The present paper deals with compounds called photosensitizers, namely, psoralen, 3,4-phenyl-4',5'- cyclohexylpsoralen, 4'-methyl-3,4-cycloheptyl psoralen, 4',5'-dimethyl-3,4-cyclohexyl psoralen (fig. 1). The absorption spectra from excited triplets states were investigated. The computed triplet-triplet absorption spectra of research compounds have been determined using INDO method. The experimental triplet-triplet absorption spectra have been obtained using the technique of laser flash photolysis in ethanol. The compare of computed and experimental data is shows that the computed second band wavelenght throughout agree very well (0,5-6 nm) with experimental data.

Method of scattering waves with the Gunnarson-Lundkvist of exchange-correlation potential was realized in software. The dipole moment function of LiH molecule in the range from small to equilibrium internuclear separations (0.3÷3.0 a.u.) were calculated. The bond length of Li₂, the bond length and bond energy of Ti₂ and Cr₂ were calculated. The electron density distribution and magnetic properties of the nanotube fragment of Fe₃₂Si₅ have been considered.

The energy levels and wave functions of ground electronic configurations of 104 atoms of the Periodic table were calculated using the Hartree-Fock method with the local approximations of exchange potential. Influence of six exchange-correlation potentials on the formation of electronic states was investigated to optimize a zero approach choice. The results allowed constructing a base of atomic spectral data of the energy levels, wave functions, electron densities and quadrupole moments of atoms. Calculation results for the atoms of second period (Li - Ne) and the first transition row (Sc - Zn) of Periodic table are given.

The computer procedure for extraction of mass-independent spectroscopic parameters U_mj,Δ^a _mj, Δ^b_mj from vibration-rotational line positions of several isotopomers of diatomic molecule is presented. The relations between U_mj are used in the procedure. The non-included in the fit the line centers of 7-0 band for HCl molecule were calculated and compared with observed ones.

Spectral characteristics of (H₂O)_n, (O)_m (H₂O)_n, and (O)_i (H₂O)_n, m≤2, i≤4, 10≤n≤50 cluster systems are investigated by the molecular dynamics method with the use of the flexible molecules model. The integral absorption intensity of IR radiation is reduced after absorption of oxygen by water clusters. The absorption of molecular oxygen by clusters results in easing of power of their IR radiation. The capture of atomic oxygen, however, is accompanied by the increase of dissipation speed of energy accumulated by water aggregates.

Potentialities of detection of minor gases characterizing the biosystem-atmosphere gas exchange, such as C₂H₄, N₂O, NH₃, H₂O₂, using a gas-analyzer based on waveguide CO₂ laser with discrete frequency tuning are studied numerically. The measured signal is recorded over the whole laser frequency scan for 9-μm or 10-μm transitions, i.e. for 25-30 generation lines. An effect of interference of the main gaseous atmospheric components H₂O and CO₂ on the minor gas detection limit and the uncertainty in the retrieved concentration is analyzed. Absorption coefficients of atmospheric gases at CO₂ laser lines are calculated using the HITRAN-2004 spectral database and the CKD water vapor continuum model. Aerosol effect is not taken into account.

Estimate is made of conditions which could lead to a possibility of solar radiation penetration to the Earth surface in the UV region. The altitude behaviour of the transmission for some frequencies is considered under variations of absorbing species concentrations. The value of the O₂ absorption coefficient is diminished by a factor 10 for modelling the absorption in the transparency microwindows, therewith the ozone and water vapour content is varied. At variations of concentrations of absorbing species the transmission function of the solar radiation calculated from the upper bound of the atmosphere downward remains zero near the surface in microwindows of the Schumann-Runge bands. It appears, however, that near 210 nm the solar radiation may reach the surface at definite variations of concentrations of absorbing species.

The formation of stable molecular complexes it is possible in the atmosphere that can give a significant contribution to the radiation processes and to the thermo-balance atmospheric. This work describes the structure of molecular complexes like H₂O...M (M = F, Cl, SO₂, H₂O) and the database characteristics of the complexes formed by atmospheric molecules.

Characteristics of optical beam incidences that have arbitrary field profiles are examined when they propagate in the turbulent atmosphere. Arbitrary source field profile is introduced by decomposing the source into incremental areas and the received field in the presence of turbulence is expressed as the summation of the fields originating from each incremental area. Intensity moments such as average intensity and the scintillation index in turbulence are formulated under such excitation. Our results correctly reduce to the well established Gaussian beam wave solutions when the arbitrary source beam is taken as the Gaussian field profile. Naturally, all the beam structures such as the higher-order single-mode, multimode, off-axis Hermite-Gaussian, Hermite-sinusoidal-Gaussian, higher-order annular, flat-topped- Gaussian beams form the special cases of our derivation. Numerical results that cover the scintillations in turbulence for various types of arbitrary beam profiles are presented. Our results for the arbitrary source field profiles can be applied in atmospheric optics telecommunication links where combination of several known beams are employed as incidence in an effort to reduce the degrading effects of turbulence. Also in the problems of reflection from rough surfaces, propagation of spatially partially coherent optical beams or double passage imaging in turbulence, our formulation can be utilized.

A novel backscatter-lidar imaging method of visualization of air movement in the atmosphere is discussed in the paper. The method is based on the particle image velocimetry (PIV) principle, namely: pairs of image of laser illuminated thin atmospheric layers are recorded by CCD camera and then are cross correlated to obtain velocity information from these records. Both the way of computer simulation of atmospheric version of PIV technique and the first concept proof experiments are described in the paper. It is proposed that the method can find an application for visualization of wake vortices arising behind large aircrafts.

Numerical methods are used to investigate one- and two-dimentional spectra of strong scintillation caused by atmospheric irregularities associated with the internal gravity waves. Calculations are based on the model of statistically uniform phase screen. The irregularities possess specific features: their spectra are anisotropic and they are much larger than the size of a Fresnel zone in the observation plane. The conditions are specified under which the theory of small perturbations can be applied to calculate weak-scintillation spectra. It is shown that large-scale part of the scintillation spectra can be appropriately described using the theory of perturbations even for strong scintillation, when the rms value of the relative intensity fluctuations β₀ , calculated with the perturbations method, equals 10. At the same time, the perturbations method is not applicable for the description of the small-scale portion of scintillation spectra even at β₀ >0.3. It was found that the product of 1-D spectral density and a wave number has a "plateau" interval. The level of this plateau depends only on the parameter β₀ , provided that this parameter is smaller than one-third of the squared anisotropy coefficient. Within the interval of large wave numbers, the maximum point of the scintillation spectra is formed, with the value of 0.242. The conditions are formulated for small-scale part of the spectrum to become normal; under these conditions, the scintillation spectrum is equal to that of the squared coherence function on the phase screen.

Scaling in the fluctuations structure of laser radiation diffracting on the random fractal screens and propagating through the turbulent media was investigated. It is found out that the radiation diffracted on fractal and multiractal screens obtains stable fractal properties. In this case fractal dimension of the diffracted radiation intensity and phase coincides with that of the screen. Scaling in laser beams propagating through the random media manifests itself stably in random displacements of beam "center of gravity. More distinctly fractality is observed when characteristic sizes of turbulent inhomogeneities exceed laser beam diameter.

Ground-to-space illumination experiments, such as the Floodbeam I (FBE I, 1993), Floodbeam II (FBE II, 1996) and Active Imaging Testbed (AIT, 1999), fielded by the Imaging Branch of the United States Air Force Research Laboratory at Starfire Optical Range (SOR) on Kirtland AFB, NM, obtained considerable information from these highly successful experiments. While the experiments were primarily aimed at collecting focal/pupil plane data, the authors recognized during data reduction that the received time-series signals from the integrated full receiver focal plane data contains considerable hitherto unexploited information. For more than 10 years the authors have investigated the exploitation of data contained within the time-series signal from ground-to-space experiments. Results have been presented at numerous SPIE and EOS Remote Sensing Meetings. In July 2005, the authors were honored as invited speakers at the XIIth Symposium "Atmosphere and Ocean Optics; Atmospheric Physics" Tomsk, Russia. The authors were invited to return to Tomsk in 2006 however a serious automobile accident precluded attendance. This paper, requested for publication, provides an important summary of recent results.

Results of experimental researches on radar sounding of non-uniform mediums and objects with use as multi frequency scanning in a UWB strip (from 0.5 up to 17 GHz), and sub nanosecond impulses are considered. It is shown, that addition of measurements by angular and spatial scanning with SAR technologies to realize 3-D tomography inhomogeneous with the spatial resolutions about 1 cm at the physical models of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with substance in which dominating mechanisms are allocated lay. It allows to simplify essentially the decision of inverse problems and to use fast algorithms of their realization. Focusing of radiation is carried out with use of mirrors, lenses, and also methods of 3-D coordinated filtrations with regularization. The examples confirming working capacity of a method for without contact tomography of structure of a forest, detection and visualization landmines hidden under a rough surface of sand are resulted. The description of the developed experimental installations is given. It is shown, that using of UWB radiation allows raising considerably accuracy of measurements at preservation of a real time scale of data processing.

In paper is created a three-dimensional model of electromagnetic wave scattering on the stratified random discrete media, including the semitransparent object and inhomogeneous flow of scatterers. There are investigated the dependencies of scattering and absorbing signals energies from the parameters, describing of inhomogeneous structure of random discrete media and the flow of scatterers. The results of analysis of frequency spectrum of signal scattered from the flow are presented.

Dome C, a summit on the Antarctic Ice Sheet, is a potential site for a projected astronomical interferometer. Measurements of the atmospheric time constant , τ0 - which characterizes the performance of ground-based interferometers - have been performed on January 31st and February 1st 2005 at daytime. The atmospheric time constant was assessed through the motion of the image formed in the focal plane of a Fizeau interferometer. Insufficient temporal and spatial samplings did not permit the direct determination of τ0, but a lower limit was, nevertheless, obtained by studying the decay rate of the correlation between successive fringes. Coherence times were found to exceed 10 ms, i.e. they are at least three times larger than the median coherence time measured at the site of Paranal (3.3ms). The instrumental set-up used at DomeC is sensitive to the wind direction and this intrinsically limits the precision that can be reached in the determination of τ0. We review other current techniques for measuring the atmospheric time constant, and show that an adequate technique to monitor τ0 is still lacking. A new method based on the fast variations of defocus is outlined.

The results of the theoretical investigation of a random image displacement of a light beam after passing through a turbulent atmospheric layer with precipitation are presented in the paper. Statistical characteristics of a light beam propagating in a turbulent atmosphere containing a large number of discrete "optical soft" large-scale bodies have been examined in the approximation of a model of continuous randomly-inhomogeneous medium. Variance of image has been calculated based on an asymptotic solution of equation for a fourth-order mutual coherent function of a field. Contribution of the atmospheric precipitation (rain) to fluctuations of the center of gravity displacement of infrared radiation beam image is shown to be important practically for different sizes of receiving apertures. Cases of "weak" intensity fluctuations have been considered.

In the work the results of physical principles development and consequent production of a divergence meter (DM) model with use of planar optical waveguides are presented. The DM operation principle is based on measuring of angular spectra of "dark" or "light" m-lines, i.e. traces of excitation of waveguide modes of multimode planar waveguide. Comparative studies of divergence values measured by DM model and obtained by photographic methods, namely by focal spot technique (FS) as well as by two-section technique (TS) have been performed. All the laser beam divergence values measured by waveguide detectors lie within error limits TS and FS methods. Furthermore the divergence error values measured with the help of DM are less than divergence value errors, measured by TS and FS methods. The DM model measurement range lies within (formula available in manuscript) radian in spectral range λ = 600 - 1100 nm. All the measurements were conducted on serial lasers.

Accurate laser beam pointing is critical for a variety of applications including free space laser communications. Several methods have been described in the literature to estimate pointing error parameters. One such estimator is the maximum likelihood estimator that can provide nearly optimal estimates of the pointing error parameters using the signal returned from a target. This paper summarizes the key findings of the maximum likelihood estimator and compares its performance using experimental results.

We have previously modeled the turbulent wave-front phase by using a fractional Brownian motion (J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 21, N° 10, pp. 1962-1969, October 2004). Non-Kolmogorov turbulence is primarily considered within this approach. Now, in this work we study the relationship between seeing, usual measure of quality associated to a groundbased telescope, and Hurst exponent, characteristic parameter of a fractional Brownian motion. The theory behind the differential image motion monitor (DIMM), a standard and widely used instrument for seeing measurements, is reviewed by us. It is shown that there is a direct connection between both parameters. Thus, it is concluded that Hurst exponent is a quantifier of the atmospheric turbulent state.

We analyze the angle-of-arrival variance of an expanded and collimated laser beam after it has traveled through indoor convective turbulence. A continuous position detector is set at the focus of a lens collecting the light coming from this collimated laser beam. The effect of the different turbulent scales, above the inner scale, is studied changing the diameter of a circular pupil before the lens. The experimental setup follows the design introduced by Masciadri and Vernin (Appl. Opt., Vol. 36, N° 6, pp. 1320-1327, February 2004). Tilt data measurements are studied within the fractional Brownian motion model for the turbulent wave-front phase. In a previous paper the turbulent wave-front phase was modeled by using this stochastic process (J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 21, N° 10, pp. 1962-1969, October 2004). The Hurst exponents associated to the different degree of turbulence are obtained from the new D^2H-2 dependence.

We experimentally study the variance of the transverse displacement (wandering) of a laser beam after it has traveled through indoor artificially convective turbulence. In a previous paper (Opt. Comm., Vol. 242, N° 1-3, pp. 76-63, November 2004) we have modeled the atmospheric turbulent refractive index as a fractional Brownian motion. As a consequence, a different behavior is expected for the wandering variance. It behaves as L^2+2H , where L is the propagation length and H the Hurst exponent associated to the fractional Brownian motion. The traditional cubic dependence is recovered when H=1/2--the ordinary Brownian motion. That is the case of strong turbulence or long propagation path length. Otherwise, for weak turbulence and short propagation path length some deviations from the usual expression should be found. In this presentation we experimentally confirm the previous assertion.

The problem of propagation in a turbulent atmosphere of the speckle field reflected from rough surface (the scattered field) is considered. Two methods of numerical analysis of the averaged field characteristics are compared: the Monte- Carlo method based on solution of a parabolic equation and the method of solving a transfer equation Fourier-conjugate to the second order field momentum equation. It is demonstrated that the use of the transfer equation allows us to considerably (up to several orders) shorten the time taken by numerical modeling, which is important for this type of problems. It was found that in the case of frozen (stationary) turbulence, the extent of turbulence manifestation but insignificantly affects the mean correlation field characteristics.

The error caused by atmospheric turbulence, in determining the orientation angle of an object (a series of reflectors) has been studied. The orientation angle was determined by studying the image of the object. Numerical modeling was performed involving construction of the image of a series of reflectors as if they were observed through a turbulent medium, calculation of the coordinates of reflector mass centers, finding of the line closest to the reflector mass centers, and determination of its slope angle. Variance of the slope angle fluctuations is calculated.

The paper considers the error caused by atmospheric turbulence, in determining the motion speed of an object by using its successive images recorded on a matrix of a digital camera. Numerical modeling of the image of a moving object in successive time moments is performed. Fluctuation variance of the image mass centre affecting the measurement error is calculated. Error dependences on the distance to the object and path slope angle are obtained for different turbulence models. Considered are the situations, when the angular displacement of the object between two immediate shots of the digital camera is greater than the isoplanatism angle as well as the situations when the angular displacement is smaller than this angle.

The paper presents the basic theoretical equations, needed for the measurement of turbulence characteristics from observations of the jitter of astronomic images from onboard a flying aircraft. Two optical detectors: monostatic and bistatic differential ones, were used as recording devices. The method allows us to record the integral turbulence intensity (integral of the structure characteristic of refractive index fluctuations C²_n along the optical path). The theoretical equations are derived for the correlation functions of jitter of astronomic images taking into account the finite response time of a photodetector (CCD array). The relations have been found between the variances of image jitter in detectors with finite and zero response times. The relations are obtained for the both types of detectors under consideration. The article consists of two parts. In the first part we are gained theoretical equations for the time correlation function of image jitter for a point source. In the second part we are made analysis and comparison of correlation functions of image jitter for a point source in the cases of monostatic and bistatic detectors.

The paper presents the basic theoretical equations, needed for the measurement of turbulence characteristics from observations of the jitter of astronomic images from onboard a flying aircraft. Two optical detectors: monostatic and bistatic differential ones, were used as recording devices.The method allows us to record the integral turbulence intensity (integral of the structure characteristic of refractive index fluctuations C²_n along the optical path). The theoretical equations are derived for the correlation functions of jitter of astronomic images taking into account the finite response time of a photodetector (CCD array). The relations have been found between the variances of image jitter in detectors with finite and zero response times. The relations are obtained for the both types of detectors under consideration. The article consists of two parts. In the first part we are gained theoretical equations for the time correlation function of image jitter for a point source. In the second part we are made analysis and comparison of correlation functions of image jitter for a point source in the cases of monostatic and bistatic detectors.

The AZT-33 astronomic telescope has been testes at Sayan solar observatory (Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS) with respect to the characteristics of intradome airflows, affecting the image quality. From the results of testing the airflows in the telescope, some conclusions have been drawn, which allow the quality of astronomic images in telescopes similar to AZT-33 to be improved. For example, there should be no foreign heat sources inside the telescope dome during measurements. This means that measures should be undertaken to remove open slits in the concrete floor and to block out warm airflows from the stair well. In addition, measurements should be carried out only after the transient processes associated with the opening of the dome slit are fully accomplished.

The work presents the results of measuring the characteristics of local astroclimate near the Large Solar Vacuum Telescope (LSVT, located in the Listvyanka village of Irkutsk region). For measurements we used a mobile ultrasonic meteorological system "Meteo2M" designed at the Institute of Atmospheric Optics. The measurements were performed near the telescope and on the telescope siderostat platform near the dome and the mirror. Then we are measuring the high-altitude profiles of the fluctuations of the refractive index (structure constant) C_n² along the telescope tower. It has been established that the profiles of the C_n², the averaged temperature and other parameters do not coincide with the results of the similarity theory for a flat underlying surface. In our measurements the oscillating behaviour of high-altitude profiles is observed. On the basis of the results obtained we can explain the oscillating character by the presence of periodic inhomogeneities of the underlying surface near the telescope, as the surface has various degrees of heating.

The paper suggests a model for predicting the behavior of the optical characteristics of a medium that determine the character of laser beam propagation in the atmosphere. These are first of all the refractive index and the refractive-index-structure parameter as well as the wind velocity, kinetic turbulence energy, dissipation energy speed and other meteorological parameters that are important in the laser propagation problem. The prediction of the refractive index and the refractive-indexstructure parameter is based on the known equations of the theory of wave propagation in a turbulent atmosphere and a mathematical model for short-range forecast of evolution of local meteorology and turbulent structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL).

Formation of model fire tornadoes is studied experimentally in laboratory environment. A fire vortex is formed by swirling the gas flow coming from a burning liquid, with the help of a rotating disc under it. The conditions favoring formation of a stable fire vortex as well as some volumetric and temperature characteristics are found.

The intensity fluctuations and image jitter of a laser beam passed through a swirling fire jet and the fluctuations of the intrinsic optical radiation of the flame are studied experimentally. A fire vortex was formed by swirling a gas flow emerging from a burning liquid with the use of revolving blades positioned under the reservoir with a liquid. The frequency spectra of fluctuations depending on the disc rotation speed are found.

The results of the adaptive correction the turbulent distortions of the laser radiation depending on the statistical properties of the random phase screen are presented. The quantitative estimations of the efficiency of the turbulent distortions correction with deformable mirror are obtained by means of the model of the dynamic turbulence. It is defined the value of the dispersion of the phase fluctuations for the distorting turbulent screen, that provides the efficient correction by means of the deformable mirror. In this case there is the dependence of the growth of the correction quality in accordance with the increasing of the freedom degrees of the deformable mirror. Also it is defined the interval that includes the values of the dispersion of the phase fluctuations of the turbulent screen for some the correction with deformable mirror not only is non-effective but also is conduced to the considerable decreasing of the concentration of the light field in the observation plane.

The problem about two-photon induced fluorescence of organic dye active molecules located in spherical transparent microparticles at the ultrashort laser pulses influence was theoretically investigated. The system of kinetic equations for laser generation was written taking into account stimulation transitions. Generation regimes of stimulated radiation were found. Resonator properties of spherical microparticles were theoretically investigated using the method of expanding optical fields into series of eigenfunctions. The breakdown of the beginning of stimulated radiation in the microparticle was determined. It was shown that stimulated radiation intensity depends on degree of its spatial overlap with all other modes of the pump radiation. The interpretation of experimental data of two-photon induced fluorescence in the particles with organic dye was carried out.

Laser plasmas interaction and spectral characteristics of plasma were investigated at a laser breakdown in a normal atmosphere with the purpose of improving laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy sensitivity. Colliding plasmas interaction was investigated depending on mechanism of absorption wave of laser radiation and distance between foci. Laser supported detonation wave, breakdown wave and fast wave of ionization are absorption wave observed in experiment. It was shown that seed electrons for cascade breakdown in front of fast wave of ionization is occurred due to oxygen molecules photoionization. Molecular emission and collapse of intensity of plasma continuum during the initial moments of laser plasma expansion were registered. The line/continuum ratio was essentially increased in case of laser plasmas interaction. Thus laser plasmas interaction improves sensitivity of LIBS.

Getting clear high detailed images with high contrast is an important task in many spheres of science and engineering. However, it's not always possible because of imperfection of devices or environment conditions. This all leaded to development of different methods of image enhancement. In this article a developed two-phase full-color image enhancement algorithm is described. During the first phase the picture is denoised. Wavelet transformation has been chosen to perform it, because it allows easily remove high-frequency parts. Also, noise components, especially big random surges of signal, could be presented like set of local features of signals. Noise can be reduced by thresholding this features. During the second phase brightness and contrast are automatically tuned up using evolutionary algorithm. Evolutionary algorithms, which are effective methods of multidimensional optimization, allow quick selection of optimal values of transformation parameters, using objective optimization criterion.

The paper present a neuroevolutionary method of monochrome and color images enhancement. The proposed method is based on local-adaptive approach to image processing. Neural network is tuned to perform enhancement of particular image using genetic algorithm with use of the generalized image evaluation criterion that relies on the contrast degree of the processed image.

The report focuses on the analysis of the satellites images (in separate spectral channels) from "MODIS". Results of the analysis have shown, that under certain oceanic and atmospheric conditions, these is a structure of sea currents most brightly on channels 490, 531 or 551 nm. It is interesting, this detailed current structures have been more brightly expressed in visible area, then infrared range of a spectrum.

We offer the generalization of the vectorial small angle modification of the spherical harmonics method (VMSH) for an arbitrary angle and polarization sate of irradiance of a slab. Non diagonal elements of an aerosol scattering matrix were admitted. The smooth addition part for the VMSH is given. Thus we obtain a complete and accelerated solution of the vectorial radiative transfer equation.

It is typical for the arbitrary turbid media the local compactness disturbance. It leads to appearing singularities in the solution of the radiative transfer equation for the space-limited sources. Thus the classical solution methods are inefficient. The solution for the point isotropic (PI) source has the singularities not only angular dependence but spatial variable as well. For elimination such effect the solution may be rewritten in the form of sum of the small angle part and the rest is a smooth function. The small angle approximation (SAA) contains all the singularities of the exact solution. The further solution is lead only for the smooth function. It allows using the finite elements method. The system is solved by the iteration method. Using of the discrete ordinates method allows to consider arbitrary boundary conditions. The suggested method considers the scattering photons ways dispersion. It allows estimating the (SAA) application range for the different three-dimensional medium parameters.

The paper presents radiation distribution at output of space limited dispersion medium under various illumination conditions of one of the volume sides. Obtained were formulas for radiation distribution and contrast with regard for space limited dispersion medium. Increase of absorption in the medium increases contrast; the same result was observed in increasing anisotropy of scattering phase function.

Literary data of relations of intensities of far-red to the red fluorescence measured at temperature of liquid nitrogen in culture of blue-green algae and leaves of peas are analysed. Own experimental results of determination of the fluorescent signals received at room temperature on leaves of wheat, depending on amount of the reactionary centers of the first photosystem, are presented. It is shown, that the relation of maxima of red chlorophyll fluorescence linearly increase with increase in concentration of the reactionary centers. It is judged, that the received dependence is characteristic for all photosynthesizing organisms allocating oxygen.

In the present report, a review of sodar methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structure and results of sodar measurements of individual components and total wind velocity vector, mixing layer height, structure constants of wind velocity and temperature fields, and precipitation over the past 10 years (1996-2006) is presented based on an analysis of Proceedings of the International Symposia on Acoustic Remote Sensing and Associated Techniques of the Atmosphere and Oceans (ISARS) with an emphasis on the Proceedings of the 12th and 13th ISARS. The parameters of Russian research sodars and commercial sodars produced abroad are discussed.

This article presents aerosol dynamic monitoring over the Peter the Great bay during dust storms in continental areas of the China and Mongolia. Both satellite and lidar data was analyzed. Vertical profiles of aerosol backscattering coefficient and aerosol optical thickness were calculated. Aerosol optical thickness in different layers were retrieved and compared with the satellite ones. Correlation coefficient between satellite and lidar data was calculated. Aerosol layer location was compared to Brent-Vaisal criterion of stability. Aerosol layer stratification during spring - summer (April - June 2006) period was analyzed.

We propose a model of distribution of angular deviation of large particles orientation in a crystal cloud from the horizontal position of their big diameters in the process of their fall due to gravity. A single-parameter distribution of particles over angles of orientation is obtained. The distribution parameter is shown to be dependent on the particle size and the rate of energy dissipation in the turbulence cells. The dependence turns out to be much stronger than those in models proposed earlier.

The peculiarities of spatial-temporal variability of the submicron aerosol number density N_Σ (cm^-3), particle size distribution in the diameter range 0.4 to 10 μm, mass concentration of submicron aerosol Ma (μg/m³) and the mass concentration of black carbon (soot, BC) Ms (μg/m³), as well as chemical composition of particles (ion composition of aerosol soluble fraction) in different regions of White Sea are considered in this paper. The effect of continental and marine sources on formation of the near-water aerosol characteristics is estimated.

In the paper the description of the last version of the code MaexPro (Marine aerosol extinction Profile) for calculation spectral and vertical profiles of aerosol extinction coefficient α( λ), aerosol sizes distribution, area distribution, volumes distribution, modes aerosol extinction spectra using standard meteorological parameters, aerosol microphysical structure, a spectral band and a height of the sensor location place is submitted. The code MaexPro is the computer program under constantly development to estimate of EO systems signal power at a location place in which a fetch is key entrance parameter. Spectral behavior α( λ) can be submitted as graphically, and as tables. Commands overplot for superposition or change of figures; profiles extrapolation; a lens; all kinds of possible copying; the data presentation, convenient for an input in code MODTRAN, and etc. are stipulated. The code MaexPro is a completely mouse-driven PC Windows program with a user-friendly interface. Calculation time of spectral and vertical profiles of α( λ) depends on the necessary wave length resolution, radius of aerosol particles and the location place height, and does not exceed tens seconds for each new meteorological condition. Other calculations characteristics, such as aerosol sizes distribution, area distribution, volumes distribution, modes aerosol extinction spectra, are performed in a few seconds.

Different techniques for determination of the height of the aerosol mixing layer are considered. Seasonal behaviors of the heights of homogeneous atmosphere and submicron aerosol mixing layer are studied. It is revealed that in summer the height of the homogeneous aerosol atmosphere and the height of the mixing layer of submicron particles practically coincide with each other, while in winter they are significantly different. The obtained result is in agreement with the data on the fraction of particles within and over the mixing layer in different seasons.

The paper presents preliminary laboratory results in an investigation by laser induce fluorescence of the environmental effects on the seawater. The aim of the paper was to analyze the fluorescence of the polluted water in the south area of the Romanian Black Sea coast. The characteristics of the spectral fluorescence of water (intensity, shape, bands) were analysed in connection with the extraction area and pollutants type. The fluorescence spectra are compared with those of natural seawater samples measured at different laser excitation wavelengths (266 nm, 355 nm and 532 nm). Fluorescence spectra of DOM (Dissolved Organic Matter), oil products (OP) and phytoplankton were characterized in correlation with the band of the water Raman scattering and by their specific fluorescence decay. Seawater physicochemical parameters and chlorophyll concentration were taking into account in seawater pollution analysis.

Dynamics of the chlorophyll "A" and dissolved organic matter fluorescence induced by laser radiation at 355 and 532 nm was analyzed. Formation of the seawater laser induced fluorescence spectra was investigated during photosynthesis cells destruction and dissolved organic matter (DOM) degradation processes. Experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions. It was showed that decreasing of the intensity of the chlorophyll "A" fluorescence connected with increasing of the dissolved organic matter fluorescence. Fluorescence spectra dynamics is differ for 355 and 532 nm laser radiation wavelengths.

The estimation of the two most intensive climatic factors impacting on phytoplankton communities was carried out for marginal seas of western Pacific. Influences of some tropical cyclones on chlorophyll "A" concentrations (obtained by SeaWiFS) in 2001 were considered. It is shown that tropical cyclones cause local algae blooming at some regions. Also influence of dust storms from Gobi desert on phytoplankton at the area of the Sea of Japan was analyzed for the spring of 2006. Vladivostok lidar station data and MODIS data were applied for the analysis. Ground lidar data have shown that the most aerosol mass was in lower atmosphere layer (0-3 km). So dust storm could influence on the element composition of surface seawater layer. The high correlation coefficient between time series of chlorophyll A concentration and of aerosol optical thickness (at the 869 nm) was detected.

We discuss the possibility that particles of a crystal cloud can take a preferred orientation with respect to wind direction under the action of aerodynamic forces in the atmosphere. It is shown theoretically that the preferred orientation can be caused by wind speed pulsations and by the forces applied to a particle falling due to gravity in the presence of wind speed gradient. The theoretical estimate of the parameter of the function of particle orientation distribution over azimuth angles well agrees with its experimental estimate from the backscattering phase matrices of cirrus clouds obtained from data of polarization lidar measurements.

Main regularities of the normalized (to the daily mean values) diurnal behaviors of the concentrations of the aerosol dry matter and soot (black carbon, BC) in the near-ground air layer in Siberia are revealed on the basis of long-term measurements at the aerosol monitoring station of IAO SB RAS. It is revealed that the diurnal behavior at radiative type of weather is the same in all seasons and contains morning and evening maximums and nighttime and daytime minimums. The positions of maximums in the diurnal behaviors and their amplitudes show stable seasonal variability which is observed as approaching of the maximums in winter (9-11 a.m. and 8 p.m.) and their moving from each other in summer (7-9 a.m. and 10-11 p.m.). The differences in diurnal behaviors of aerosol and soot lie in the fact that the morning maximum of the concentration of soot is better pronounced than aerosol in all seasons. These signs are evidence of some independence of diurnal dynamics of BC and submicron aerosol. A new approach is proposed and tested for description of the diurnal behaviors of the aerosol characteristics as functions of a parameter related with solar radiation. It is shown that the normalized sun elevation as such parameter is effective for analysis of the structure of diurnal behavior. The extremes of the diurnal behavior are closely related with the characteristic values of the normalized sun elevation. Statistically significant decrease of the daily mean variation coefficients of aerosol and soot occurs is all seasons in the sun related coordinates. The greatest changes are observed in spring and autumn (up to 6). It provides for some promises for decreasing the errors in parameterization of the diurnal behaviors of the concentrations of aerosol and soot.

Synchronous measurements of a scattering value at change of wind speed on an open sea surface show that with to wind speed growth there is an increase in salt aerosol concentration. At the same time, in coastal conditions the opposite effect is observed, at increase (decrease) of wind speed there is decrease (increase) in aerosol extinction in the sea and coastal atmosphere surface layer. It means that change of the scattering value can be described (ignoring effects of the second order at high wind speeds) by a source modulated in the changing wind speed. In the article as such source it is offered to use the parameter fetch. It is shown, that at small fetch (coastal conditions) at increase in wind speed there is a decrease of aerosol extinction α(λ) in all spectral wavelength band, and at big fetch (open water) with growth of wind speed occurs increase α(λ) on all wavelength.

Statistical characteristics of variation of the aerosol optical depth (AOD) of the atmosphere and the parameters of the Angstrom formula under conditions of forest fires are discussed in this paper on the basis of long-term measurement in the region of Tomsk. Measurements of the atmospheric transparency were carried out by means of sun-photometer in the wide wavelength range 0.37 to 4 μm, that made it possible to isolate and separately analyze two components of AOD caused by fine and coarse aerosol.

Correlation of the angular scattering characteristics of different mixtures of finely dispersed aerosols in the wavelength range 0.44 to 0.69 μm is analyzed on the basis of the results of laboratory experiments destined to the study of the conditions of formation of the microphysical characteristics of wood smokes in a big aerosol chamber. The data are obtained on statistical correlation of the angular values of the directed scattering coefficient and the dynamics of transformation of the microstructure of pyrolitic smokes in a closed volume. The data on microstructural variations of the disperse mixture are obtained on the basis of inverting the spectral-angular functions of aerosol light scattering calculated on the basis of the revealed statistical correlation of the directed scattering coefficients with the total scattering coefficient of smoke aerosols (formula available in manuscript). The data at nine wavelengths and five scattering angles were used for solving the inverse problem.

In this paper we discuss the results of the spectral aerosol optical thickness (AOT) of the atmosphere obtained in 1999, 2003 and 2004 during the periods, when significant increase of the atmospheric turbidity was observed under the effect of near Tomsk forest fire smokes and smokes coming with remote transfer of air masses. Measurements of the spectral transparency of the atmosphere were carried out by means of a multi-wavelength sun photometer in the wavelength range 0.37-4 μm. The dynamics of the daily mean values AOT is considered at presence of smoke in the atmosphere during several days, as well corresponding transformation of the aerosol microstructure obtained from solution of the inverse problem.

This work is aimed at studying processes of distribution and deposition of heavy metals in the region of Lake Baikal in different seasons with the help of non-stationary spatial Euler's model taking into account the effect of relief. The amount of some heavy metals deposited onto the surface of lake and especially protected territories of Pribaikalye has been calculated per month and on average per year. A good correlation with the estimates obtained before is observed on the basis of calculation data. The pollution impact on Lake Baikal by heavy metals from separate enterprises and groups of enterprises located in the Baikal Region has been estimated. The results obtained can be used for improvement of ecological situation of the region regulating work regime of enterprises.

Correlation of variations of the aerosol extinction coefficients of optical radiation and the intensity of electric field under haze and smoke conditions is analyzed on the basis of comprehensive field measurements. It is revealed that significant (almost by an order of magnitude) decrease of the intensity of electric field is observed in smoke, when increasing the atmospheric turbidity. It contradicts to the well-known electrooptical relationship and gives the reason to assume that the quantity of charged particles significantly increases in smoke that dramatically changes the manner of electroptical relations. At great number of fires on the Earth, one should take into account this fact in climatic models and to remember it when considering the physical mechanisms of the effect of solar activity on weather and climate.

A new method of separating the extinction coefficients into two components with regard to random errors of measured characteristics is suggested. The method gives stable and physically correct regression coefficients irrespective of the data array used.

In the present study, a class of algorithms of robust regression estimates is synthesized by the weighted maximum likelihood method based on a priori information.

Specifications and examples of application of laser gas-analyzers of near- and mid-infrared ranges for diagnostics of greenhouse gases (CO₂, C₂H₄, and CH₄) emission by vegetation biosystems both under standard conditions and under impacts of natural and anthropogenic stresses are considered in the report. The gas-analyzer complex includes: 1) gas-analyzer with a multipass absorption cell based on the frequency-tunable diode laser (1600-1650 nm) for measuring sub-background methane concentrations (≤ 20 ppbV); 2) gas-analyzer based on the wave-guide CO₂-laser equipped with the intracavity acoustic detector capable of fast frequency scanning in the 9 and 10 μm generation bands and having the ethylene-sensitivity better than 1 ppbV. The technology of measurements of gas emission by plant stripped leaves and coniferous needles is described and the measurements of CO₂ and CH₄ emissions are presented.

The possibilities of using a hyperbroadband nonlinear-optical frequency converter of femtosecond pulse radiation for design of multicomponent mixture analyzers are investigated. Key elements of frequency converters are new bi-axis nonlinear crystals where the conditions of phase and growth velocity matching are fulfilled simultaneously. The method of broadband lidar sensing of atmospheric gases by the DOAS-technique (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) is described. The numerical simulation of DOAS sensing of atmospheric gas components using the frequency-converted femtosecond radiation is carried out.

Clouds cover a surface of Earth on the average on 50 % and are one of the major parameter of climate formation. Besides, knowledge of a local overcast condition play main role in aviation safety. The passive method of cloud base height detection with use of two spatially carried matrix photodetectors is offered. The cloud base height is detected by a triangulation method. This method is used in a geodesy and stereophotogrammetria. The essence of a method consists that on knowing distance between two points of monitoring and knowing corners of a direction on observing object, it is possible to define distance up to this object. For this case the same point of overcast is accepted for a marker and an angular coordinates of the marker is calculated separately for each photodetector. Besides, the given method allows to define not only height, but also a direction and speed of clouds movement.

Using the method of numerical simulation, statistical characteristics of fluxes of one-electron pulses and photocounts are studied. Lognormal distribution of intensity of recorded radiation is considered. An algorithm of numerical simulation is described; it is based on the scheme "intensity - photodetector - flux of one-electron pulses - flux of ptotocounts." Results of calculations of different statistical characteristics of fluxes of one-electron pulses and photocouns are discussed and interpreted. Substantial difference for lognormal and exponential intensity distributions is revealed.

A collaborative study of lower atmospheric layers are being carried at the Yakutsk complex EAS array using LIDAR and registration of ultra-high energy cosmic ray rate. The aim of these studies is to obtain the information on a distribution of aerosol over the altitude in the atmosphere, to estimate a transmission factor of the atmosphere and to study the effects of atmospheric conditions on registration rate of EAS with energies E less than or equal to 10¹⁶ eV.

The report focuses on the analysis of the influence of large-scale circulation in the Pacific Sector of the Antarctic on the peculiarities in geographical pattern of volume sound scattering in the region.

Studying characteristics and properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM), its fluorescent fractions (FDOM) in waters of the Yenisei and Angara rivers has been carried out. Spectral light absorption coefficients (in spectral range 400-800 nm), as well as the intensity of DOM fluorescence in three wave lengths (505, 525 and 540 nm) at the wave length of exciting radiation 390 nm have been determined. Total DOM concentration was defined by the standard method of bichromatic oxidation. In the studied water objects the relation of average efficacy (r= 0.6) between fluorescence intensity and DOM concentration as well as absence of relation between light absorbing and DOM concentration are noted. To get a qualitative and quantitative assessment of FDOM parameters the calculation algorithm was suggested based on similarity of dependency course (variations) of FDOM characteristics and corresponding dependencies of total DOM characteristics. The following parameters were used: coefficients which characterize inclination of spectral distribution of light absorption and DOM fluorescence, also specific coefficients of absorbing DOM and FDOM radiation at the wave length of fluorescence excitation (κ_sp, κ_{f sp}), energy (and quantum) fluorescence efficiencies for DOM and its fluorescent fraction as well as specific fluorescence for DOM and FDOM, respectively. These calculations enabled to assess the most probable FDOM parameters. The FDOM share in the total DOM varies for studied waters from 8 to 40% at the average value 19%. The quantum efficiency varies from 0.18 to 0.40 (an average value is 0.28). Specific light absorption coefficients of DOM and FDOM are on average close between each other (κ_{f sp} / κ_sp makes 0.93). Some decrease of the share of fluorescent DOM fractions at the increase of both total DOM and FDOM was stated what says about different correlation of FDOM and non- fluorescent fractions in allochthonous OM due to which the main variations take place both in DOM and in indigenous OM which is formed in the water storage due to photosynthesis.

Carbon dioxide content in gas probes vacuum - extracted from tree rings of fir stem disks were measured by the laser optoacoustic spectroscopy method. The measured CO₂ concentration time series and chronology were analyzed in terms of their statistical characteristics and correlation with series mean month air temperatures for the growing season and total ozone over Tomsk.

Some important and essential features of naphthalene derivatives in water environment are studied. Possible interaction centers of investigated molecules with solvent are estimated Possible models of 1-naphthol, 1-naphtholate and prodan complexes in water are offered. The rate constants of photoprocesses and the quantum yield of fluorescence are determined for investigated molecules its complexes with water. Quantum-chemical calculations are performed in the geometry of both the ground and exited states of molecules.

The averaged maps of the low, high and total cloudiness over North-East Asia region (80°-170°E., 40°-80°N.) are obtained from NOAA satellites data for 1997-2004. The cloudiness maps for 1997-1998 and 2000-2002 respective to minimum and maximum of activity of 23rd solar cycle are analyzed. The behavior of the large-scale cloudiness (about hundreds kilometers) is related with geographical location and orography of region and defined by trajectories of dominant cyclones. On a growth phase of solar activity the more appreciable variations of high cloudy cover are observed in latitudinal range 45°-70° than to the south and to the north. At range 55°-70° the cloudiness increases on 5%, while at 45°-55° the cloudiness decreases on 5 %. The picture of change of the low cloudiness has other character: cloudiness to the north from 50-th parallel during maximum of solar activity is above than in a minimum, but to the south the opposite picture is observed. The latitudinal displacement of cloudiness is explained by displacement of ways of the western cyclones depending on solar activity.

Based on analysis of data of lidar, spectrophotometric, and satellite measurements of integrated content of stratospheric ozone and aerosol for period 1986-2002 for observation site in Tomsk (56.48°N, 85.05°E), earlier we showed the presence of quasibiennial oscillation (QBO) of variations of their integrated content. The report analyzes data of lidar measurements of ozone and aerosol vertical distributions for background stratospheric state under conditions of extended volcanically quiet period 1996-2005. For analysis, we averaged profiles corresponding to easterly and westerly QBO phases, which were determined from monthly mean zonal wind components in the equatorial stratosphere. Larger aerosol content is observed in westerly QBO phases, and larger ozone content in easterly phases, in correspondence with views on general stratospheric circulation. Differences are most marked in the lower stratosphere, up to heights about 22 km. In the lower stratosphere, we also observe insignificantly larger aerosol content in winter-spring than summer-fall period. The presence of seasonality and quasibiennial oscillation, with increase of aerosol content at midlatitudes in periods of intensification of winter-spring meridional transport from tropical belt to midlatitudes and in westerly QBO phases, is an evidence in favor of hypothesis on the presence of tropical reservoir of background stratospheric aerosol.

Effects of a solar eclipse 29.03.06 in signals of VLF radio stations, in intensity of the regular radio noises in the frequency band 0,3-10 kHz, and in quantity atmospherics, accepted in Yakutsk preferentially from the western direction surveyed. The area of the complete lunar shadow consistently shaded a day time part of a line of distribution of radio signals from the western Africa edge up to Altai. Observations were conducted with the help of the multichannel analogue parallel analyzer - registrar (in a frequency band 0,47-8,7 kHz), one point a thunderstorm direct-distance finder (0,3-100 kHz), narrow-sector finding of VLF-noise radiation sources (0,3-10 kHz), the registrar of signals of the VLF radio stations and the broadband registrar of radio noises (0,3-100 kHz). Time sync of the registrar of signals of the VLF radio stations was carried out with the help of GPS-clocks. The effect was observed in signals of radio stations, radio noises and quantity atmospherics from a direction 270º ± 20º, digitized from the north clockwise, at last stage of an eclipse (~11-12 UT) when the lunar shadow approached to a line night terminator and intercrossed a line of distribution of signals. The effect was showed as amplification of signals on ~ 20 % and magnifications of quantity atmospherics on ~ 40 %. The registered effects are similar observed by us earlier for an eclipse 09.03.97.

Methodical questions and technical solutions of the problem of optical sounding of atmospheric aerosol from the board of an airplane-laboratory, and also quantitative results of measurements are summarized. The analytical dependences necessary for stimulation of layered stratification of a vertical profile of an aerosol in the boundary layer and the free atmosphere as a spatially inhomogeneous dynamical medium are represented. A scheme for the short-term forecast of optical weather of troposphere for solution of applied tasks of regional stimulation of conditions of optical radiation distribution using analysis of the optical measurement data for the atmospheric boundary layer during day-light hours and the standard meteorological information is proposed.

Development of the methodology of forward and inverse modeling for climatic and environmental protection studies is presented. The focus is on the methods of orthogonal decomposition of fields. The application is made to construction of deterministic-stochastic scenarios for ecological studies and forecasts on the base of joint use of models and climatic data. The main algorithms are shortly described. Reanalysis data base is used for estimations of seasonal variation of informativeness of the leading subspace.

The Doppler shift frequency (DSF) method and based on it the interference goniometric techniques are effectively applied in ionospheric researches [1-3]. The long-time continuous measurements are required for research the ionospheric processes and rare events, such as solar flashes and solar eclipses. In this article we present the results of measurements which were spent in measuring equipment "Spectr" of Kazan University.

We present procedure of ionospheric disturbance spatial structure reconstruction. The procedure is based on the imaging of ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) increments distribution. The TEC value is measured using data from Japanese GPS Earth Observation Network (GEONET) which includes more than 1000 two-frequency ground-based GPS receivers. To reconstruct disturbance spatial structure we selected the TEC increment values and corresponding geographic coordinates of the ionospheric point for the specified time moment. The obtained data is spline-approximated on equal stationary reference grid. To test presented procedure we reconstructed spatial structure of ionospheric disturbance, specially simulated for conditions of September 25, 2003, Hokkaido strong earthquake. The results of testing showed, that the presented procedure provides reconstruction of disturbance spatial structure and its dynamics with high time resolution.

Some experimental results of artificial airglow emission at 557.7 nm (green line) during HF pumping of the ionosphere with specially designed HF pulsing sequence are reported. Ionospheric radio pumping was performed at the "Sura" radio facility situated near Niznhny Novgord, Russia. The measurements of airglow were handled at the Astronomical Observatory of Kazan State University (220 km to the east of "Sura" facility) by the astronomical telescope AZT-14 connected with the electric photometer. During several "Sura" runs enhancements of the airglow intensity in time with pump wave pulses were observed after the pump wave switch from continuous transmission to low duty cycle pulse transmission.

Angle variation distribution analysis was realized in this work. We use oblique ionospheric data from Doppler phase goniometric complex "Specrt" for analysis. Two windows spectral estimation method was used to get series of wave vector time derivatives.

In the last decade a special attention has been paid to study of variability of atmospheric electricity parameters. The reason is that the atmospheric electricity can be considered as a connecting link between solar activity variations and climatic characteristics of the troposphere. On the one hand, the atmospheric electricity parameters are affected by heliophysical and meteorological parameters such as intensity of galactic cosmic rays, atmospheric circulation, pressure and temperature, as well as underlying surface conditions. On the other hand, they can influence the atmosphere distribution of charged aerosols and condensation nuclei that act upon water phase state, cloudiness, and thereby, the atmosphere radiation balance. The data of measurement of atmospheric electricity parameters at high-mountain stations are of special interest and significance because these stations are situated above the mixing layer, so this make it possible to obtain a reliable information about the global electric circuit. The results are presented of the measurements and study of the atmospheric electricity parameters such as electric field intensity E and conductivity λ at high-mountain stations (Khulugaisha, 3000 m above S.L., Chasovye Sopki, 2000 m above S.L.), as well as the global and local components of the diurnal variation and their seasonal variations.

Investigation of the conditions resulting in generation of tropical cyclones is the important scientific and practical problem. The suggested temperature-humidity criterion (Pelevin criterion) allows estimating the possibility of tropical cyclone generation using values of ocean surface temperature, water vapor amount above the ocean surface and Coriolis parameter depending on the place latitude. All these parameters can be measured with success by microwave radiometry methods, satellite microwave scanner data giving the possibility to examine the distribution of these physical parameters over different aquatoria of World Ocean and to follow their alteration within the day. To realize this possibility the program of the satellite information processing was developed allowing to estimate such parameters as ocean surface temperature, wind velocity, water vapor amount, amount of water in liquid state (fog), presence and intensity of raining in different areas of World ocean and to obtain the values of Pelevin criterion. Processing measurements of DMSP satellites system there is an opportunity to estimate the abovementioned parameters values and Pelevin criterion twice a day with the spatial resolution of 25X25 km. Distribution of Pelevin criterion value in the tropical Atlantic was analyzed for 2002 and 2004, spatial and time characteristics of statistics of this distribution being revealed. Rather good correlation between the criterion values and the frequency of tropical cyclones generation taking place in Northern Atlantic at these time periods is shown.s

Geologists and geophysicists have stored the experimental material showing the periodic expansions and compressions (pulsations) of the Earth on a background of the monotonous expansion. In the suggested version, the planet's pulsations are explained by the magneto-acoustical excitements of space, and the monotonous expansion - by the Universe expansion due to the conservation of increment symmetry in the uniform wave field. Naturally, expansions and compressions of the planet are extended to its hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. The concrete magneto-acoustical excitements shown in geological sections are presented and, on this basis, an opportunity for the long-term forecast of climatic variations is shown.

This work is aimed at studying circulation conditions of the abnormally cold winter of 2005-2006 over Siberia where the intensification of meridian air exchange was accompanied by a frequent invasion of cold air masses into temperate latitudes and their precipitation in lower layers of troposphere. Stratospheric warming and long-term blocking processes in troposphere over Europe and Yakutia preceded the development of deep high-latitude cyclones over Siberia and the Urals. High-latitude convergence over Siberia was accompanied by a strong cyclonic wind shift and intensification of jet stream. On the whole, weakening of western transfer within the significant layer of atmosphere, decrease of a number of deep cyclones in the Western Arctic, as well as stratospheric warming create a high level of predictability of short-period climatic changes over Siberia in winter.

In a problem of the short-term forecast of time and a place of prospective earthquake the choice and a substantiation of the geophysical phenomena-indicators being harbingers of this event is extremely important. As such phenomena indicators in the scientific literature the opportunity of detection of anomalies of temperature and humidity of ground with application of space thermal shooting, and also short-term magnetic-ionosphere and gravitational anomalies, the forecast of earthquakes on the basis of change of contrast lines orbital images of a terrestrial surface in visible area of a spectrum and some other phenomena is discussed [1-3]. In the present work the analysis of effect heterogeneous nucleation with formation aerosol smokes above area of prospective earthquake which are caused by set experimentally confirmed as a harbinger of earthquake of factors is brought: change of temperature and relative humidity of nearground air, occurrence of additional electric charges on nucleuses of condensation, change of a mode atmospheric convection and heights thermal-wedge.

We investigate the influence of stratospheric warming on 557.7 nm airglow variations on the basis of the experimental data received at the ISTP SB RAS Geophysical observatory (52°N, 103°E) in 1998-2005. In the researched period some cases of abnormal behavior of 557.7 nm airglow intensity in absence of strong geomagnetic disturbances have been found out. We revealed, that these significant increasing of 557.7 nm airglow intensity concerning to mesosphere-low thermosphere heights, are caused by strong stratospheric warming when disturbances cover the big range of atmosphere heights. It is emphasized, that for the Asian region, and, in particular, for the region of Eastern Siberia, there is a big concentration of stratospheric warming centers that can result in occurring regional features in airglow characteristics.

Long-time variations of the minimal (night), maximal (daytime) surface air temperatures and the daily amplitude of the air temperature are researched in middle and high latitudes of the northern hemisphere in the second half of the 20th century. Rise of extreme air temperatures and the decrease of daily variation are determined starting from 1970-s of the last century. The largest changes both of extreme values and the daily variation value are registered in continental regions at middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere and, in particular, in Siberia and at high latitudes during the winter season. It is determined that the increase of average daily temperature of the air takes place generally because of the increase of minimal temperature of the air. Comparison of extreme temperatures changes of the air and the daily variation amplitude with geomagnetic activity variations at high latitudes has been carried out. It is shown that the major part of observed changes is caused by the solar activity influence, which is not considered by the contemporary climate models.

Troposphere and, in particular, the atmospheric boundary layer play a considerable role in propagation and transformation of optical radiation. Therefore, data on vertical statistical structure of meteorological fields in the boundary layer are necessary for solution of various applied problems of atmospheric optics. In the work, climatic features of the atmospheric boundary layer above the south of Western Siberia are considered. The research was conducted for winter and summer using the date of four-years (2002.2005 years) observations of 4 aerologic stations (Ekaterinburg, Omsk, Novosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk). The vertical structures of average values and mean square deviations of temperature, humidity and wind for 10 high-altitude levels (up to 1600 M), as well as the corresponding correlation matrixes and results of their expansion on empirical orthogonal functions were used for detailed studying of climatic features of atmospheric boundary layer. The obtained results are presented.`

Calibration system for SW band multi channel system is presented in this article. Calibration system is used to register amplitude and phase errors on-the-fly and to correct them in processing phase. Modern components is used to develop this system.

The work is devoted to experimental checking of technique for estimation of f₀F2 and hmF2 values in path midpoint through oblique sounding (OS) data. In this work data obtained by Irkutsk chirp-sounder on the Norilsk-Irkutsk path were used and data obtained by Podkamennaya Tunguska ionospheric station (which located near estimating path middle point) were used also. During the calculation, the experimental distance-frequency characteristics (DFC) of path are recalculated into height-frequency characteristics (HFC) in path midpoint by means of Smith method. It lets us to determine f₀F2 value in path middle point. For hmF2 definition N(h) profile is used which was obtained by recalculation of HFC by means the Guliaeva technique. Also the fast method of recalculation was probed in two DFC points. In the work comparison was made between calculated f₀F2 values and experimental f₀F2 values obtained by Podkamennaya Tunguska ionospheric station. Comparison of estimating hmF2 values with values calculated by Dudeney method from experimental f₀E, f₀F2, M(3000)F2 values at Podkamennaya Tunguska was carried out. In addition, estimating values was compared with values given by the IRI model. A capability of the IRI model adaptation by f₀F2 and hmF2 values was investigated. It will help during diagnostics, working out regional models of ionosphere and during the adaptation of various models of ionosphere to the real conditions.

We present a solid information system for storing, accessing and collecting of Earth upper atmosphere sounding data produced by radiophysical instrument complex of Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics SB RAS. At present complex consists of Irkutsk incoherent scatter radar unique in Russia, four frequency modulated current waves ionosounders (FMCW) operating in vertical, oblique-incidence and backscattering sounding modes and two digital ionosounders DPS-4. We suggest a technique for unification of heterogeneous data into united format and secondary processing with unified technology based on international techniques of geophysical parameters determining. We discuss a structure of united information system with Web access which allows us to integrate our radiophysical data into worldwide network of geophysical data.