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We show that the photonic spin distribution of a monochromatic electromagnetic field in the three-dimensional real space may form a hopfion texture. The topological property of such distribution is characterized by the integer-valued Hopf charges. We show that photonic spin texture of arbitrary Hopf charges may be created. When extending the distribution to four dimensions by introducing a parameter dimension, a monopole loop defect carrying quantized Hopf charge is encountered. Such photonic spin texture and defect may find application in control and sensing of nanoparticles, and optical generation of topological texture in the motion of particles or fluids.
Haiwen Wang andShanhui Fan
"Hopfion texture and monopole loops in photonic spin", Proc. SPIE PC12901, Complex Light and Optical Forces XVIII, PC129010R (13 March 2024); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3001770
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