This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 9807, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

In this article, we present the information and telecommunications system that allows to carry out real-time monitoring of the quality and quantity of hydraulic engineering structures in order to reduce the risk of emergencies caused by environmental damage.

The article highlights the problem of constructing mathematical models of operation of multiplexing and demultiplexing event flows. Hereby, these flows could be described at the level of the first two or three moments of interarrival distribution. Two kinds of distribution law are used for multiplexing: exponential distribution in the zero shift to the right and hyperexponential distribution of the second order. The first type of distribution gives the coefficient of variation that is less than unit, and the second type − that is larger. Thus, using these two distribution laws, it is possible to extend the range of the coefficient of variation from zero to infinity (0, ∞). Together operation of multiplexing and demultiplexing allow creating mathematical tool for traffic modeling in optical networks, the tool in the form of equilibrium formulas for flows in network models. The formulas of flows’ equilibrium allow to decompose the network models on separate nodes and to determine their characteristics and further the network capabilities. This approach can be applied to network model swith excess flows as well as the to the network models with heterogeneous flows.

Ultra-wideband (UWB) signal generation approach for Radio-over-Fiber (RoF) systems is proposed in the paper. Impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) transmission technology experimental realization comply with State Committee on Radio Frequency (SCRF) regulations is offered in the paper. Three separate IR-UWB signals with carrier frequencies 4,5 GHz, 7 GHz and 9,5 GHz are generated. Such frequencies were chosen because of SCRF spectral mask "windows". The frequencies 4,5 GHz, 7 GHz and 9,5 GHz are the central frequencies of these "windows". To assess the performance of proposed system bit error rate (BER) measurements were taken.

UWB signal generation schemes and received IR-UWB signal are shown in the figures. The correlation between BER and received optical power is given in the paper. In the case of UWB signal photonic generation approach the correlation between BER and received optical power for different SMF fiber lengths is given.

Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) technology for wireless multiple access communications are receiving great interest for the last five years due to its unique features such as spectrum coexistence with other wireless services, RF front-end simplicity (enabling potential low cost terminals), good radio wave propagation (robust against multi-path fading, material penetration) and high bitrate. Low-cost UWB technology can be employed to provide simultaneous communications and vehicular radar capabilities. In this paper, the application of vehicle-to-vehicle (C2C), infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2C), communication and vehicular radar (VRAD) based on UWB technology are proposed altogether the required fiber-optics infrastructure, with the advantage of being flexible, cost-effective, reliable, fast and secure. The experimental validation and comparison for the optical generation of UWB signals combined with radio-over-fiber transmission is also reported in this work applied to vehicular communications. Both impulse-radio (IR-UWB) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM-UWB) signals are generated and their performance are evaluated experimentally in the 3.1-10.6 GHz frequency range. Up-conversion in the 60 GHz wireless band is also herein reported.

This work presents results of simulation of non-Gaussian pulse propagation over fiber optic link with irregular weakly guiding silica graded-index laser-optimized multimode optical fiber (OM2+/OM3 Cat.) operating in a few-mode regime. Here recently proposed model of irregular few-mode fiber optic link been introduced in the previous works was applied, which is based on split-step method approach combined with piece-wise regular representation. Model takes into account launch conditions, differential mode delay, both lower- and higher-order mode chromatic dispersion, differential mode attenuation, mode mixing and power diffusion occurring due to real fiber irregularity and micro-/macro-bends. Parabolic and triangular as well as Gaussian and hyperbolic secant shape laser-excited optical pulse propagation over conventional silica laser-optimized multimode fibers was simulated and researched. Some results of pulse dynamics comparison analysis are represented.

The analysis of semiconductor optical amplifier applications in Radio-over-Fiber systems of telecommunication networks is given. In such systems semiconductor optical amplifier can be used for either amplification, modulation or detection, and also as an universal device.

The paper describes the application of IR-UWB technology for organizing the radio part of Radio-over-Fiber system. Four physical layer components are proposed and designed in the paper: three microstrip filters and UWB antenna. Firstly the effective SCRF mask was calculated to ensure electromagnetic compatibility with existing radio services. Then this mask was considered as a cost function for filters design. The simulation was made with Agilent Genesys™ and CST Microwave Studio. All the devices have shown good performance and could be implemented on one circuit board for reducing losses.

The analysis of the influence of the physical layer concepts in optical networks on the performance of the whole network. It is concluded that the relevance of the search for new means of transmitting information on a physical level. It is proposed to use an optical chirp overhead transmission between controllers SDN. This article is devoted to research of a creation opportunity of optical neural switchboards controlled in addition by submitted optical radiation. It is supposed, that the managing radiation changes a parameter of refraction of optical environment of the device, and with it and length of a wave of information radiation. For the control by last is used multibeam interferometer. The brief estimation of technical aspects of construction of the device is carried out. The principle of using the device to an extensive network. Simulation of network performance parameters.

This work is concerned on description of the concept of corporative wireless vehicle voice networks based on Radioover- Fiber (RoF) technology, which is integration of wireless and fiber optic networks. The concept of RoF means to transport data over optical fibers by modulating lightwave with radio frequency signal or at the intermediate frequency/baseband that provides to take advantage of the low loss and large bandwidth of an optical fiber together with immunity to electromagnetic influence, flexibility and transparence. A brief overview of key RoF techniques as well as comparative analysis and ability of its application for wireless vehicle voice network realization is presented.

In this paper we introduce a novel approach for analysis of the information transmission process in mode-division-multiplexed (MDM) optical fiber communications. This approach is based on the representation of Maxwell’s equations in the form of quantum-mechanical Schrödinger and Dirac equations. This representation allows application of the well-developed quantum electrodynamics formalism for the case of classical EM fields and reveals key properties of the optical fiber mode distribution in MDM systems following from the total angular momentum conservation law. We demonstrate the need of using coupled mode compositions instead of separate eigenmodes for realization of MDM communications based on angular momentum transfer. Such coupled modal compositions obey the law of total angular momentum conservation within spatial transformation and allow information transmission.

In this work, we have demonstrated the use of different technologies to fabricate straight channel waveguides, S-bend waveguides, Y-splitter and Mach-Zehnder (MZ) structures on RbTiOPO₄ crystals and its isomorphs. We used reactive ion etching (RIE), inductively coupled plasma-RIE (ICP-RIE), femtosecond pulse laser micro-fabrication and ion diffusion techniques to structure these crystals. Computer simulations have been carried out and compared with the optical characterization of the waveguides which are in agreement with each other.

This paper presents the design and simulation of a 3-DOF (degree-of-freedom) MEMS gyroscope structure with 1-DOF drive mode and anchored 2-DOF sense mode, based on UV-LIGA technology. The 3-DOF system has the drive resonance located in the flat zone between the two sense resonances. It is an inherently robust structure and offers a high sense frequency band width and high gain without much scaling down the mass on which the sensing comb fingers are attached and it is also immune to process imperfections and environmental conditions. The design is optimized to be compatible with the UV-LIGA process, having 9 μm thick nickel as structural layer. The electrostatic gap between the drive comb fingers is 4 μm and sense comb fingers gap are 4 μm/12 μm. The damping effect is considered by assuming the flexures and the proof mass suspended about 6 μm over the substrate. Accordingly, mask is designed in L-Edit software.

The paper presents an experimental investigation of diffractive optical elements matched with two types of Zernike functions. For elements of the first type the invariance to rotation is observed. For elements of the second type there is the agreement with standard aberrations. These elements can be used for wavefront analyzing and allow us to determine the presence of aberrations.

Enhancement of optical absorption for achieving high efficiencies in thin film silicon solar cells is a challenge task. Herein, we present the use of grating structure for the enhancement of optical absorption. We have made grating structures and same can be integrated in hydrogenated micro/nanocrystalline silicon (μc/nc-Si: H) thin films based p-i-n solar cells. μc/nc-Si: H thin films were grown using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. Grating structures integrated with μc/nc-Si: H thin film solar cells may enhance the optical path length and reduce the reflection losses and its characteristics can be probed by spectroscopic and microscopic technique with control design and experiment.

In this paper, a modeling of the hyperspectrometer using a diffraction axicon as a dispersive element was carried out. It was also proved that a point spread function of such optical system remains almost unchanged on the image pattern, when the width is comparable to the PSF of the hyperspectrometer based on conventional diffraction grating.

The calculation and simulation of interference polarizer to generate radially polarized light is made. The method is based on converting the conical wavefront passing through the interference polarizer. The multilayer optical coating can be applied on the surface of the axicon. It is shown that in this way we noticeably reduce both the operating angle of incidence and achieve practically significant degree of polarization of the beam generated at much lower energy losses.

Clear nanocrystalline material receipt possibilities are described in the paper. We investigated the possibility to process the glass-ceramics and quartz by intense torsion under high pressure. We found that due to the lack of plasticity of the material zone to maintain the integrity of the sample it is necessary to apply heating up to 200-250°C. The resulting material is supposed to be used in fiber-optic telecommunication systems. We conducted mathematical modeling of the refractive index in the linear and nonlinear mode capacities for nanostructured glass-ceramics. The analytical method is based on the strain oscillator motion under outer light wave effect model. We also found the coefficient of nonlinear stiffness for nanostructured glass-ceramics.

This work is concerned with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) writing technique developed for graded-index multimode optical fibers applied in measurement systems based on a few-mode effects. We present some results of experimental approbation of proposed technique with Bragg wavelength 1310 and 1550 nm on samples of graded-index multimode optical fibers 50/125 of both new-generations Cat. OM2+/OM3 and old Cat. OM2 with preliminary measured refractive index profiles. While the first group fibers of Cat. OM2+/OM3 was characterized by almost ideal smooth graded refractive index profile and some fiber profile samples of this group contains thin central peak, the second fiber group profiles of Cat. OM2 differ by great central core defects representing dip or thick peak. Results of described FBG spectral response measurements under excitation of laser pigtailed by single-mode fiber are represented.

This work presents results of experimental approbation of modified fiber optic stress sensor based on a few-mode effects occurring during laser-excited optical signal propagation over silica multimode optical fiber (MMF). Modification is concerned with adding of quasi-interferometric scheme realized by two multimode Y-couplers with equalized arm lengths improved by fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and special offset launching conditions providing laser-based excitation of higher-order modes. We tested FBGs written on graded-index MMFs 50/125 with Bragg wavelength 1550 nm connected to different parts of proposed scheme. Researches are focused on comparing analysis of both spectral and pulse responses under changing of selected mode mixing and power diffusion processes due to stress local and distributed action to sensor fiber depending on scheme configuration. Here we considered FBGs not only as particular wavelength reflector during spectral response measurement but also as local periodic microstructure defect strongly effecting few-mode signal components mixing process that provides pulse response variation. Some results of spectral and pulse response measurements produced for different scheme configuration and their comparison analysis are represented.

This work presents results of experimental researches of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) operating in a few-mode regime. We tested FBGs written on silica graded-index multimode fibers 50/125 Cat. OM2+/OM3 with Bragg wavelength 1550 nm by using them in a set of developed experimental schemes based on excitation of multimode fibers by corresponding laser sources. The researches were focused on analysis of both spectral and pulse responses under changing of selected mode mixing and power diffusion processes due to tension and/or stress local and distributed action to FBG or sensor fiber. Results of spectral and pulse response measurements at the output of schemes with installed described FBGs are represented.

Aspects of the paper relate to a wear monitoring system for smart photonic carbon brush. There are many applications in which regular inspection is not feasible because of a number of factors including, for example, time, labor, cost and disruptions due to down time. Thus, there is a need for a system that can monitor the wear of a component while the component is in operation or without having to remove the component from its operational position. We propose a new smart photonic method for characterization of carbon brush wear. It is based on the usage of advantages of the multiplicative response of FBG and LPFG sensors and its double-frequency probing. Additional measuring parameters are the wear rate, the brush temperature, the engine rotation speed, the hangs control, and rotor speed. Sensor is embedded in brush. Firstly the change of sensor length is used to measure wear value and its central wavelength shift for temperature ones. The results of modeling and experiments are presented.

Technique of research the dispersion distortion of wideband chirp signal elements was proposed and theoretically justified. It is shown that in a first approximation, the difference frequency element signal assumes a linear frequency modulation. A formula that relates the rate of change of frequency characteristics of the signal and the dispersion properties of the medium was derived.

We have investigated laser-trapping of light-absorbing particles in air with a single laser beam. We have studied possibilities of using lenses with a long focal length for trapping light-absorbing microparticles with a spatial light modulator. Finally, we demonstrate photophoresis-based optical trapping of absorbing airborne nanoclusters with a lens with a long focal length. In these experiments, we used an optical setup with a spatial light modulator. In contrast to experiments with a short focal lens, we were able to manipulate a much smaller number of particles in these experiments. A mechanism for such optical trapping is discussed by considering the combined action of several forces affecting the trapped particles.

The paper considers the action of radial-layered lenses with a linear dependence of refractive index. The effect of such lenses depending on their thickness investigated. Numerical simulation based on the finite-difference time-domain method showed the possibility of sub-wavelength focusing singular Gaussian beams through such lenses.

This work continues the series of publications devoted to theoretical researches of silica graded-index few-mode optical fibers with eliminated nonlinearity due to much extended mode effective area by considerably increased core diameter. We utilized an earlier on developed modified Gaussian approximation generalized for arbitrary order guided mode in silica optical fiber with arbitrary axially symmetric graded refractive index profile bounded by single solid outer cladding to calculate researched fiber guided mode staff parameters. Here we present results of chromatic dispersion computation of higher-order guided modes propagating over large core 6-mode optical fibers with special refractive index profiles providing low differential mode delay that were synthesized in recent papers.

The optical system for converting laser beams with circular polarization to cylindrical vector beams on the basis of anisotropic crystals has been developed. The experimental research of beam formation quality has been carried out on the both polarization and structural characteristics. The research showed differences in the formation of the azimuthal and radial polarizations for Gaussian modes and Bessel beams. The boundaries of changes of the optical system parameters to form different types of polarizations with different amplitude and phase distributions have been identified.

We propose the design of an information-measuring system for evaluating performance parameters of lighting devices. The system comprises four basic components: a software-hardware complex for designing lighting devices, an emulator of natural and technogeneous effects on an optical surface, an optical surface condition analyzer, and a lighting-device laboratory test unit. With this system, the duration of optical device certification tests can be reduced by several orders of magnitude when compared to full-scale tests.

The article deals with the image blind identification algorithm applied for optical images restoration. The proposed solution is based on the polynomial transform of the signals and allows to reduce multichannel blind image identification to the linear equation solving with the number of equations, equal to the number of the unknown PSF samples. The outcome of the simulation for different SNR is examined during the simulation; the real images, restored by the proposed algorithm are shown.

This paper presents «reception in general with bit-by-bit decision-making» algorithm, which is the alternative to Viterbi algorithm. It is proposed to use it for fiber-optic transmission systems. It’s features is compared with the Viterbi algorithm for digital signal processing in optical communication channels.

We consider a differential approach to solving the problem of diffraction of X-rays by crystals within the scalar theory. Based on this approach we have obtained Laue classical formulas used in X-ray analysis of crystals. The developed approach can be used to obtain approximate solutions of the diffraction problem.

The following article describes use of nonparametric method. This method is to be used to find multivariate change of random processes for image processing. It is aimed to find the borders of irregular phenomena in front of terrain. The current task of finding change and evaluation of a change point in consequent setting proposes test statistics based on value of sampling characteristic functions. The relevant criterion in a wide range of alternatives has a predetermined assessment of the asymptotic significance level. Current work also proposes an algorithm of texture segmentation for two-dimensional case. This algorithm is given as a consequence of processing operations in columns and rows of test statistics values, obtained during scanning of images. The test results are quoted.

Ways of chromatic aberration in images are examined and analyzed which are generated at television supervision through protective glasses of a considerable thickness. The results of experimental check up of the given method of correction is introduced and described.

Different ways to increase dispersion and spectral resolution of a fiber-fed spectrograph working in NIR range are considered. Optical schemes with composite diffractive units are investigated in details. The first discussed option is use of a pair of volume-phase transmission gratings and the second one is use of combination of a reflective grating and a prism. For each of them a certain optical scheme designed and modeled and comparison of key properties is provided.

This research article contains an experiment with implementation of image filtering task in Apache Storm and IBM InfoSphere Streams stream data processing systems. The aim of presented research is to show that new technologies could be effectively used for sliding window filtering of image sequences. The analysis of execution was focused on two parameters: throughput and memory consumption. Profiling was performed on CentOS operating systems running on two virtual machines for each system. The experiment results showed that IBM InfoSphere Streams has about 1.5 to 13.5 times lower memory footprint than Apache Storm, but could be about 2.0 to 2.5 slower on a real hardware.

This article discusses various aspects of coherent control of the medium using a preparatory laser radiation that provides favorable conditions for the propagation of useful radiation. We discussed the possibility of decrease molecular scattering full section in channels of propagation of laser signals, formation of clarified channel in the inhomogeneous medium of propagation and we analyze the molecular dissociation resulting from an increase in rotational energy induced by two successive laser pulses with orthogonal polarizations. Based on the results of calculations, a constant dipole moment of the molecule is shown to play an insignificant role in its orientation in a laser field.

An overview of the basic structures, characteristics, element base and directions of development for microwave photonics systems is presented in this paper in terms of requirements defining the parameters of external amplitude-phase modulation as key process for radio frequency signal generation in the optical range and poly-harmonic laser radiation with components, lying within the radio frequency range.

The authors deal with advantages and disadvantages of optoelectronic microwave generators in comparison with “traditional” solid-state microwave signal generators. The article contains the experimental results of spectral characteristics of a single-stage optoelectronic microwave signal generator (frequency range from 15 up to 22 GHz).

This paper addresses the problem of 3D scene reconstruction in cases when the extrinsic parameters (rotation and translation) of the camera are unknown. This problem is both important and urgent because the accuracy of the camera parameters significantly influences the resulting 3D model. A common approach is to determine the fundamental matrix from corresponding points on two views of a scene and then to use singular value decomposition for camera projection matrix estimation. However, this common approach is very sensitive to fundamental matrix errors. In this paper we propose a novel approach in which camera parameters are determined directly from the equations of the projective transformation by using corresponding points on the views. The proposed decomposition allows us to use an iterative procedure for determining the parameters of the camera. This procedure is implemented in two steps: the translation determination and the rotation determination. The experimental results of the camera parameters estimation and 3D scene reconstruction demonstrate the reliability of the proposed approach.

The work describes steps taken in order to create the information-measurement system based on the device for evaluation of surface cleanliness and smoothness of optical substrates. The approach used leads to the improvement the stability and accuracy of measurements. Structural changes applied to both the software and hardware of the device which allowed retrieval of better quality images during the course of measurements are designated. Problems emerged during the implementation of the system and their solutions are described.

Processing of optical signals, which are received from CCD sensors of video cameras, allows to extend the functionality of video surveillance systems. Traditional video surveillance systems are used for saving, transmitting and preprocessing of the video content from the controlled objects. Video signal processing by analytics systems allows to get more information about object’s location and movement, the flow of technological processes and to measure other parameters. For example, the signal processing of video surveillance systems, installed on carriage-laboratories, are used for getting information about certain parameters of the railways. Two algorithms for video processing, allowing recognition of pedestrian crossings of the railways, as well as location measurement of the so-called “Anchor Marks” used to control the mechanical stresses of continuous welded rail track are described in this article. The algorithms are based on the principle of determining the region of interest (ROI), and then the analysis of the fragments inside this ROI.

It is proposed method for optical cable lifetime prolongation based on the impacts of thermal cycles to the optical cable delivery length. Each cycle include the impacts of low subzero temperatures and high positive temperatures. Confirmed the possibilities of the method experimental data are shown in the present paper.

The article describes the principles of optical vector network analyzer (OVNA) design for fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) characterization based on amplitude-phase modulation of optical carrier that allow us to improve the measurement accuracy of amplitude and phase parameters of the elements under test. Unlike existing OVNA based on a single-sideband and unbalanced double sideband amplitude modulation, the ratio of the two side components of the probing radiation is used for analysis of amplitude and phase parameters of the tested elements, and the radiation of the optical carrier is suppressed, or the latter is used as a local oscillator. The suggested OVNA is designed for the narrow band-stop elements (π-phaseshift FBG) and wide band-pass elements (linear chirped FBG) research.

Results of investigations of optical fiber curvature distributions along loose-tube optical cable are discussed here. These distributions are obtained from measurements by using OTDR on optical cable delivery length. The statistical characteristics of these distributions are presented.

Research of variability excess fiber length in loose tube and in cable delivery length during manufacture of optical cable are analyzed in this paper. The excess fiber length measurements on the same optical fibers after some operations of optical cable fabrication and the analysis results of this data are introduced.

In present paper there are considered the methods for measuring the optical fiber curvature along the loose-tube optical cable. These methods are based on measurements of optical fiber backscattering characteristics on one or more wavelengths. The correctness of the methods was evaluated by the trends of excess fiber length changes with temperature during climatic test of optical cable delivery length at sub-zero temperatures. The results of tests are presented in this paper.

The basic structural element of fiber-optic communication lines are optical cable. An important objective is to study the reliability of the optical cable depending on the ambient temperature in winter, the deformation of the optical cable and the optical fibers in loose-tube. The objective of this article is to examine the problems of reliability optical cable during construction and operation at low temperatures to provide high-quality functioning of fiber-optic communication lines.

We present modified technique for differential mode delay map measurement. Here according to well-known methods a fast laser pulse is also launched into a tested multimode fiber (MMF) via single mode fiber (SMF), which scans core of MMF under precision offset positions. However unlike known technique formalized in ratified standards, proposed modification differs by addition scanning of the output end of tested MMF by short tail of SMF. Therefore for each radial offset position at the input/output MMF ends, the shape of pulse response of launched optical signal is recorded, that provides to get more informative differential mode delay map. This work presents some results of experimental approbation of proposed modified technique for differential mode delay map measurement.

The distributed control of temperature is an actual task for various application such as oil & gas fields, high-voltage power lines, fire alarm systems etc. The most perspective are optical fiber distributed temperature sensors (DTS). They have advantages on accuracy, resolution and range, but have a high cost. Nevertheless, for some application the accuracy of measurement and localization aren't so important as cost. The results of an experimental study of low-cost Raman based DTS based on standard OTDR are represented.

The aim of this work is to study the impact of a series of local defects on the transmitted signal. In this paper we propose a new method for correlation analysis of measurement results allowing to increase the accuracy of the search of the local events. This will allow to predict the destruction of the optical fiber to the stage of a complete loss of communication. Also, this method will identify the most difficult sections of the cable laying and to take measures to create the best conditions for their operation. These results are essential for the analysis of the link and provide the best conditions for the transfer of signals with mode division multiplexing (MDM).

Design principals of universal microwave photonics system for quantum key distribution with frequency coding are concerned. Its concept is based on the possibility of creating the multi-functional units to implement the most commonly used technologies of frequency coding: amplitude, phase and combined amplitude-phase modulation and re-modulation of optical carrier. The characteristics of advanced systems based on classical approaches and prospects of their development using a combination of amplitude modulation and phase commutation are discussed. These are the valuations how to build advanced systems with frequency coding quantum key distribution, including at their symmetric and asymmetric constructions, using of the mechanisms of the photon polarization states passive detection, based on the filters for wavelength division multiplexing of modulated optical carrier side components.