This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 8498, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

An axis-symmetrical optical laser triangulation system was developed by the authors to measure the inner geometry of long pipes used in the oil industry. It has a special optical configuration able to acquire shape information of the inner geometry of a section of a pipe from a single image frame. It uses a radial light sheet and conical triangulation to measure the inner geometry of pipes in cylindrical coordinates. A set of equally spaced images of 1024 x 1024 pixels is acquired at 50 Hz while the device is moved along the pipe’s axis. The measured geometry is analyzed to identify defects like corrosion damage. A GPU based processing algorithm has been developed to make the system able to process these images and display the geometrical/measurement result in real-time. The algorithm implements an adaptive threshold filter and a light intensity peak search using a graphic processing unit programming architecture (CUDA). Prior to the parallel algorithms (called kernels) a texture data type is used to remap the image, converting from polar to Cartesian coordinates, mapping angular and radial values in a 2D pixel data matrix. Radial lines are only scanned in a limited range (256 pixels) between a minimum and a maximum radius value. The achieved image processing frequency is about 470 frames per second (FPS) using a notebook equipped with a GTX 285m graphics card.

The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Ultra-Wideband (OFDM-UWB) technique that widely used for the new emerging networks requires further investigation in terms of fiber length and UWB signal degradation. Simulations are used in this work to estimate the system performance which consists of two main links: wireless and optical, where the channel is considered as point to point between the UWB transmitter and the UWB receiver. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of UWB signals of carrying data to the end users within a campus area through an optical fiber link. A cost effective optical components are used in the system. The UWB signals are transmitted over a channel bandwidth of 528 MHz via low bit rate OFDM-subcarriers. Then, the accumulated data from each OFDM subcarrier is transmitted over an optical channel. Finally, UWB signals are wirelessly distributed to the end user over a short distance depending on the data rate being used. For this point to point system, using simulations, the performance of the system in terms of the bit error rate (BER) is examined. The results show that the wireless channel effects have the larger impact on the overall system performance compared with the fiber length effect.

In this paper, we suggest the enhanced compression scheme using the hybrid motion-estimation in sub-image array (SIA) transformed from elemental image array (EIA) in three-dimensional integral imaging. In the proposed method, firstly, a macroblock in the reference sub-image (SI) is matched in the local SI applying to MSE (Motion Square Estimation) by three step search (TSS) to search the coordinates of current macro block. The second step is to search the most matched area in SIs and the coordinate of macro block for full searching, and finally, the start point for searching in the local SI is altered by the former coordinate. Accordingly, the computed motion estimation from the block-matching with TSS and the full searching is presented as MV and the object in the reference SI is shifted to the object position of each current SIs to compensate their MV based on the motion estimation. The computation time for block-matching by the TSS to search approximate current macro block range in the first step and the full searching to acquire the exact current macro block range in the second step is decreased. In addition, the video compression such as MPEG-4 is applied to encode the data of the consecutive frames. Some experiments are carried out and compression efficiency of the proposed scheme has been improved 676.30%, 357.19% and 3.37% on the condition of 30[dB] approximately, compared with the JPEG compression, EIA compression and Full searching method. The computation time is also improved 196.97% compared with the full search scheme for motion estimation and compensation.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is one form of a multicarrier modulation technique. It is implemented in high date communication systems. The data in OFDM is divided into groups of sub- streams. Each supstream is mapped into orthogonal subcarrier. Consequently, the period of symbol will be long enough and is not affected by multipath channel fading. OFDM provides high spectral efficiency as long as robustness to the fading channel which makes it desirable for any communication system but there are some drawbacks of the OFDM. One main defect of OFDM is the PAPR which causes inter-carrier interference and high out-of-band power which degrades the performance of OFDM such as BER and ISI. The mitigation of the PAPR’s impact is the goal of this paper in the case of WiMAX.

We have developed a non-contact method to detect human cardiac rate at a distance. This detection is based on the general lighting condition. Using the video signal of human face region captured by webcam, we acquire the cardiac rate based on the PhotoPlethysmoGraphy theory. In this paper, the cardiac rate detecting method is mainly in view of the blood’s different absorptivities of the lights various wavelengths. Firstly, we discompose the video signal into RGB three color signal channels and choose the face region as region of interest to take average gray value. Then, we draw three gray-mean curves on each color channel with time as variable. When the imaging device has good fidelity of color, the green channel signal shows the PhotoPlethysmoGraphy information most clearly. But the red and blue channel signals can provide more other physiological information on the account of their light absorptive characteristics of blood. We divide red channel signal by green channel signal to acquire the pulse wave. With the passband from 0.67Hz to 3Hz as a filter of the pulse wave signal and the frequency spectrum superimposed algorithm, we design frequency extracted algorithm to achieve the cardiac rate. Finally, we experiment with 30 volunteers, containing different genders and different ages. The results of the experiments are all relatively agreeable. The difference is about 2bmp. Through the experiment, we deduce that the PhotoPlethysmoGraphy theory based on visible light can also be used to detect other physiological information.

The performance of composite correlation filters for pattern recognition depends upon the proper selection of training images. These images are commonly chosen based solely on the experience of the filter designer in an ad-hoc manner. As result, there is no guarantee that the best training images are chosen. In this work, we propose an iterative algorithm based on combinatorial optimization for the synthesis of composite correlation filters optimized for facial recognition. Given a data set of face images the algorithm finds the optimal combination of training images for the synthesis of a composite filter with the best performance in terms of quality metrics. Consequently, facial recognition with correlation filtering is substantially improved. Computer simulation results obtained with the proposed approach are presented and discussed in terms of facial recognition performance and classification efficiency.

A real-time system for multiclass object recognition is proposed. The system is able to identify and correctly classify several moving targets from an input scene by using a bank of adaptive correlation filters with complex constraints implemented on a graphics processing unit. The bank of filters is synthesized with the help of an iterative algorithm based on complex synthetic discriminant functions. At each iteration, the algorithm optimizes the discrimination capability of each filter in the bank by using all available information about the known patterns to be recognized and unwanted patterns to be rejected such as false objects or a background. Computer simulation results obtained with the proposed system in real and synthetic scenes are presented and discussed in terms of pattern recognition performance and real-time operation speed.

In this work, the analysis of an optical - digital system based on the Fourier transform hologram architecture is presented. We are interested in the diffractive effects in the Spatial Light Modulators as the sampling in the Fourier plane and the diffraction produced by squircle-geometry apertures of pixels. Also, a mathematical analysis is done in terms of the fringes visibility of the filters. Simulations and experimental results of the method are shown.

Using a holographic disc memory on which a huge amount of data can be stored, we constructed an ultra-high-speed, all-optical correlation system. In this method, multiplex recording is, however, restricted to “one page” on “one spot.” In addition, signal information must be normalized as data of the same size, even if the object data size is smaller. Therefore, this system is difficult to apply to part of the object data scene (i.e., partial scene searching and template matching), while maintaining high accessibility and programmability. In this paper, we develop a holographic correlation system by a time division recording method that increases the number of multiplex recordings on the same spot. Assuming that a four-channel detector is utilized, 15 parallel correlations are achieved by a time-division recording method. Preliminary correlation experiments with the holographic optical disc setup are carried out by high correlation peaks at a rotational speed of 300 rpm. We also describe the combination of an optical correlation system for copyright content management that searches the Internet and detects illegal contents on video sharing websites.

In this paper, we address a highly enhanced compression scheme in the condition of multiple objects in Integral Imaging (InIm) by use of sub-images (SIs) to segment each object and to remove the Motion Vector (MV) of residual image array transformed from Sub-Image Array (SIA). In the pick-up process, SIA is generated from EIA after the perspectives passing through virtual pinhole array is recorded as Elemental Image Array (EIA). The similarity enhancement among SIs expects compression efficiency to improve, but the compression efficiency of the EIA in the picked-up condition of multiple objects does not correspond to that of the picked-up condition of a simplified object. In the proposed scheme, the depth of objects is computed by two adaptive SIs located at horizontal left and right side from the reference SI positioned to the center of the SIA. A depth map image generated from two adaptive the SIs and a reference SI is applied to segment each object considering to the distance between those. Therefore, an adaptive objectsegmented SI is obtained and, which is motion-estimated from the original SIA based on MSE to generate the motioncompensated object-segmented SIA and which SIAs from each segmented object are finally combined as the motioncompensated SIA, and which based on multiple objects is transformed to residual SIA to minimize the spatial redundancy and which SIA is compressed by MPEG-4. The proposed algorithm shows the enhanced compression efficiency than that of the baseline JPEG and the conventional EIA compression scheme.

Fusion of images from different modalities provides information that cannot be obtained by viewing the images separately and consecutively. Automatic fusion of thermal and visual images is of great interest in defense and medical applications. In this study, we implemented automatic intensity-based illumination, translation and scale invariant registration of deformable objects in thermal and visual images by maximization of a similarity measure such as generalized correlation ratio. This method was originally used to register ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance images (MRI) successfully. In our current work, we propose a major modification to the original algorithm by investigating appropriate information content in the input data. The registration of facial thermal and visual images in this algorithm is achieved by maximization of the similarity measure between the input images in the appropriate image channel. The algorithm is tested using real facial images with illumination, scale, and translation variations and the results show acceptable accuracy.

A common problem arising in optical processing is that problem dimensions often do not match the dimensions for the optical devices or optical architecture. Such is usually the case for time t in a video camera that provides continuous samples of x, y and time t. We wish to correlate incoming video data with a template video in real-time so we can see variations in time between the data and template. In block correlation we split the time sequence into segments that can be handled with the optical correlator. However, convolution of a data segment with a template leads to increased length relative to the input data. Because convolution in an optical correlator is computed in the frequency domain and sampled data is periodic in the frequency domain, the additional values are aliased and distort the result. There are two methods to remove errors due to aliasing: (a) the overlap and add (b) the overlap and save. We show how the optical correlator may be modified for the overlap and save method which seems to be simpler to implement than the overlap and add.

3D shape measurements using structured illumination are rarely used for outdoor measurements, although they offer a big potential for accurate and dense shape acquisitions. Usually such setups are used indoor, avoiding the influence of extraneous light sources, e.g. sun. The crucial difficulty is to preserve the image pattern contrast of the illumination while covering larger areas to achieve appropriate measurement volumes. We have developed and will present an outdoor 3D shape measurement setup using stereo-photogrammetry that is capable of acquiring dense and accurate shape representations by narrow spectral filtering. Media that substantiates the suitability of this approach will be shown.

Volume holographic optical correlator can compute the correlation results between images at a super-high speed. In the application of remote imaging processing such as scene matching, 6,000 template images have been angularly multiplexed in the photorefractive crystal and the 6,000 parallel processing channels are achieved. In order to detect the correlation pattern of images precisely and distinguishingly, an on-off pixel inverted technology of images is proposed. It can fully use the CCD’s linear range for detection and expand the normalized correlation value differences as the target image rotates. Due to the natural characteristics of the remote sensing images, the statistical formulas between the rotation distortions and the correlation results can be estimated. The rotation distortion components can be estimated by curve fitting method with the data of correlation results. The intensities of the correlation spots are related to the distortion between the two images. The rotation distortion could be derived from the intensities in the post processing procedure. With 18 rotations of the input image and sending them into the volume holographic system, the detection of the rotation variation in the range of 180° can be fulfilled. So the large range rotation distortion detection is firstly realized. It offers a fast, large range rotation measurement method for image distortions.

An optical tweezers (OT) system uses focused laser light to contain and manipulate nano-scale to micro-scale particles. Trap stiffness is the quantitative measurement of the ability to trap a particle. For some techniques, this measurement depends on an accurate knowledge of the particle's position in time. A position sensing detector (PSD) is used to track particle motion by detecting laser light from the trapping region. The PSD outputs voltages corresponding to the x- and y-coordinates of particle motion, providing a means of knowing the location of the particle in time. An OT system requires a calibration to convert the measured voltages into accurate distances. This process is time-consuming and frequently needs to be repeated, however, with the growing availability of computer-aided data acquisition and control, the complete process can now be automated, reducing time spent by researchers and increasing level of accuracy of future measurements. We have developed a program written in LabVIEW that will, after initialization, 1) via image processing, calibrate the pixel size of the camera, 2) calibrate the optical tweezer position detector by controlling a motorized mirror to move a trapped bead through a detection laser with simultaneous position detector signal measurements, 3) re-align the trap beam and the detection beam by motorized mirror control, 4) measure position data for the same trapped particle being illuminated by the detection beam, and 5) analyze the position signal via the power spectrum method and equipartition method to give two trap stiffness values for comparison. Previous automated calibration methods require additional and sometimes costly equipment as well as some precalibration of stage motion or pixel size. Here, the user only needs to input the known size of the bead (provided by the manufacturer) into the program, insert their prepared slide into their microscope, input some parameters and make selections, and click "start" in order to achieve experimental values of the camera and position detector calibrations, as well as trap stiffness. We intend to implement many other calibration techniques that require additional equipment, but have designed this initial system for use in a standard position-detection-capable OT setup as long as it has a digital camera and motorized mirror that can be controlled with LabVIEW.

We proposed the new optical design of the wedge projection display to enhance the quality of image. Since the thickness of the wedge plate can be thin enough, this technology makes up for the bulky property in projection type display. However, the image quality is heavily influenced by “dark zone”. The dark zone means the repeated region that the rays cannot escape from the waveguide. Thus, these regions present nothing and the image quality is very low. To reduce the problems, we analyzed the principle of the image formation by the geometrical retracing from the wedged surface to the aperture of waveguide. The bundle of rays converging into an imaging point on the wedged surface have the same image information, but can have the different initial position and the angle when started from the aperture. Therefore, each ray is classified by the position of the imaging points on the inclined surface and the number of reflection. Based on the classified data, we can obtain the equivalent imaging point which is the intersection when the set of the rays with the same condition does not experience the reflection at the interface. Because this point is equivalent to the imaging point on the inclined surface, we can display the image by projecting on the equivalent imaging point. In this paper, the optimized set of equivalent imaging points is analyzed by retracing method and we designed the improved imaging system of the wedge projection display by modifying the shape of aperture to equip the optical components in the onaxis.

We build a dynamic beam splitter with a holographic optical element (HOE). The laser light goes through the HOE and a fraction of intensity diffracted and transmitted could be tuned by an electric signal. We use holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals materials. It is made by holographic recording in which the liquid crystal molecules diffuse to dark zones in the diffraction grating and they can be oriented by means of an electric field. The orientation of the liquid crystal produces a refraction index variation which changes the diffraction efficiency and therefore the grating has a dynamic behavior.

Multispectral imaging is becoming a powerful tool in a wide range of biological and clinical studies by adding spectral, spatial and temporal dimensions to visualize tissue abnormity and the underlying biological processes. A conventional spectral imaging system includes two physically separated major components: a band-passing selection device (such as liquid crystal tunable filter and diffraction grating) and a scientific-grade monochromatic camera, and is expensive and bulky. Recently micro-arrayed narrow-band optical mosaic filter was invented and successfully fabricated to reduce the size and cost of multispectral imaging devices in order to meet the clinical requirement for medical diagnostic imaging applications. However the challenging issue of how to integrate and place the micro filter mosaic chip to the targeting focal plane, i.e., the imaging sensor, of an off-shelf CMOS/CCD camera is not reported anywhere. This paper presents the methods and results of integrating such a miniaturized filter with off-shelf CMOS imaging sensors to produce handheld real-time multispectral imaging devices for the application of early stage pressure ulcer (ESPU) detection. Unlike conventional multispectral imaging devices which are bulky and expensive, the resulting handheld real-time multispectral ESPU detector can produce multiple images at different center wavelengths with a single shot, therefore eliminates the image registration procedure required by traditional multispectral imaging technologies.

The implementation of the Split-Field Finite Difference Time-Domain (SP-FDTD) method in Graphics Pro- cessing Units is described in this work. This formalism is applied to light wave propagation through periodic media with arbitrary anisotropy. The anisotropic media is modeled by means of a permittivity tensor with non-diagonal elements and absorbing boundary conditions are also considered. The split-field technique and the periodic boundary condition allow to consider a single period of the structure reducing the simulation grid. Nevertheless, the analysis of anisotropic media implies considering all the electromagnetic field components and the use of complex notation. These aspects reduce the computational efficiency of the numerical method compared to the isotropic and non-periodic implementation. With the upcoming of the new generation of General-Purpose Computing on Graphics Units many scientific applications have been accelerated and others are being developed into this new parallel digital computing architecture. Specifically, the implementation of the SP-FDTD in the Fermi family of GPUs of NVIDIA is presented. An analysis of the performance of this implementation is done and several applications have been considered in order to estimate the possibilities provided by both the formalism and the implementation into GPU. The formalism has been used for analyzing different structures and phenomena: binary phase gratings and twisted-nematic liquid crystal cells. The numerical predictions obtained by means of the FDTD method here implemented are compared with theoretical curves achieving good results, thus validating the accuracy and the potential of the implementation.

Novel liquid crystal on silicon displays (LCoS) technology has found widespread use in a number of applications dealing with the spatial modulation of the properties of a light wavefront. Parallel aligned LCoS (PA-LCoS) are especially interesting since they provide phase-only modulation with no coupling of amplitude modulation. However, typically LCoS are digitally addressed and this has been proven as a drawback since it causes fluctuations in the phase modulation. In this work we concentrate on PA-LCoS. We analyse the application of a classical polarimetric method for retardance measurement, which makes use of only linearly polarized light, typically used in wave plates. We analyse the effect of phase fluctuations on the measurements and provide a refinement of the method which allows estimating both the average retardance and the magnitude of the phase fluctuation. We demonstrate both theoretically and experimental that this extension of a classical method is both simple and very well suited for the measurement of the modulation properties of novel PA-LCoS.

This paper presents a new configuration of an optical measurement system using fringe projection for 3D shape measurement using active photogrammetry. The system was optimized to measure 3D geometries of external surfaces of pipes. The system was mainly designed for periodic inspections of pipelines submitted to environmental induced corrosion and local dents. It has a compact design and it is suitable to inspect pipes with diameters 250 mm (10”) and up. The software is able to compute geometric parameters of the inspected area like depth, volume and length of the damaged areas. The developed system uses a special compact fringe projector composed of an acrylic tube printed with two sinusoidal fringe patterns with two different frequencies, a set of LEDs forming a line light source and a special phase shifting approach with absolute phase calculation procedure. The three-dimensional surface of the pipe is measured and displayed using virtual reality techniques. The measured area is 300 mm x 200 mm. The paper also presents results of quantitative evaluations as well application results.

In this paper, we present a fast hologram pattern generation method by radial symmetric interpolation. In spatial domain, concentric redundancy of each point hologram is removed by substituting the calculation of wave propagation with interpolation and duplication. Also the background mask which represents stationary point in temporal domain is used to remove temporal redundancy in hologram video. Frames are grouped in predefined time interval and each group shares the background information, and hologram pattern of each time is updated only for the foreground part. The effectiveness of proposed algorithm is proved by simulation and experiment.

A bi-directional 2D/3D convertible integral imaging system is proposed. Two optical modules composed of a scattering polarizer and a linear polarizer are adopted, and 2D or 3D mode operation is easily changed by converting polarization states of the projected images. In the 2D mode, the incident light is scattered at the scattering polarizer and the scattered light facing the lens-array is blocked, a 2D image is observable only at the same side as the projector. In the 3D mode, the incident light with the transmission polarization is directly projected onto a lens-array, and the 3D images are integrated. Our proposed system is able to display the 3D images as well as the 2D images for the observers who are placed in front and rear side of the system.

An elemental image of the pre-distortion image in the off-axis integral floating system using a concave mirror is generated. The concave mirror can be adopted as the floating device to improve the optical efficiency. The image deformation due to the tilting axis of the concave mirror is analyzed to generate the pre-distortion image process. In this paper, we calculate the image deformation in the off-axis structure of the concave mirror using the geometrical optics. Using the simulation, the pre-distortion image is generated to compensate the 3D image. And the elemental image is generated for the pre-distortion integrated image, which can be projected to the floating 3D image to resolve the image deformation. The experiments of the off-axis integral floating are presented to prove and verify the proposal.

In this paper a digital invisible image watermarking technique is proposed based on the numerical simulation of optical Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE). This technique utilizes the capability of the DRPE to spread the energy of the input information in both the space and the spatial frequency domains using two different users. The watermark is in the form of a digital barcode image which is numerically encrypted using a simulation of the optical DRPE process. This produces a random complex image, which is then processed to form a real valued random image with a low number of quantization levels. This signal is added to the host image. Extraction of the barcode, involves applying an inverse DRPE process to the watermarked image followed by a low pass filter. The results presented indicate the feasibility and robustness of the proposed method and it is demonstrated that even when using very few quantization levels, i.e. 2-levels, the watermark can still be extracted with very small errors.

Presented in this work are the results of investigations aimed at analysis of coordinate distributions of the fourth Stokes vector parameter in laser images of two types of biological phase-inhomogeneous layers, namely: rough and bulk scattering layers. To characterize this parameter for all the types of phase-inhomogeneous layers, the authors have offered to use three groups of parameters: statistic moments of the first to the fourth orders, autocorrelation functions, logarithmic dependences for power spectra. Ascertained are the criteria for diagnostics and classification of phase-inhomogeneous layers optical properties.

The paper deals with investigating the processes of laser radiation transformation by biological crystals networks using the singular optics techniques. The results obtained showed a distinct correlation between the points of "characteristic" values of coordinate distributions of Mueller matrix elements and polarization singularities (S- and C-points) of laser transformation of biological crystals networks with the following possibility of Mueller-matrix selection of polarization singularity. The technique of Mueller-matrix singular diagnostics of pathological changes of women's reproductive sphere tissue (myometrium) is proposed.

Adduced in this work are the results of investigation aimed at analysis of coordinate distributions for azimuths and ellipticity of polarization (polarization maps) in laser images of three types of biological phase-inhomogeneous layers (PhIL) - bulk scattering layers. To characterize polarization maps for all the types of PhIL, the authors have offered to use three groups of parameters: statistical moments of the first to fourth orders, autocorrelation functions, logarithmic dependences for power spectra related to distributions of azimuths and ellipticity of polarization inherent to PhIL laser images. Ascertained are the criteria for diagnostics and classification of PhIL optical properties. The possibilities of the local wavelet-analysis of polarization-inhomogeneous laser image of myocardium tissue histological sections were considered. The criteria for the differentiation of the transformation of birefringence optical-anisotropic structures of blood plasma at different scales of their geometric dimensions were determined.

This work presents the results of investigation of the efficiency of the method of both concerted spatial-frequency and polarization-phase filtration of blood plasma proteins birefringence during the diagnostics of cancer of intestinum wall.

In this paper the possibility of optical pulses spectral measurement using optical fiber as a dispersive system is examined. We study obtaining sample spectra which are new to optical range. Single pulse passage through a dispersive system with linear group delay frequency dependence is the basis of studying a spectral device based on optical fiber. This analysis is performed using optical radiation complex spectrum definition. Complex sample spectrum in optical range can be obtained by using a dispersive system. Examination the single optical pulse distribution in a dispersive medium is the theoretical basis of measurement the complex sample spectrum. Dispersive system is considered to be an optical four-pole network. The dispersive system parameters are defined to allow the optical signals complex spectrum measurement. Known photo detectors of optical range produce electrical signals as electrical field intensity square. According to this, power characteristics of analyzed optical signal and spectral measurement results ratio is introduced. Photo detection produces a sample power spectra sequence. We examine the possibility of power spectrum assessment algorithm proposed by Jenkins and Watts utilization. This method is based on sample power spectra summation. Qualities of acquired power spectrum assessment are examined.

Parallel spectrum analyzer including n analyzed channels power optical signals spectrum assessment is examined. Problem examination is based not on traditional in optics spectrum definition as wavelength function, but on traditional in harmonic analysis theory definition as frequency functions. Each analyzed channel includes a piece of optical fiber, optical resonator (filter), photo detector and integrator. Input-output ratio of a spectral device using parallel analysis is defined by matrix integral operator. Its kernel is matrix complex spectrum spread function of a spectral device. Spectral measurements are only examined in a single channel because all the channels have identical working algorithm. Optical signals spectrum measurement is carried out in two phases. The first phase is to describe the complex spectra of optical signals measurement. Not only the transfer function of optical resonator is considered on this phase, but frequency attenuation response of optical fiber as well. The second phase is to define power characteristic of optical radiation, which includes photo detection and electrical signal integration on the output of the photo detector. Transition from complex matrix integral operator to power matrix integral operator is carried out. Power spectrum assessment properties for each channel are defined. The main property of power spectrum assessment is it’s asymptotically consistence.

The structure of a fiber-optical dynamic memory (FODM) with series-parallel channels of input-output of the digital information and optical regeneration is developed. Influence nonlinear phenomena in optical fiber on information characteristics of such systems at spectral multiplexing of information channels is investigated. On the basis of the developed mathematical model the multiparametric analysis of recirculating process of the information stream in closed optical contour in view of noise sources, ASE-induced timing jitter, and also effect of intersymbol interference is lead. For an estimation of opportunities of use considered FODM as buffer memory are carried out joint researches of a storage time and information capacity at the desired error probability. Laws of influence of contour elements operating modes on extremely achievable information parameters are revealed.

Digital holographic microscopy has been studied for bio-applications. In order to analyze specimens in the holographic image, image segmentation as a preprocessing step is inevitable. The main energy-based segmentation includes snake, level-set and graph-cut. For the snake and level-set, initial curve is needed to be added by the user. However, for the different initial curves, different segmentation result will be obtained. Graph-cut based segmentation can obtain the global optimal result. Furthermore, graph-cut method utilizes both regional and edge information which can make the segmentation more reasonable. In this paper, in order to reduce the effect of the discontinuity of the object edge for the segmentation and ensure the segmentation result perfect, a few of user interferences are applied.

In this paper, we propose a new approach for accelerated computation of the computer-generated hologram (CGH) of a 3-D object by using the N×N-point principle fringe patterns (PFPs)-based novel look-up table (N-LUT) method. Using the two-dimensional (2-D) run-length encoding (RLE) algorithm, redundant data of a 3-D object are extracted in image blocks and re-grouped into an N×N-point redundancy map depending on the block size. Basing on this redundancy map, the N×N-point PFPs are calculated, from which the CGH pattern of a 3-D object can be generated. With the block-based extraction of the redundant data and the N×N-point PFPs-based computation of the CGH pattern, the object points to be calculated could be significantly reduced, which results in a great increase in the computational speed. Experimental results show that for 3×3-point PFPs, the computational speed of the proposed method has been improved by 61.16% compared to the conventional N-LUT method.

In this paper, a new method for efficient generation of video hologram for 3-D video is proposed by combined use of redundant data of 3-D video and look-up table techniques. That is, temporal redundant data in inter-frame of 3-D video image is removed using differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) method between frames then inter-line redundant data in intra-frame of 3-D video image is also removed using DPCM algorithm between lines. Experimental results show that, in the proposed method, the average number of calculated object points for 3-D objects have been reduced by 23.3% for top-down scanning scheme, compared to the conventional TR_NLUT method. And, the average calculation time for one object point has been also reduced by 21.0%, compared to the conventional TR_NLUT. Good experimental results with 3-D test moving pictures finally confirmed the feasibility of the proposed method in fast generation of CGH patterns for 3-D videos.

Recently, the single-carrier and multi-carrier transmissions have grabbed the attention of industrial systems. Theoretically, OFDM as a Multicarrier has more advantages over the Single-Carrier especially for high data rate. In this paper we will show which one of the two techniques outperforms the other. We will study and compare the performance of BER for both techniques for a given channel. As a function of signal to noise ratio SNR, the BER will be measure and studied. Also, Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is going to be examined and presented as a drawback of using OFDM. To make a reasonable comparison between the both techniques, we will use additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) as a communication channel.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier technique that is being used more and more in recent wideband digital communications. It is known for its ability to handle severe channel conditions, the efficiency of spectral usage and the high data rate. Therefore, It has been used in many wired and wireless communication systems such as DSL, wireless networks and 4G mobile communications. Data streams are modulated and sent over multiple subcarriers using either M-QAM or M-PSK. OFDM has lower inter simple interference (ISI) levels because of the of the low data rates of carriers resulting in long symbol periods. In this paper, BER performance of OFDM with respect to signal to noise ratio (SNR) is evaluated. BPSK Modulation is used in s Simulation based system in order to get the BER over different wireless channels. These channels include additive white Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and fading channels that are based on Doppler spread and Delay spread. Plots of the results are compared with each other after varying some of the key parameters of the system such as the IFFT, number of carriers, SNR. The results of the simulation give visualization of what kind of BER to expect when the signal goes through those channels.

For face recognition applications, it is necessary to have a robust discrimination system. In this paper, a new method for denoising the correlation plane and removing the zero-order term associated with alternate joint transform correlator (JTC) architectures such as the nonlinear JTC (NJTC) and nonlinear non-zero-order JTC (NNJTC) is proposed. The proposed technique is called nonlinear denoised JTC (NDJTC) which incorporates the attractive features of NJTC and NNJTC to ensure good compromise between discrimination and robustness while denoising the correlation plane. To investigate the performance of the proposed technique, various tests are performed using the PHPID face database and the results demonstrate excellent behavior of the proposed NDJTC. In this technique, the zero-order term and the impact of noise in the correlation plane were removed leading to increased robustness and discrimination ability of the NJTC. To confirm these results, different comparisons were performed using a NJTC and a NNJTC. Finally, a study using different levels of nonlinearity was conducted to find the best compromise between robustness and discrimination ability of the proposed method.

Spectral unmixing is a popular tool for remotely sensed hyperspectral data interpretation and classification. It aims at identifying the spectra of all endmembers in the scene to find the fractional abundances of pure spectral signatures in each mixed pixel collected by an imaging spectrometer. Complete spectral unmixing exploits the theory that the reflectance spectrum of any pixel is the result of linear combinations of the spectra of all endmembers inside that pixel and simply solves a set of l linear equations for each pixel, where l is the number of bands in the image. But often the estimation of all the endmember signatures may be difficult due to the unavailability of pure spectral signatures in the original data, or inadequacy of spatial resolution. For such cases, partial unmixing can be used where only the user chosen targets need to be mapped and the unmixing equations are partially solved. Like complete unmixing, a pixel value in the output image of partial unmixing is proportional to the fraction of the pixel that contains the target material. In this paper, we study the partial spectral unmixing problem under the light of recent theoretical results published in those areas. Our experimental results, which are conducted using real hyperspectral data sets collected by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) and spectral libraries publicly available; indicate the potential of partial unmixing techniques in the task of accurately characterizing the mixed pixels using the library spectra. Furthermore, we provide a comparison of complete spectral unmixing and partial spectral unmixing for the oil spill detection in the sea.

This paper presents a novel method of oil detection in sea water from ultrasonic hyperspectral imagery (UHI) using spectral fringe adjusted joint transform correlation (SFJTC). An UHI is generated using ultrasound attenuation coefficients of different materials. Using pure target (oil) and background (sea water) signatures and linear mixing, we have developed a SFJTC-based novel technique for oil detection in sea water using the UHI technique. We have randomly inserted targets (oil) into a sea water UHI scene with different levels of spectral variability to explore the performance of the SFJTC algorithm for different scenarios. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated via receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves and the area under the ROC (AUROC). Test results confirm that the proposed scheme shows good results despite the presence of a large amount of noise in the data.