Many achievements in different fields of the display engineering were made simultaneously in the USSR and overseas and sometimes Soviet inventions appeared earlier but were not known to the international scientific community. A set of examples of special television equipment and some liquid crystal materials and electrooptic modes is considered in the review from this point of view. Different reasons of the property protection of intellectual property in the former USSR are discussed.

Progress in the semiconductor lasers excited by scanning cathode rays is considered. The attention is concentrated on the efficient rom temperature operation. The ways of improving the main characteristics of such lasers are discussed.

Laser kinescopes were invented and created in the middle of 90-s in Russia. Now the second generation devices of the high power and different wavelength, with the low acceleration voltage and small size, operating at non-deep cooling or not cooled at all are developed. They are based on higher technology systems are very promising for applications. Mos promising application is the laser TV- projector for 30-50 m² screen movie demonstration.

The quantoscope and laser beam scanning devices on this base are reported. Their feature and technical parameters, including the spatial resolution are presented. Possibilities of improving the quantoscope resolution ability due to the modification of the electron beam density profile are considered.

A new principle of the projection display based on a laser with the conjugate resonator is offered where one of the mirrors is a spatial light modulator (SLM). Intra-cavity reading of the image created on the SLM provides the oscillation of an optical signal as well a generated image with high luminosity and optical resolution.

A modern stage of mankind development features rapid development of facilities for the visual information display. Continuously characteristics of the most widespread visualization - a CRT occupied a solid position in every family. Possibilities and applications of the LCD, electroluminescent, plasma and other types of the flat displays are increasing. The current state and trends for development of the plasma display panels in Russia are considered.

The structure of large collective screen control system and the structural scheme of het fiber optical communication channel are considered. The necessary bandwidth of video data transfer channel is estimated. It was shown that large tiled screen control systems, intended for displaying the full color high resolution dynamic images, require rather complicated high bandwidth control algorithms, and naturally high rate data transfer channels. To provide higher error protection the packet protocol of higher level is implemented by 'data packager' and 'data de-packager and error checker' subsystems.

New developed emitters guarantee the production of currents form large surfaces with an average current density up to 2.5 A/cm². Carbon-containing films were manufactured by the method of plasma gas-phase deposition. The structure and emission properties of the films are described.

Surface modification of the RGB phosphor excited by low- energy electrons is considered as the main way to improve their cathodoluminescent (CL) properties. Basic experimental result of how modifying additives influence the electrophysical and low-voltage CL properties of phosphors are presented. A mechanisms of modifying action is proposed to explain the known data, some ways for searching surface modifiers are given to allow the quality of phosphors to be improved.

A new design for thin-film phosphors screens is proposed, and its realization is demonstrated. The design consists in single-crystalline columns of the phosphor material. The columns are across the screen approximately perpendicular to it. Formation of the design is ensured by an action of isolated particles of catalysts deposited onto a substrate. The columns act as light-guides and, in such a way, ensure high resolution, high efficiency, and high stability of the screens.

Sol-gel derived Tio₂ films containing 40 wt percent Eu₂O₃ were fabricated on porous anodic aluminum. Strong room temperature europium photoluminescence with the maximum at 617 nm was observed. The dependence of photoluminescence intensity on xerogel amount was observed.

Sol-gel process is shown as a promising synthetic route to develop the 3D photonic crystals doped with the optically active terbium. Using silica and Tb-doped titania sols the colloidal crystal with photonic stop band ranging from 480 to 550 nm have been developed, thus fitting the ⁵D₄ yields ⁷F₆ and ⁵D₄ yields ⁷F₅ transition of Tb³⁺ ions. Pronounced inhibition of optical transitions of Tb³⁺ ions was observed. The structures fabricated are considered as promising probes to examine the influence of photonic stop band on modification of the spontaneous emission spectra of phosphors.

Al/porous silicon light emitting Schottky junctions for electroluminescent microdisplays are discussed. Bright light emission, visible by naked eye, is observed under reverse bias. The current level at which the EL starts is around 1 (mu) A for pixel area of 4 by 4 micrometers ² at applied voltages in the range of -5 V. The light emissions intensity increases with increasing of current density. EL spectra are broad, covering the whole visible range. The high time stability was observe for all tested devices: the EL intensity did not show considerable changes even after more than one month of continuous operation.

Efficient EL was observed in a new type of electroactive organic-polymer composites based on cyanine dye J- aggregates. Such systems exhibit very narrow EL emission spectra the position of which may be varied within the green-red range by modifying the molecular structure of the dyes.

The layout features of the developed display matrix of three-electrode active MDMDM-elements are represented. The design of the matrix includes the grid of orthogonal electrodes, at intersections of which the driving active elements are placed. The emitter layer is formed by vacuum deposition of Ta/Al films and subsequent selective electrochemical anodization using photoresistive mask. The conductive paths between the emitter and collector layers are formed as Ta₂O₅ anodic oxide pillars of 100 to 600 nm height and 30 to 120 nm diameter.

Design and manufacture of large area information boards of LCDs and LEDs types are discussed. Besides, an attention is paid to their electrooptical and operational parameters and features.

Advances in the field of studying the electrooptics of ferroelectric liquid crystal and possibilities of their practical use are considered. Liquid crystal compositions are developed with steady bistable and multistable properties and high multiplex ability for composing and displaying blocks of both the binary and analog information in fast spatial light modulators and high resolution information displays. Liquid crystal cells are created with electrooptical response time of a few microseconds.

General electrooptical properties of Deformed Helix Ferroelectric (DHF) liquid crystal effect have been analyzed. This promising effect opens the door to continuous gray scale of diode active matrix displays, the most low electric voltage amplitude in comparison with any other type of liquid crystal cells can drive DHF displays cells. On the contrary, high voltage and high frequency mode of DHF effect provides the response time about 1.5 micrometers in a very broad temperature range. The electrically controlled birefringence of DHF cells could be applied in adaptive optics.

Modulation characteristics of the light passing through a polarizer-free electrooptical cell based on a double uniaxially oriented film of polymer dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystals (PDFLC) have been studied. Theoretical analysis is presented of the dependence of the maximum light transmission, modulation depth and contrast ratio on the angle between the orientation of PDFLC films, on their optical anisotropy and the molecular tilt angle (Theta) . Parameters under study have been measured, and the experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical estimations.

Dependencies of threshold voltage, VTC sharpness, switch time on cell thickness and ChLC concentration were studied for cells with 90 degrees and 270 degrees twist. A decrease of VTC sharpness was observed while ChLC concentration increasing. Significant drop of switch time and change of the electro-optic response oscillogram was detected at the border of the 0th and 1st Grandjean's zones.

Electro-optical effects in room temperature blue phases (BP) with positive dielectric anisotropy have been studied. It is shown that the maximum wavelength of the Bragg reflection of blue phases, BP II and BP I, shifts to longer wavelength with increasing electric field. The electric field influences more strongly on BP II: a reversible shift of (lambda) ₀ up to 80 nm was observed.

Electrooptical response of a cell based on monolayer film of polymer dispersed nematic liquid crystal is studied experimentally and theoretically both in light scattering mode and in geometry with crossed polarizers. Interference effects revealing in the light passed straightforward through the cells can be used to develop color filters with the spectral characteristics varied due to an applied voltage.

Parameters of a microrelief of poly(ethyleneterephthalate( (PET) 0.7 mm thick and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) 1.0 mm thick films with a hard platinum covering are studied. The technology of manufacturing the PET substrates with the microrelief is optimized. The birefringence and transmission of the substrates in dependence on the elongation are measured. The possibility of their use as diffraction gratings, scattering and other optical elements for displays is discussed.

Liquid crystal composites consisting of high porous polymeric matrices based on polyacrylonitrile filled with liquid crystal compounds MBBA, cholesteryl oleyl carbonate and a commercial mixture of ZhK-1282 were prepared and studied. Obtained LC-composites strongly scatter visible light at room temperature, when the LC is in the mesophase, but when the LC is in the isotropic phase the samples are transparent. It is shown by differential scanning calorimetry and optical polarizing microscopy that it is possible to change the temperature interval of existence of the mesophase by varying the size of pores in a PAN matrix. The electro-optical researches have shown that the reorientation of MBBA in composites does not occur in a wide interval of frequencies and voltage irrespective of the sizes of pores. The similar researches have shown that X-16 in composites also is not exposed to action of electric field. The electro-optical researches of samples with ZhK- 1282 have shown that the electrical field does not render influence on LC in matrix with small pores, while in samples with large pores the reorientation of a part of the LC is appreciable.

A new polarizer material based on modified dichroic dyes and a method of its manufacturing have ben developed for LCD applications. Optiva thin film polarizers are produced from aqueous solution of lyotropic liquid crystal material based on the organic dyes' derivatives and their mixtures by coating on any substrate, including plastic or glass. This paper reviews optical properties, spectral and color characteristics and thermal stability of the advanced thin film polarizers providing new design opportunities for LCD industry.

The results of development of technology for producing film polarizers of light transmitting/reflecting type are disclosed, these film polarizers are design used in liquid crystal display devices (LCD). Light reflecting composition with given optical properties has been developed, the composition was used to form a covering on light transmitting polarizer. The covering is mechanically protected by poly(ethylterephthalate) film which is removed after film polarizer is glued to LCD.

Waveguide holograms (WH) can be used to obtain color coding for transmissive LCD. They can increase light efficiency of backlight by removing color filters from LCD structure and decrease the number of optical components of the display optical system, WH were recorded in photoresist layer deposited on the top of an optical glass substrate. The possibility of the integrated design of LCD with waveguide illuminator was shown.

Theoretical positions deepening the Alt-Pleshko theory are presented. ON the basis of the theory, a multi-variant method of driving has bene developed. Cheap super video-rate SVGA and TV flat STN 20 inch...22 inch panels could be manufactured.

Theoretic analysis of transient process in STN LCDs is presented. The Iron Law of Multiplexing is extended to dynamic parameters of LCD. There are estimated the limiting values of frame frequency and N_max making high contrast and TV-rate available for STN LCDs. From the analysis, it follows the reality of video-rate and TV STN screens. This paper is an extension to the theory of driving video-rate STN LCDs, reported at the VIII-th International Symposium.

Original hardware and software solutions of the electronic control are prosed for bistable FLC-based passively addressed display. Standard electronic components of STN displays are considered to be used for FLC display addressing. Solutions were tested in the transmissive bistable FLC 64 by 1 display prototype. Such an approach allows to create low cost real time passively addressed displays of SVGA and XGA matrix format with low voltage operation, fast latching times and high optical contrast of multiplexing regime.

Some new simple two level electronic driving circuits for the Cholesteric Reflective Displays are shown. The electronic module that consists of drivers, controller and special thermo-compensation units is described. The prototypes of ChLCD with electronic driving circuits are demonstrated.

The constructive and technological properties of liquid crystal devices (LCD) in the connection with the variants of their manufacturing by the use of basic technologies created have been considered. A flexible combination of element from different LC-technologies gives a possibility to choose different variants of the device manufacturing and gives prospects for the improvement of LCD with low medium information capacity.

A series of universal super twisted nematic modules with the information capacity of 240 64, 240 128 and 320 240 pixels with built-in driver shave been obtained in the 'chip-on- glass' technology. The process of shaping of an oriented STN-layer of a liquid crystal was optimized. The phenomenon of a hysteresis is minimized at a level of multiplexing up to D equals 1:240 with magnitude of contrast not less than 75 percent and switching time about 170 ms.

Recently years liquid crystal microdisplays have ben successfully developed and introduced to the market place. These superminiature displays can provide SVGA, XGA, SXGA or even HDTV resolution, very high aperture ratio, good image quality at moderate cost, when combined with a corresponding optics and electronic interface. Present status and future development of liquid crystal microdisplays in Belarus and main technologies are over viewed. Possible applications of such devices including projectors and virtual system are analyzed. Main attention is paid to 'liquid crystal -on- silicon' technology, its main features and advantages are discussed.

Electronic properties of polyaniline films depend strictly on their heterostructure influenced on the electronic structure and transport phenomena in these ones. We have obtained the evidences of existence of heterogeneity in molecular scale for the chemically prepared polyaniline and in microscopic and macroscopic scales for the vacuum deposited polyaniline films. The character of heterogeneity depends strictly on the nature of oxidant, concentrations, temperature, mass transfer and so on. The heterogeneity of the vacuum deposited polyaniline films influenced on their electrical conductivity, magnetic properties and the formation of so-called trapped charge. In turn these factors affect strictly on the electro chromic properties of polyaniline films. The principal reason of the heterogeneous structure formation is the autocatalytic character of the oxidation in course of synthesis and following processes. Based on these data we formulate hypothesis on the multilevel heterogeneity in polyaniline and other conducting polymers.

Advantages and problems of the electrophoretic display design are considered. To increase its lifetime a new EPD version is proposed, and operation process is described. Main distinguish feature is the present of an agile film as the third electrode. Such a display can be manufactured on the base of standard technological processes and promises to be X-Y multiplex addressed, simple and cheap for manufacturing.

This paper describes a part of a developed and practically validated method for display designing and display performance evaluating. This method provides optimum conditions for the information perception by operators and computerization the display design. It allows general ergonomic and engineering parameters of equipment and operating conditions to be taken into account. This method is based on the synthesis of light-engineering, informational, circuit-engineering and system-engineering research. The results of experimental appraisal and practical implementation of computational method sin display designing are discussed.

Displays for flight simulators have been evolved steadily over the last forty years. From essentially being adaptations of closed circuit and broadcast television equipment they have branched out into increasingly sophisticated displays with greater resolution being one of the most pressing demand from years. Today we are on the threshold of using modern projection technology to be able to deliver near eye-limiting resolution over a full field of regard. Simulation specific problems with the newer technologies have largely been overcome, but the 'wish' list still has a number of items on it.

A role of mnemonic languages is discussed from the point of view of the control of space flights. New hodograph languages were developed which take into consideration properties of the human being's thinking. The hodograph languages allow to represent in the compact and visual form, suitable for performance of generalized estimation sand appropriate calculations during shot period of time, vast files of information about ballistics and dynamics of orbital, relative motions and how to control it.

During the coming decade more than a half of the main equipment in the electric power industry must be replaced, which will require an investment in the amount up to 5-8 billions dollars per year. Together with the equipment replacement an active introduction of new facilities for ASDC, ASC TP and of operative mimic diagram boards must be carried out. Already now the personnel of some objects is taking a considerable interest in the evaluation and choice of the version of modernization of the operative mimic diagram boards with using modern video-media of collective use. In this connection the problem of developing effective and economic designs arises.

A special antiglare protective optical filter with antireflection coating, antiglare structure, UV protection layer, electromagnetic interference shield for rugged active matrix liquid display is described.

Comparison of spectral parameters of emission of phosphors of a VDT and physiological response of an eye is carried out. Probable ways of enhancement for visual efficiency of computer users with help of spectral color glasses are described.

It is proposed to use blue or pale blue adapting illumination around a display to decrease the visual fatigue and improve the visual comfort. A passive part of the display becomes an active one.

The system for visualization of multi-aspect images on the base of multi-layer liquid crystal display (LCD) and neural network image processing was proposed and investigated experimentally. The optical scheme consists of at least, two sequentially positioned LCD screens one behind another and computer system calculating the information to be illuminated on the LCD. Unlike to the conventional parallax barrier schemes the information about aspects of the stereo image are being distributed in both LCD, so the image quality may be much higher than in conventional autostereoscopic displays.