardware-only techniques.

Proceedings Article | 17 January 2005 Paper

Monitoring of cache miss rates for accurate dynamic voltage and frequency scaling

Leo Singleton, Christian Poellabauer, Karsten Schwan

Proceedings Volume 5680, (2005) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.590806

KEYWORDS: Clocks, Feedback loops, Algorithms, Image compression, Multimedia, Data processing, Matrices, Switching, Computer science, Computer engineering

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Modern mobile processors offer dynamic voltage and frequency scaling, which can be used to reduce the energy requirements of embedded and real-time applications by exploiting idle CPU resources, while still maintaining all applications' real-time characteristics. However, accurate predictions of task run-times are key to computing the frequencies and voltages that ensure that all tasks' real-time constraints are met. Past work has used feedback-based approaches, where applications' past CPU utilizations are used to predict future CPU requirements. Inaccurate predictions in these approaches can lead to missed deadlines, less than expected energy savings, or large overheads due to frequent voltage and frequency changes. Previous solutions ignore other `indicators' of future CPU requirements, such as the frequency of I/O operations, memory accesses, or interrupts. This paper addresses this shortcoming for memory-intensive applications, where measured task run-times and cache miss rates are used as feedback for accurate run-time predictions. Cache miss rates indicate the frequency of memory accesses and enable us to derive the latencies introduced by these operations. The results shown in this paper indicate improvements in the number of deadlines met and the amount of energy saved.

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