This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9444, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, and Conference Committee listing.

A fluorescence imaging module includes a fluorescence sample, a lens, an emission filter, an image sensor, and an illuminating device disposed between the sample and the lens. The illuminating device comprises a truncated pyramid for bending light emitted by the excitation light source toward the central area of the fluorescence sample. Light from the excitation light source enters from a slanted side surface of the truncated pyramid and emerges at the top of the truncated pyramid to illuminate the sample. The fluorescence image of the sample is formed by the lens through the emission filter on the image sensor.

Since semiconductor lasers were realized in 1962, various efforts have been made to enrich human life thorough novel equipments and services. Among them optical fiber communications in global communications have brought out marvelous information technology age represented by the internet. In this paper, emerging topics made on GaInAsP/InP based long-wavelength lasers toward ultra-low power consumption semiconductor lasers for optical interconnects in supercomputers as well as in future LSIs are presented.

A review on the characterisations of photonics devices by using the frequency domain modal solution, junction analysis and beam propagation methods and additionally time-domain approach, but all based on the numerically efficient finite element method is presented. Numerically simulated results for various photonic devices such as uniform optical waveguides, photonic crystal fibres, high-speed optical modulators, spot-size converters, compact power splitters, metalclad terahertz waveguides, photonic crystals and nonlinear acousto-optical interactions in optical waveguide are presented.

Throughout my experience in photonics engineering, this article shows that photonics is indeed a key technology enabler for enhancing our competitiveness. In particular, I snapshot the achievements of NECTEC research teams in implementing devices and systems suitable for healthcare, homeland security, agriculture, and industry.

We prepared numbers of GeAsSe glasses and investigated their thermal stability and optical properties in order to search the best glasses with relatively high glass transition temperature T_g, strong structural stability, low optical loss and high optical nonlinearity. Through our systematical measurements, we concluded that the glasses with a mean coordination number around 2.45-2.5 are the best for the applications in photonics with T_g of 450K, low optical loss of 0.2dB/cm, high optical nonlinearity 7.5×10^-14cm²/W and less photosensitivity.

Ring laser gyroscopes have increased in sensitivity by six orders of magnitude over the last several decades such that they are poised to make valuable contributions to geodesy and terrestrial tests of general relativity. To fully exploit their capabilities, residual (time varying) read out errors arising from backscatter coupling must be physically minimized or otherwise compensated. We present the results of a backscatter correction process for a 12.25 m² gyroscope with a vast improvement in long term rotational sensitivity.

We demonstrate the application of humidity insensitive polymer planar Bragg gratings written into planar TOPAS substrates for measuring temperature as well as multi-axial tensile and compressive strain. The polymer planar Bragg gratings are realized by a rapid fabrication process using a KrF excimer laser which illuminates a stacked mask configuration consisting of an amplitude mask and a phase mask with a grating period of 1036.79 nm. We determine the UV-induced refractive index modification of the integrated waveguide by phase shifting Mach Zehnder interferometry and investigate its light guiding properties. The integrated polymer planar Bragg grating (PPBG) reflects a wavelength of 1576.5 nm with a reflectivity of about 93% and shows almost no sensitivity against relative humidity. Therefore, the TOPAS-PPBG is well-suited for measuring temperature as well as tensile and compressive strain. Temperature measurements are feasible up to 116°C. An observed temperature hysteresis disappears after three consecutive temperature cycles, after which the TOPAS-PPBG is characterized by a sensitivity of -6.5 pm/°C. Furthermore, tensile and compressive strain is applied at different angles showing an angle-dependent sensitivity of the PPBG making it a suitable candidate for multi-axial strain sensing.

In this presentation, we show our preliminary results which is related to neurons activation in vivo by laser. A laser scanning system was adopted to guide laser beam to an assigned fly and an assigned position. A 473-nm laser can be a heat punishment source to restrain a wild-type fly’s moving area. Furthermore, neurons in optogenetics transgene flies can be triggered by the blue laser in this system.

Liquid level measurement plays an important part in industry and daily life. Applications include oil tanks, gasoline stations and public water supplies. Traditional electronic sensors cannot satisfy the demands in harsh environments. Recently, optical sensors have been particularly attractive in these applications. We propose a sensing method based on laser differential confocal detectors for discrete or continuous liquid level sensing. No target or supplementary device need to be immersed into the liquid. The sensitivity of the liquid level is about 0.01 mm with current systematic parameters. Measurement experiment of simulated liquid surface with a reflective mirror is carried out to verify the method.

Fully polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) or PolSAR has been proven useful for diverse applications related to environment. Nevertheless, problems are arising since satellite-borne PolSAR requires special arrangements on data acquisition and consumes higher energy for signal transmission. Complexity of data acquisition and analysis can be reduced using compact polarimetry. The technique has been demonstrated to some extent; however, tests on various environments are still required. This paper assesses compact polarimetry on a tropical forest fringe, especially to monitor expanding oil palm estate and forest disturbance, in comparison to fully polarimetric mode. PALSAR data of Manokwari, Indonesia, were collected from JAXA through RA4.1029 project. In this paper, linear 45 degrees transmission is evaluated to detect various land cover classes using Wishart supervised classifier. Tonal discrepancies between both polarimetric modes are evident, suggesting compact polarimetry has limitation to recover information contained in fully polarimetric mode. However, Wishart classification procedure indicates that compact polarimetry is still useful for mapping.

Rubber ranks the second largest plantation in Indonesia after oil palm. While oil palm plantations have been exploited mainly by large companies, many rubber plantations are still managed by peasant farmers who maintain its biodiversity. Due to its broad and scattered location, monitoring tropical rubber plantation is a crucial application of active remote sensing. In this paper, the backscatter coefficient of Envisat Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) is compared to interferometric coherence to study the relationship between stand age and SAR parameters. It is shown that VV polarized C-band SAR achieves its saturation level in plantations aged about 5-10 years. Extension of saturation level can be achieved by processing an interferometric pair of ASAR data, which results in interferometric coherence. In this paper, coherence can take up to 20 years stand age to achieve prior to saturation. Since stand age is highly related to biomass, this finding argues that the biomass can be best estimated using coherence.

An image of the object can be distorted due to a defect in a mirror. A rear-view mirror is an important component for the vehicle safety. One of standard parameters of the rear-view mirror is a distortion factor. This paper presents a radial line method for distortion detection of the rear-view mirror. The rear-view mirror was tested for the distortion detection by using a system consisting of a webcam sensor and an image-processing unit. In the image-processing unit, the captured image from the webcam were pre-processed by using smoothing and sharpening techniques and then a radial line method was used to define the distortion factor. It was demonstrated successfully that the radial line method could be used to define the distortion factor. This detection system is useful to be implemented such as in Indonesian’s automotive component industry while the manual inspection still be used.

We propose design of a smart infusion device suitable for public hospitals in Indonesia. The device comprised of LED, photodiode and DC motor to measure and control the infusion rate, using the principle of LED beam absorption. The infusion rate was identified by using microcontroller and displayed through computer unit. Experiment results for different flow rate level and concentration of Dextrose showed that the device is able to detect, measure, and control the infusion droplets flow rate by the average error rate of 1.0081%.

A simple sensor is proposed and demonstrated using a silica tapered fiber for sensing different concentration of potassium in de-ionized water. The tapered fiber is fabricated using a flame brushing technique to achieve a waist diameter and length of 10 μm and 80 mm, respectively. For a concentration change from 0 to 50 %, the ouput signal of the sensor decreases exponentially from -10.04 dBm to -11.11 dBm with linearity of more than 92%. The increment of potassium concentration increases the refractive index of the solution, which in turn reduces the index difference between core and cladding of the tapered fiber and thus allows more light to be leaked out from the fiber. This new potassium monitoring system provides numerous advantages such as simplicity of design and low cost of production.

Soybeans is one of main crops in Indonesia but the demand for soybeans is not followed by an increase in soybeans national production. One of the production limitation factor is the availability of lush cultivation area for soybeans plantation. Indonesian farners are usually grow soybeans in marginal cultivation area that requires soybeans varieties which tolerant with environmental stress such as drought, nutrition limitation, pest, disease and many others. Chlorophyll content in leaf is one of plant health indicator that can be used to determine environmental stress tolerant soybean varieties. However, there are difficulties in soybeans breeding research due to the manual acquisition of data that are time consume and labour extensive. In this paper authors proposed automatic system of soybeans leaves area and chlorophyll quantification based on low cost multispectral sensor using web camera as an indicator of soybean plant tollerance to environmental stress particularlly drought stress. The system acquires the image of the plant that is placed in the acquisition box from the top of the plant. The image is segmented using NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from image and quantified to yield an average value of NDVI and leaf area. The proposed system showed that acquired NDVI value has a strong relationship with SPAD value with r-square value 0.70, while the leaf area prediction has error of 18.41%. Thus the automation system can quantify plant data with good result.

Mapping temperature will affect the exploration of geothermal resources. On February 11 2013, Landsat-8 was launched to continue the mission of the satellite before. Because of this conditions it is necessary to research on the particular application of Landsat data for mapping the land surface temperature in the mountainous area of Ijen, Banyuwangi, East Java. The image used in this study has dimensions 242 × 237 with 336 KB of the data. The canals on Landsat-8 in used is channel 6, channel 5, channel 3, channel 10, channel 11. Application of these channel based on the capabilities of each sensor between Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS). Supervised Image Segmentation methods used for classification with a total inputs 36 class and output 3 class. Based on the rules of membership function in fuzzy logic, 3 category states of cold category, medium category and hot category. The minimum temperature value obtained from the calculation of the surface temperature is 288 K and then the maximum temperature value obtained is 309 K. 13 point coordinates are used as reference for the validation data, so the result of measurement temperature is appropriate because error value only 7%.

This paper presents a simple, compact and low cost mode-locked Erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) using a single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) embedded in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) film as a passive saturable absorber. The film was fabricated using a prepared homogeneous SWCNT solution, which was mixed with a diluted PEO solution and casted onto a glass petri dish to form a thin film by evaporation technique. The film, with a thickness of 50 μm, is sandwiched between two fiber connectors to construct a saturable absorber, which is then integrated in an EDFL cavity to generate a self-started stable soliton pulses operating at 1560.8 nm. The soliton pulse starts to lase at 1480 nm pup power threshold of 12.3 mW to produce pulse train with repetition rate of 11.21 MHz, pulse width of 1.02 ps, average output power of 0.65 mW and pulse energy of 57.98 pJ. Then, we observed the 4th, 7th and 15th harmonic of fundamental cavity frequency start to occur when the pump powers are further increased to 14.9, 17.5 and 20.1 mW, respectively. The 4th harmonic pulses are characterized in detail with a repetition rate of 44.84 MHz, a transform-limited pulse width of 1.19 ps, side-mode suppression ratio of larger than 20 dB and pulse energy of 9.14 pJ.

Optical rectification of laser pulses in LiNbO3 by tilted-pulse-front pumping (TPFP) is a powerful way to generate terahertz(THz) pulses. However, comprehensive theoretical analysis is still lack. In this work, we first established and presented a detailed theoretical model for TPFP scheme, which then was used to analyze the pump beam polarization dependent terahertz pulses generated by this scheme. The results indicate that one can change the polarization state of the terahertz pulse by changing the pump beam polarization. A scheme using tilted-pulse-front pumping was also set up, and the generated terahertz pulses have maximal conversion efficiency when the pump beam electric field vector is parallel to the crystal axis, which is consistent with theoretical model.

In this study, n-type Al-doped Mg_xZn_1-xO (AMZO) films were deposited onto p-Al_0.08Ga_0.92N by using radiofrequency magnetron sputtering followed by annealing at 800°C in nitrogen ambient for 60 s. The film was highly transparent and had transmittances exceeding 95% in the visible region and a sharp absorption edge visible in the ultraviolet region. A high leakage current was obtained in the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the GMZO/AlGaN n-p junction diode. The AMZO/AlGaN photodetector based on the AMZO film exhibited a dark current of 1.56 μA at V_bias = -3V. The peak responsivity of the photodetector was approximately 200 nm and a cutoff wavelength was observed at approximately 250 nm.

In this work, simple solar cells using cuprous oxide were fabricated and characterized. The solar cells in this experiment used cuprous oxide plate as detecting electrode and copper wires which were woven into a net-shape with a gap size of 2 x 2 cm as a counter electrode. Twenty samples of solar cells were fabricated with oxide layer which were thermally grown in temperature up to 550 ^oC. Samples with variations in oxidation time (15 minutes, 30 minutes, 40 minutes, and 45 minutes) and distance between electrodes (2 cm, 3 cm, and 4 cm) with an electrolyte solution of NaCl with molarity of 2.188 mol/l were produced. The samples were characterized by measuring their V-I curve. For this purpose, a simple, own-made solar simulator were fabricated and characterized. Using curve fitting technique, parameters such as FF (Fill Factor), efficiency, open circuit voltage, short circuit current, internal resistance, and performance degradation as a function of time of the cells were extracted. The result shows optimum efficiency of 4.573. 10-⁴%, while optimum oxidation time is 40 minutes and optimum distance between electrodes is 3 cm.

The effect of Spectrum Range Limitation (SRL) to the efficiency and performances of multijunction solar cells Al_0.3Ga_0.7As/GaAs/InP/Ge was investigated using simulation approach. Simulations were done using two different models, first with No Spectrum Range Limitation (NSRL) and the second with SRL. In the first model each subcell (material) was free to absorb AM1.5G solar radiation spectrum from 280 nm up to 2500 nm, while for the second model, the absorption spectrum for each subcell depends on the cut-off wavelength of its previous subcell. For each model, a non-identical current flow in each layer was simulated. The results have shown that SRL dropped the efficiency by almost a half (44.90 %) compared to simulation with NSRL. All current-producing simulations were performed using freely available PC1D program.

Coded aperture spectroscopy allows for sources of large field to be efficiently coupled into dispersive spectrometers by replacing the traditional input slit with a patterned mask. Spectral calibration is requisite for spectroscopy to obtain the spectrum information exactly. In this paper, we described the spectral calibration’s principle and methods of coded aperture spectral imaging, and then gave the results of the experiment using a monochromatic extended source, at last we tested the accuracy of spectral calibration. The results indicate that this method can calibrate the coded aperture imaging spectrometer with high accuracy.

We present the photoelectrochemical properties of dye-sensitized solar cells using natural pigments containing anthocyanins, betalains, and caroteins. The dyes were adsorbed by a photoanode that was fabricated from nanocrystalline TiO₂ on transparent conductive glass. TiO₂ comprises of 100% anatase and 90:10 anatase:rutile fraction. The dyes extracted from mangosteen pericarp, Musa aromatica pericarp, Celosia cristata flower and red beet root were characterized through UV-vis and IPCE. The effectiveness of the dyes was explained through photocurrent as a function of incident light power. It was found that the cocktail and multilayered dyes comprised of anthocyanins and caroteins is beneficial to obtain high photocurrent, whereas betalains is not recommended to be applied on untreated TiO₂. Due to the bandgap properties of rutile and anatase, the presence of 10% rutile in TiO₂ is favourable to further enhance the electron transport.

The refractive indices, absorption coefficients and complex dielectric constants spectra of paraffin-embedded brain glioma and normal brain tissues have been measured by a terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system in the range of 0.2 – 2.0 THz. The spectral differences between glioma and normal brain tissues were obtained. Our results indicate that, compared with normal tissue, glioma had higher refractive index, absorption coefficient, and dielectric constant. Based on these results, the suitable frequency components for different methods of glioma imaging (intensity imaging, coherent imaging and terahertz pulsed imaging) are analyzed.

A theoretical model based on electron diffusion differential equation and Schottky barrier model was developed to determine the current–voltage characteristics of DSSC. To verify the model DSSC with ZnO nanorods photoelectrode which was chemically bath deposited onto the TCO was fabricated. According to modeling results, increasing of recombination current density J at these interfaces results in a decrease in Schottky barrier height φb and therefore improves the photovoltage under the open-circuit condition. It is found that the open-circuit voltage remains constant when the TCO/ZnO Schottky barrier height was varied in the range of 0.45 – 0.6 eV. This theoretical model consistents with the experimental result in which the fabricated DSSCs can produce conversion efficiency in the range of 0.98 – 1.16%. The trend in photovoltage calculated in the theoretical model basically agrees with the experimental result, although the calculated photocurrent is somewhat over estimated compared to the experimental results. The model presents that the ideality factor for ZnO nanorods, which also contributes to the enhancement of photovoltage, increases in the range of 2.75 – 3.0 as the annealing temperature is increased in the experiment.

The utilization of Bio-nanocomposite material that was derived from pineapple leaf fiber as filler and tapioca starch with plasticizer glycerol as a matrix for food packaging can reduce the use of plastic that usually was made from petroleum materials. It is important to develop and producethis environmental friendly plastic because of limited availability of petroleum nowadays. The process of synthesize and characterization tapioca starch with the plasticizer glycerol bionanocomposites using print method had been conducted. There were 3 samples with different filler concentration variation; 3%, 4% and 5%.The results of mechanical test from each sample showed that bio-nanocomposite with 5% filler concentration was the optimum sample with 4.6320 MPa for tensile strength test and 24.87% for the elongation test. Based on the result of optical test for each sample was gained that along with the increasing of concentration filler would make the absorbance value of the sample became decreased, bio-nanocomposite with 5% filler concentration had several peaks with low absorbance values. The first peak was in 253 nm of wavelength regionwith absorbance of 0.131%, and the second peak was in 343 nmwavelength region and absorbance was 0.087%.

We reported the fabrication of 1D photonic crystal structure and investigated its application for tuning colloidal CdSe quantum dot emission. The photonic crystals was made by using sol-gel method and consists of TiO₂ and SiO₂ multilayers on glass substrate. The colloidal quantum dot is CdSe quantum dot with emission wavelength around 630 nm, which is similar to photonic band gap of fabricated photonic crystals. The quantum dot was dropped and dried on the opposite side of photonic crystals. We measured angle dependence of transmission of photonic crystal and angle dependence photoluminescence of quantum dot emission. We found that quantum dot emission was influenced by excitation angle ; therefore photonic crystals can be useful for tuning the emission of quantum dot. We have confirmed that the angle dependence photoluminescence of quantum dot is significantly related to photonic band gap of photonic crystal. This work leads to future application of photonic crystal on quantum dot emission such as quantum dot lasing.

The working principle of the FBG strain sensor using laser diode (λ = 1551.9 – 1553 nm) as a light source is reported. Experimental results show that by straining the bare uniform FBG (λ_B = 1552 nm) for every 0.01 mm in room temperature, the transmitted and refelcted power were varied according to the state of FBG strains.

An analysis into the phase matching condition of four-wave-mixing in highly birefringence photonic crystal fiber is presented to yield independent processes combining the nonlinear terms with those of linear terms. The pump wavelength, power and pump pulse incident angles effects on the anti-Stokes frequency shifts are analyzed. The results show that the high order dispersion can ignored result with the anomalous dispersion region in contrast conclusion, which is in good agreement with the experiment results. Furthermore, there exists to guide the polarization, power-independent anti-Stokes emissions.

Power loss occured in a bent optical fiber is not desired in communication systems. Therefore, modern optical fiber is generally made with a low bending loss and, for some fibre, its refractive index profile is specially designed so that the fiber is not sensitive to the bending. For optical fibers intended as sensors, the bending loss is actually utilized for that purpose and are designed in such a way in order to be very sensitive to the bending. In this paper we describe the use of an SMF-28 optical fiber patchcord, which is commonly used in communication systems and not categorized as a bendsensitive fiber, as an extensometer (an instrument to measure the displacement or deformation of an object) by utilizing the characteristic curve of its bending loss at wavelengths of 1550 nm and 1310 nm. In our experiment, a single loop of an SMF-28 patchcord is clamped between the jaws of a vernier caliper. For the light source we use two diode lasers available in the OTDR Anritsu MT9083, and to measure the optical power we use a power meter Anritsu ML9002A. Position of the vernier caliper is then changed from 27 mm to 10 mm by 0.1 mm decrement and the value of the bending loss is calculated from the measured power at each position minus the measured power of the straight fiber. From the characteristic curve it is obtained that the bending loss is not a monotonic function but oscillatory. For displacement from 27 mm to 19 mm we used a light source with a wavelength of 1550 nm, while for displacement from 19 mm to 10 mm we use the 1310 nm wavelength, and each has a resolution of 0.3 mm. For a specific application with a limited range (i.e. from 21 to 20 mm for a wavelength of 1550 nm, and from 11.6 to 11 mm for a wavelength of 1310 nm) the obtained resolution is about 0.025 mm if the resolution of the power meter is 0.05 dB.

In this paper, a load effect on a singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fiber structure embedded in a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated numerically and experimentally. It was modelled that the applied load induces a longitudinal strain on the HDPE and accordingly affects the SMS fiber structure’s parameters. It was calculated the output power of the SMS fiber structure using a graded index multimode fiber (MMF) due to the applied strain from 0 to 4000 N. The experimental result shows that for the MMF length of 105 mm, the output power has monotonically increasing for an applied load range from 1700 to 4000 N with a sensitivity of 1.18 x 10^-3 dBm/N. This configuration of SMS fiber structure embedded in the HDPE is potential for a load sensor.

With the development of laser technology and astronomy, optical frequency comb (OFC), as a special kind of laser source, is widely used in the fields of laser ranging, spectroscopy and precision measurement. Especially in astrometry, the use of OFC in wavelength calibration is significance for the development of modern astronomy. However, the current calibration light source from 350nm to 400nm is not available, and the repetition frequency of direct output of the OFC is too low. This paper intends to obtain 390nm OFC by the use of frequency multiplication of 1560nm laser, and research on the methods to improve repetition frequency by Fabry-Perot filter technology. Relevant techniques and methods are improved through the research on experiments.

Imaging spectral is a novel detection approach which simultaneously acquires two-dimensional visual picture and one-dimensional spectral information.The imaging spectrometer not only provides abundant data for aeronautics and astronautics remote sensing, but also offers promising applications on biomedical imaging, conservation and identification of art works,surveillance of food safety,prevention and control of plant diseases and elimination of pests,and so forth. In this paper, the snapshot imaging spectrometer using image replication based on Wollaston prisms is designed. This system includes the telescope objective, the collimator lens, the wave plates, Wollaston prisms, and the imaging lens.The imaging spectrometer system based on multi-configuration can obtain a high diffraction efficiency. Every configuration provide a kind of wave. The 16 configurations are in one mechanical structure. The system’s MTF at 56 line pairs is better than 0.75. The RMS of the spots are all in one pixel.The imaging spectrometer can obtain perfect data.

An optical fiber optic sensor for detecting land displacement is discussed in this paper. The sensor system consists of a laser at wavelength 1.3 um, optical fiber coupler, optical fiber as sensor and light transmitting media, PIN photodiodedetector system, data logger and personal computer. Sensor was made from a curved optical fiber with diameter 35 mm, which will be changed into a heart-shape fiber if it is pulled. The heart-shape fiber sensor is the modification of the earlier displacement fiber sensor model which was in an ellipse form. Light to and from the optical fiber sensor was transmitted into a length of a multi core, single mode optical fiber cable. The scheme of the optical displacement sensor system has been described here. Characterization in the laboratory has been done by applying a series of pulling mechanism, on the heart-shape fiber sensor; which represents the land displacement process. Characterization in the field was carried out by mounting the sensor system on a scaled-down model of a land slope and artificially reproducing the landslide process using a steady-flow of artificial rainfall as the trigger. The voltage sensor output was recorded during the artificial landslide process. The displacement occurence can be indicated from the declining of the sensor signal received by the detector while the reference signal is steady. Characterization in the laboratory resulted in the performance of the optical fiber land displacement, namely, sensitivity 0.027(mV/mV)/mm, resolution 0.37 mm and measurement range 30 mm; compared with earlier optical fiber sensor performance with similar sensitivity and resolution which works only in 8 mm displacement range. Based on the experiment of landslides simulation in the field, we can define a critical condition in the real situation before landslides occurence to take any measures to prevent more casualties and losses.

Temperature sensing based on a singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fiber structure with a graded index multimode fiber (GI-MMF) type using an intensity-based interrogation has been investigated numerically and experimentally. The effect of temperature on the SMS fiber structure with the MMF-GI type was modeled using a modal propagation analysis (MPA). The SMS fiber structures for temperature sensor was fabricated and tested with the MMF length of 57 mm. It is demonstrated experimentally, and supported with numerical results, that the sensor showed a sensitivity of 0.063 dB/°C with a temperature measurement range of 175-325°C. This sensor offers simple configuration and low cost of fabrication for the temperature measurement applications.

In this work, we have designed GaN based symmetric S-Bend Y-branch power splitter with rectangular MMI structure at telecommunication wavelength. Optimization of the structure parameters required for this structure was conducted accurately by theoretical tools using BPM methods. The simulation results proposed the optimum dimension for the design Y-branch power splitter at relative output power 94.5%.

Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) functioning as a demultiplexer is designed on SOI platform with rib waveguide structure to be utilized in coarse wavelength division multiplexing-passive optical network (CWDM-PON) systems. Two design approaches; conventional and tapered configuration of AWG was developed with channel spacing of 20 nm that covers the standard transmission spectrum of CWDM ranging from 1311 nm to 1611 nm. The performance of insertion loss for tapered configuration offered the lowest insertion loss of 0.77 dB but the adjacent crosstalk gave non-significant relation for both designs. With average channel spacing of 20.4 nm, the nominal central wavelength of this design is close to the standard CWDM wavelength grid over 484 nm free spectrum range (FSR).

An electro-optic (EO) modulator using multi patch antennas is proposed for broadband millimeter-wave bands in pico-cell radar networks. The proposed device is composed of multi patch antennas with a gap fabricated on a LiNbO₃ crystal bonded with a low-k dielectric material. Multiple millimeter-wave operational frequencies can be received by the multi patch antennas and converting directly to lightwave signals through the Pockel effects of the LiNbO₃ crystal. By adjusting the metal patch size for receiving with relatively close millimeter-wave frequencies, the bandwidth of the EO modulator can be enlarged. Based on that, bandwidth of over 30% in millimeter-wave bands can be achieved using the proposed device.

We have investigated the characteristics of local density of optical states (LDOS) at photonic band gap resonant wavelength of an asymmetric waveguide grating based on Green’s function formulation. It is found that the LDOS of the considered structure exhibits different characteristics in its localization between the upper and lower resonant wavelengths of the corresponding photonic band gap edges.

A mid-IR optical emission spectrometer (mid-IR OES) was designed and constructed to detect the absolute spectral radiant exitance of IR signatures. A 256-array PbSe detector was adopted to analyze the mid-IR emission spectrum from countermeasure flares. The spectral response of the optical emission spectrometer was obtained using a directly heated graphite blackbody. The absolute emissions of their IR signatures were inferred by applying spectral response to the spectrum intensity data. Also, we devised a post processing method for compensating diffraction order overlap in a mid- IR grating spectrometer using an array detector. We confirmed the validity of the compensation method by comparing the signal intensities acquired using the different methods.

There are many definitions and theories about colour harmony. But no consistent rules and definitions can be determined. Some previous researches show that there are many factors that influence the colour harmony. Colour harmony is highly depends on the external factors, including the context of colour besides their colour combinations. In the current research an experiment conducted by observing two colour combinations which applied in shirt and trousers. Twenty observers involved in the experiment, consist of ten male and ten female. Each observer predict colour harmony score in 58 samples of shirt and trouser pairs, the colour combination then applied upside down. Based on the experimental results, male and female group has similar tendency in colour harmony score prediction in the same colour samples (correlation coefficient, r=0.84). Upside down colour combinations will change the impression of observer about colour harmony and yields a different value of colour harmony prediction score which indicated from correlation coefficient results of 0.53.

Maskless lithography (ML) systems have been researched as an alternative technologies of the conventional photolithography systems. Digital micromirror devices (DMD) can be used in ML systems as a role of photomask in the conventional photolithography systems. For high-throughput manufacturing processes DMDs in ML systems must be driven to their operational limits, often in harsh conditions. We propose an optical system and detection methodologies to detect DMD malfunctions to ensure perfect mask image transfer to the photoresist in ML systems. We categorize DMD malfunctions into two types. One is bad DMD pixel caused from mechanical defect and the other is data transfer error. We detect bad DMD pixels with 20×20 pixels using white and black image tests. We confirm data transfer errors at high frame rate operation of DMD by monitoring changes in the frame rate of a target DMD pixel driven by the input data with a set frame rate of up to 28,000 frames per second (fps).