This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 10445, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and Conference Committee listing.

XL^th Wilga Summer 2017 Symposium on Photonics Applications and Web Engineering was held on 28 May-4 June 2017. The Symposium gathered over 350 participants, mainly young researchers active in optics, optoelectronics, photonics, modern optics, mechatronics, applied physics, electronics technologies and applications. There were presented around 300 oral and poster papers in a few main topical tracks, which are traditional for Wilga, including: bio-photonics, optical sensory networks, photonics-electronics-mechatronics co-design and integration, large functional system design and maintenance, Internet of Things, measurement systems for astronomy, high energy physics experiments, and other. The paper is a traditional introduction to the 2017 WILGA Summer Symposium Proceedings, and digests some of the Symposium chosen key presentations. This year Symposium was divided to the following topical sessions/conferences: Optics, Optoelectronics and Photonics, Computational and Artificial Intelligence, Biomedical Applications, Astronomical and High Energy Physics Experiments Applications, Material Research and Engineering, and Advanced Photonics and Electronics Applications in Research and Industry.

The phenomenon of laser light scattering provides the technology for visualization and testing the inner structure and homogeneity of materials. Some of them excited by the laser light in the tomographic process can emit light the wavelength of which is different than that of excitation laser. Such photoluminescence can be a source of additional information of the material’s structure. Combining the Laser Scattering Tomography (LST) and Spectrometry techniques has enabled us to develop a new type of an LST technique. The system is useful for investigations of various materials like semiconductors (Si, GaAs) ceramics, crystals for passive absorbers for high power pulse lasers, and laser crystals.

The paper presents a relatively simple though effective approach to fringe field processing for variable wavelengthinterferometry- related techniques including a detailed analysis of noise influence on the accuracy of fringe parameters extraction.

The paper describes a mobile application to be used in a chemical analytical laboratory. The program running under the control of Android operating system allows for preview of measurements recorded by the emission spectrometer. Another part of the application monitors operational and configuration parameters of the device in real time. The first part of this paper includes an overview of the atomic spectrometry. The second part contains a description of the application and its further potential development direction.

The paper presents results of numerical analyses of the response of a uniform fiber Bragg grating subjected to a strain with non-smooth profile. Results of measurements of the response of the grating to a compressive strain correspond well with results of the simulation and show, that the induced strain profile of the grating causes a widening of its reflection spectrum with a considerable shape irregularity, dependent on the location of the point where slope of the strain profile changes abruptly, and on the maximum value of the strain.

In the paper the polarimetric current sensing solution used for measurements of high amplitude currents and short durations is presented. This type of sensor does not introduce additional resistance and inductance into the circuit, which is a desirable phenomenon in this type of measurement. The magneto element is a fiber optic coil made of spun fiber optic. The fiber in which the core is twisted around its axis is characterized by a small effect of interfering magnitudes, ie mechanical vibrations and pressure changes on the polarimeter. The presented polarimetric current sensor is completely fiber optic.

Experimental results of a proposed sensor construction solution operating at 1550 nm and methods of elimination of influence values on the fiber optic current sensor were presented.

The sensor was used to measure the impulse current. The generated current pulses are characterized by a duration of 23μs and amplitudes ranging from 1 to 3.5 kA. The currents in the discharge circuit are shown. The measurement uncertainty of the amplitude of the electric current in the range of measured impulses was determined and estimated to be no more than 2%.

Using the transfer matrix method, the influence of fiber Bragg gratings' (FBG) characteristics on the optical wavelength discriminator characteristics was analyzed. The wavelength discriminator forms FBG and cooperates with the identical FBG sensor. The calculation was made for uniform and chirped FBGs. The comparison of the discriminators processing range measurement was analyzed. Presented results are crucial while choosing parameters of FBG used in constructing optical wavelength discriminators for strain and pressure sensor.

In the paper, there is analyzed the signal quality assessment method based on delay tap asynchronous sampling, both for binary and multilevel PAM signals. The obtained multilevel phase diagrams are far more complicated than binary ones. The phase diagrams are affected by the signal distortions but it is difficult to relate reliably the phase diagram form to the distortion type and its influence on the signal quality.

In this paper we present a simple, empirical model of stand-alone photovoltaic power system availability. The model is a final result of five-year long studies and ground measurements of solar irradiation carried out in Central Europe. The obtained results facilitate sizing of PV modules that have to be installed with taking into account system’s availability level in each month of a year. The model can be extended to different geographical locations, with help of local meteorological data or solar irradiation datasets derived from satellite measurements.

Authors of this article focused on the use of fiber-optic technology for monitoring heart and respiratory rate of the human body. The article describes an innovative method of encapsulating fiber Bragg grating (FBG) into polymer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and comparison of this measuring probe with an FBG sensor glued on the plexiglass pad. The team of authors offers a solution which is basically focused on the monitoring of long-term ill patients with a minimum of physical movement load. Real data were acquired from a group of 10 volunteers with their written consent in the laboratory environment. Acquired data was compared by the Bland-Altman method.

The following paper depicts an architectural layout and operational insights towards an optoelectronic system dedicated for vehicle counting and classification, designed to monitor occupancy of rest areas. The system is based upon an image cue acquisition by video cameras and advanced signal processing mechanism. In order to satisfy the appropriate realization of measurement procedure (counting and classification), a specific measurement configuration scheme alongside optimized video stream capturing parameters were set up. Concerning signal processing methods, the most effective and appropriate for the purpose of vehicle counting and classification were selected. Moreover, the article presents the outcomes of the designed measurement campaign conducted on the S7 expressway within the agenda of the National Center for Research and Development RID project. The results obtained with use of the designed methodology were compared to the outcomes of the manual method.

The presented study was focused on investigation of the titanium dioxide (TiO₂) thin film deposited on the fiber tip. The intention of this investigation was using TiO₂ film in the construction of the optical fiber sensor head. In the demonstrated construction TiO₂ thin layer was deposited on the tip of a commonly used telecommunication single mode optical fiber (SMF-28) by means of the Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). Thickness of the fabricated film was 80 nm. The characterization of the optical properties focuses on the most significant factors for the application in the interferometric sensing devices, namely - spectral reflectance function and its thermal dependence. The measurements were performed using two broadband sources with central wavelengths of 1300 nm and 1550 nm. The examination of the sensitivity of reflectance spectra to the temperature changes were conducted for temperatures in the range from 25°C up to 150°C. Obtained results have showed that the investigated layer exhibited reflectance value 0.174 and 0.061 at 1300 nm and 1550 nm respectively. Moreover, while the variation of the measured signal intensity induced by temperature change is noticeable, no significant spectral shift is observed in the reflection function. Therefore the examined structure presents interesting choice for the use in the interferometric fiber optic sensors.

In this paper, influence of the standard single mode fibre (SSMF) dispersion characteristic on the multi-wavelength 1310 nm wavelength domain 400 and 1000 Gbit/s transmission is investigated. The four-wave mixing (FWM) effect and residual chromatic dispersion can significantly limit the system performance. Limitations due to the FWM effect are studied for various types of SSMF fibre. Suppression of the FWM effect will require the channel spacing of at least 1.4 nm. The FWM effect can be suppressed in fibres with the large core area, allowing much higher input powers or narrower channel spacing. Further limitations due to the residual chromatic dispersion are evaluated and the capacity and transmission trade-off’s are studies in detail. It is shown that, the chromatic dispersion related limitations are pronounced for the wavelength channel allocation that is favorable from the manufacturing and installation point of view. These limitations can be omitted by the alignment of the wavelength channels to the zero-dispersion wavelength band and its management in the fibre infrastructure. The line rate of 40 Gbit/s outperforms the 50 Gbit/s taking into account the transmission capacity and distance. The presented results support development of 400 Gbit/s and 1000 Gbit/s Ethernet physical layer.

For the dissemination of precise signals from atomic clocks (like e.g. cesium clocks/fountains, H-masers or optical clocks) an optical link operating bi-directionally over the same fiber is essential. In such a link stimulated Brillouin scattering is one of the non-linear effects that may reduce the power of forward optical signal and convert it into the noise that propagates in the backward direction. In the link that uses a number of bi-directional optical amplifiers, the conditions that trigger the Brillouin scattering process may occur relatively easily because of large effective length for the scattering process. Thus in the design phase of the link, checking of the conditions for Brillouin scattering should be a part of optimization procedure (i.e. optimizing bi-directional amplifiers gains). In the paper we consider the mathematical model of the stimulated Brillouin scattering in the long distance, fiber optic links with multiple bidirectional optical amplifiers. The model was implemented in Matlab and consists of the coupled differential equations describing the propagation of pump and scattered signals that develops due to spontaneous scattering. The presence of bi-directional optical amplifiers is modeled as point-like discontinuity of the α parameter that is used to represent the attenuation of the fiber. These discontinuities create an extra level of difficulty when numerically solving the coupled equations (the problem is stiff) so special algorithm is presented that iteratively searches for the solution. The obtained results were compared with the measurements of the real link to confirm the correctness of the solution.

To prepare this paper, near 100 different LPGs were researched with simulations. Length (2cm-4cm), period (100μm- 400μm), deep of refractive index modulation (0,0001-0,0004) of LPGs and their apodization was the input variables. The changes of peaks dynamic, their full width at half maximum, location (resonance wavelength) and noise was observed. On the basis of this, transient characteristics describing searched dependences was designated.

The possibility of using MIMO technique for purpose of increasing information capacity of optical camera communication systems (OCC) has been experimentally proved in regard to a smartphone used as a receiver. Among others, a successful 2-channel transmission at a distance longer than 4 m has been presented. By use of traditional modulation schemes the throughputs which can be achieved in the OCC systems are typically only a few dozen bits per second. The MIMO is promising technique to overcome this limitation.

An intermittent-contact method and means for controlling geometric dimensions of small-size complex-shaped objects is proposed. It provides sub-pixel localization of the object edge points on the image due to introduction of an additional body into the measurement zone.

Simplified model of image forming in spaceborne linear array sensors at arbitrary sight angles is proposed in this paper. On basis of evaluation of system "lens - linear array detector" modulation transfer function (MTF), the equations were obtained that allow you to determine spatial resolution on Earth’s surface. An example of pushbroom imager’s MTF determination at sight of Nadir and with different slopes of lens optical axis is given. Image quality changes, which accompany lens optical axis angular inclination were studied. More research needed to determine the impact of lens aberrations on imager’s MTF with arbitrary viewing angles.

Photography is a unique rapidly growing interdisciplinary field encompassing aspects of science, art and technology. Expectations of photographers are steadily increasing with the development of technology. One of the areas playing a crucial role in photography is lighting. Consequently, several types of light sources for photographic use have been developed. The ongoing research in this field concentrates on lamps with tunable CCT (Correlated Color Temperature). In this paper, we present a lamp, which emission spectrum can be tailored without affecting the output luminous ux. Intended for photographic uses, the lamp is based on an integrating sphere and a selection of LEDs. As the LED drivers, DC-DC converters controlled by a Raspberry PI were applied. Design process, including the selection of LED wavelengths, is presented. Output characteristics of the lamp were measured using the setup containing the spectrometer. The results of these experiments show good agreement with the spectrum set on the microcomputer.

The article presents a model of LED lighting fixture. Component LED sources emit light in the range of red, green and blue. To mix the luminous flux from a particular sources, a cylindrical mixer made of PMMA was used. Furthermore, the paper presents the mathematical foundations of the light-mixing algorithm derived from the three different colored sources.

The paper describes the prototype implemetantion of the Video Signals Integrator (VSI). The function of the system is to integrate video signals from many sources. The VSI is a complex hybrid system consisting of hardware, firmware and software components. Its creation requires joint effort of experts from different areas. The VSI capture device is a portable hardware device responsible for capturing of video signals from different different sources and in various formats, and for transmitting them to the server. The NVR server aggregates video and control streams coming from different sources and multiplexes them into logical channels with each channel representing a single source. From there each channel can be distributed further to the end clients (consoles) for live display via a number of RTSP servers. The end client can, at the same time, inject control messages into a given channel to control movement of a CCTV camera.

To understand and evaluate the Optical Layer, and how it will affect the IP protocols over WDM (Switching), the present analyse is proposed. Optical communications have attractive proprieties, but also have some disadvantages, so the challenge is to combine the best of both branches. In this paper, general concepts for different options of switching are reviewed as: optical burst switching (OBS) and automatically switching optical network (ASON). Specific details such as their architectures are also discussed. In addition, the relevant characteristics of each variation for switching are reviewed.

Temperature measurement is regarded to be straightforward by means of standard electronic sensors, however, it becomes considerably more challenging if the sensor is exposed to strong electromagnetic interference or harsh environmental conditions such as e.g. chemical agents. In some cases, the problem may be solved by remote sensors, as pyrometers, but their application is conditioned by the possibility of the direct object observation, which is often excluded.

In this contribution a solution is presented which allows for the temperature tracking in the fiber optic system which facilitates temperature measurements of distant, subjected to the harsh environment objects by transferring their temperatures to the Peltier module. The idea of the system is to adjust the temperature of the reference FBG (at the measurement stage) to the temperature of the sensor FBG with the use of the Peltier module and thus recover its temperature to have it measured with an arbitrary method.

As all electronic part of the system can be installed far from the harsh environment and the system consists of low-cost optical and electronic components, the idea may be found competitive with other methods of the temperature measurements in onerous applications.

A luminescent lamp with field emission cathode was constructed and tested. Phosphor excited by electrons from field emission cathode is the source of light. The cathode is covered with nickel-carbon film containing multilayer carbon nanotubes that enhance electron emission from the cathode. Results of luminance stability measurements are presented. Luminance of elaborated luminance lamp is high enough for lighting application. Long term stability (1000 hours) is satisfactory for mass lamp application. Initial short time decrease of luminance is still too high and it needs reduction.

The paper presents the research results to increase the probability of mass fractions measuring control of liquefied petroleum gas components, which has various temperatures by defining the density of the liquid phase. The thermooptical method for measuring control of mass fractions of liquefied petroleum gas components is presented in the paper. The measuring conversion function of the refractive index of liquefied petroleum gas was improved based on the proposed method. Based on research conducted it was developed the device of optoelectronic mass fraction measuring of liquefied petroleum gas components. The estimation of static metrological characteristics of control device measuring channel for the liquefied petroleum gas components mass fractions. The control device basic errors are defined as well.

The paper deals with a problem of insufficient productivity of existing computer means for large image processing, which do not meet modern requirements posed by resource-intensive computing tasks of laser beam profiling. The research concentrated on one of the profiling problems, namely, real-time processing of spot images of the laser beam profile. Development of a theory of parallel-hierarchic transformation allowed to produce models for high-performance parallel-hierarchical processes, as well as algorithms and software for their implementation based on the GPU-oriented architecture using GPGPU technologies. The analyzed performance of suggested computerized tools for processing and classification of laser beam profile images allows to perform real-time processing of dynamic images of various sizes.

Process of eye tomogram obtaining by means of optical coherent tomography is studied.

Stages of idiopathic macula holes formation in the process of eye grounds diagnostics are considered. Main stages of retina pathology progression are determined: Fuzzy logic units for obtaining reliable conclusions regarding the result of diagnosis are developed. By the results of theoretical and practical research system and technique of retinal macular region of the eye state analysis is developed ; application of the system, based on fuzzy logic device, improves the efficiency of eye retina complex.

Color transfer methods can alter color appearance in the input image by borrowing color statistics from the reference image. In this paper we present a novel color transfer method in which we consider both input and reference images as three-dimensional sets of data samples, where each color based component can be represented as a 3D cloud of data points. Our goal is to fit position, orientation and scale of color-component clouds from reference to input image by finding proper geometric transformation. Besides global processing approach we also present local color transfer method by applying our proposed algorithm to color segmented parts of images. We use pixel clustering for image segmentation to find groups of dominant colors pixels in each of input and reference images. Experimental results and comparisons with other methods confirm the validity and usefulness of presented method.

This paper highlights lights in a volume-oriented rendering which features a lot of advanced techniques intended to synthesize a highly realistic visual environment for a diverse set of applications.

Analyzing flame image sequences of co-combusting pulverized coal and biomass can be used to determine the state of this very complex process. Considering dynamic changes between successive frames of such video streams the optical flow algorithms could be applied for di-agnostic purposes. The paper discusses effectiveness and performance of two approaches (sparse and dense optical flow) applied for several video streams of co-combusting biomass and pulverized coal, recorded with different combustion settings with a high-speed camera at the laboratory stand.

Images acquired by computer vision systems under low light conditions are characterized by the existence of noises. As a rule, it results in decreasing object detection rate. To increase the object detection rate, the proper image preprocessing algorithm is needed. The paper presents the image denoising method based on bilateral filtering and wavelet thresholding. The boosting method for object detection that uses the modified Haar-like features which include Haar-like features and symmetrical local binary patterns are proposed. The proposed algorithm allows increasing object detection rate in comparison with Viola-Jones method for a case of face detection task. The algorithm was tested on the two image sets, Yale B and the proprietary – VNTU-458.

The paper presents a fiber optic force sensor with reduced temperature sensitivity. The sensor operates in the configuration of a birefringent fiber based Sagnac interferometer, where the measured quantity induces a change of the birefringence and in consequence a shift of the interferometer spectrum. In order to reduce the temperature sensitivity of the sensor, the fiber was attached to the cantilever beam acting as the force transducer only in two points (or in one point) and not along the whole length of the sensing segment of the fiber as in the previous design. Several versions of attaching the fiber to the beam were investigated, which make it possible to change the sensitivity of the sensor in a wide range. The transfer curve of the sensor was calculated analytically and then measured for the different versions of the sensor. The temperature sensitivity of the sensor was also measured and compared to the temperature sensitivity of the original design.

The paper presents a new sharpening method that can be applied for the low-contrast medical images as well as general edge detection. The method provides more reliable diagnosis of the vascular system based on image processing. The new contouring method was compared with Sobel, low-frequency filtration and Canny edge detection methods on the example images with micro-capillaries.

The spectral method of the jitter parameters estimation in fiber optics transmission systems is being suggested. The suggested method is featured with high accuracy at the expense of the statistical stability improvement of the results, obtained during the implementation of overlapping fast Fourier transform.

The aim of this work is the development of a reference source of subnanosecond pulses based on SiC breakdown LEDs. The micro-alloy technology of p-n junctions based on SiC-6H with a diameter of about 50 microns has been developed. The capacity of such structures does not exceed 10-20 pF. The high stability and current overload resistance of the samples were provided by the uniform microplasma breakdown structure. The breakdown electroluminescence spectrum of the investigated samples was flat and covered the range of 400-800 nm and the relaxation time did not exceed 0,25 ns (a time resolution of measuring system). The radiation power was about 10^-6 W/A.

Optical methods of measurement do not require contact of a probe and the object under study, and thus have found use in a broad range of applications such as nondestructive testing (NDT), where noninvasive measurement is crucial. Measuring the refractive index of a material can give a valuable insight into its composition. Low‑coherence radiation sources enable measurement of the sample’s properties across a wide spectrum, while simultaneously measuring the absolute value of optical path difference between interfering waves, which is necessary to calculate the refractive index. The measurement setup used in this study consists of a fiber‑based Fabry‑Perot interferometer, illuminated by a low‑coherence infrared source. The samples under measurement are located in the cavity of the interferometer, and their transmission spectra are recorded using an optical spectrum analyzer. Additional reference measurements are performed with the cavity filled with air, in order to precisely measure the geometrical length of the cavity. The purpose of the study was to develop a digital signal processing algorithm to improve the resolution of analysis of the spectra of radiation measured at the output of the interferometer. This goal was achieved by decreasing the broadening of the signal in the Fourier domain caused by dispersion of the medium filling the cavity. The Fractional Fourier Transform is a generalization of the Fourier transform allowing arbitrary rotation of the signal in the time-frequency domain, allowing more precise analysis of signals with variable frequency. This property makes this transformation a valuable tool for the analysis of interferometric signals obtained from measurements of dispersive media, as the variable rate of change of the optical path length with respect to wavenumber in such media results in varying frequency of the modulation of measured spectra. The optical path difference inside the material under measurement is used together with the geometrical length obtained from the reference measurement in order to determine the refractive index. The parameters of the transformation are found by iterative adjustment to the signal under analysis. The developed algorithm was tested using both real measured spectra and simulated signals based on a theoretical model of the interferometric setup, and its effectiveness was compared to previously used methods of analysis. It was found to increase the resolution of analysis up to the Fourier limit that occurs in signals with no dispersion.

This paper presents the spectral properties of chirped tilted Bragg gratings (CTFBG) written on photosensitive optical fiber by using phase mask technique and excimer laser. The dependencies of manufactured structures spectra on three various values of chirp: 0,1 nm/cm, 1 nm/cm, 10nm/cm and gratings tilt angle in 0° to 2,5° range with 0,5° change have been shown in all combinations. Influence of temperature changes in -40°C to 180°C range on measured spectra have been investigated. We showed the dependencies of CTFBG spectral parameters in various cases of periodic refractive index variations angle and different chirp values given in manufacturing process.

Paper presents virtual reality application framework and application concept for mobile devices. Framework uses Google Cardboard library for Android operating system. Framework allows to create virtual reality 360 video player using standard OpenGL ES rendering methods. Framework provides network methods in order to connect to web server as application resource provider. Resources are delivered using JSON response as result of HTTP requests. Web server also uses Socket.IO library for synchronous communication between application and server. Framework implements methods to create event driven process of rendering additional content based on video timestamp and virtual reality head point of view.

Mode partition noise (MPN) of the laser employed at the transmitter can significantly degrade the transmission performance. In the paper, we introduce a simulation model of MPN in vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) and simulate transmission of pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and carrierless amplitude phase (CAP) signals in multimode fiber (MMF) link. By turning off other effects, like relative intensity noise (RIN), we focus solely on the influence of MPN on transmission performance degradation. Robustness of modulation and equalization type against MPN is studied.

The paper discusses the impact of the feed screw heating on the machining accuracy. The test stand was built based on HASS Mini Mill 2 CNC milling machine and a Flir SC620 infrared camera. Measurements of workpiece were performed on Talysurf Intra 50 Taylor Hobson profilometer. The research proved that the intensive work of the milling machine lasted 60 minutes, causing thermal expansion of the feed screw what influence on the dimension error of the workpiece.

In this paper we propose and evaluate performance of the higher order mode filter for 850 nm multi-mode fiber transmission. First the operation principles of the filters are presented and then experimental validation of manufactured optical components is made in an optical transmission system. Excellent operation in the 850 nm transmission experiments up to 54 Gbit/s is shown.

A possibility is shown of a non-disruptive estimation of chromatic dispersion in a fiber of an intensity modulation communication line under work conditions. Uncertainty of the chromatic dispersion estimates is analyzed and quantified with the use of confidence intervals.

This paper presents a method for writing a Fabry-Perot (F-P) cavity in the tapered fiber. General idea for writing the F-P cavity in tapered fiber is based on utilization of chirped tapered fiber Bragg gratings (CTFBG) in counter-directional configuration. In such approach, the chirp resulting from tapered fiber and linearly increasing periods of the grating, cancel each other out. Presented numerical results consists of qualitative model, that provides the general design approach, as well as quantitative analysis, that allows for more detailed studies on presented structure. For this purpose Coupled Mode Theory (CMT) together with Transfer Matrix Method (TMM) were utilized.

Research methods based on spectral analysis have powerful impact on development in many field of science. Signal spectrum can be a source of useful and important data. It enables to obtain information about physical and chemical properties of tested materials. This paper has been devoted to describe optical design for high resolution spectrometer, which is significant element of optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems. Designed spectrometer is working in visible range (450-830 nm). Czerny-Turner configuration enables to correcting astigmatism and coma aberration over full bandwidth. Moreover, spectrometer has uncomplicated construction. Merely, two mirrors and diffraction gratings allows to design low – cost spectrometer with satisfying optical properties. Spectrum detection has been realized using CMOS line scan sensors with 6144 pixels. It provides high speed and resolution of the system.

In this paper a new concept of human breath detection by means of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based temperature sensor is reported. In presented approach, temperature of exhaled air is directly measured by FBG, and its Bragg wavelength changes allow for determine breathing rate. Experimental results of comparison the FBG sensor with electronic one, show significant advantages of our solution, especially when faster and/or plate breathing is detected. Another advantage of proposed fiber Bragg grating based breathing rate sensor is its ability to work in the high electromagnetic field environment, for example during the magnetic resonance imaging.

The article presents an image analysis method, obtained from an asynchronous delay tap sampling (ADTS) technique, which is used for simultaneous monitoring of various impairments occurring in the physical layer of the optical network. The ADTS method enables the visualization of the optical signal in the form of characteristics (so called phase portraits) that change their shape under the influence of impairments such as chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion and ASE noise. Using this method, a simulation model was built with OptSim 4.0. After the simulation study, data were obtained in the form of images that were further analyzed using the convolutional neural network algorithm. The main goal of the study was to train a convolutional neural network to recognize the selected impairment (distortion); then to test its accuracy and estimate the impairment for the selected set of test images. The input data consisted of processed binary images in the form of two-dimensional matrices, with the position of the pixel. This article focuses only on the analysis of images containing chromatic dispersion.

The invariant zeros, input-decoupling and output-decoupling zeros and blocking zeros of positive electrical circuits with zero transfer matrices are addressed. It is shown that the positive electrical circuits has no invariant zeros, input-output decoupling zeros and blocking zeros and the list of eigenvalues of the system matrix is the sum of the list of inputdecoupling zeros and the list of output-decoupling zeros.

Katome is a new de novo sequence assembler written in the Rust programming language, designed with respect to future parallelization of the algorithms, run time and memory usage optimization. The application uses new algorithms for the correct assembly of repetitive sequences. Performance and quality tests were performed on various data, comparing the new application to `dnaasm', `ABySS' and `Velvet' genome assemblers. Quality tests indicate that the new assembler creates more contigs than well-established solutions, but the contigs have better quality with regard to mismatches per 100kbp and indels per 100kbp. Additionally, benchmarks indicate that the Rust-based implementation outperforms `dnaasm', `ABySS' and `Velvet' assemblers, written in C++, in terms of assembly time. Lower memory usage in comparison to `dnaasm' is observed.

This article shows a method of encoding of microoperations for LUT-based Mealy FSMs. The proposed design approach is based on two methods of structural decomposition of FSMs for diminishing the number of arguments for input memory functions in output functions. This method is viewed as an alternative to the encoding of collections of output functions. An example of design is given.

Time is a concept which underlies all the contemporary civilization. Therefore, it was necessary to create mathematical tools that allow a precise way to describe the complex time dependencies. One such tool is temporal logic. Its definition, description and characteristics will be presented in this publication. Then the authors will conduct a discussion on the usefulness of this tool in context of creating storyline in computer games such as RPG genre.

This article is devoted to design of Mealy FSM with FPGAs using embedded memory blocks and look-up table elements. There is presented the state-of-the-art. The method is proposed for design of Mealy FSM logic circuit with embedded memory blocks based on encoding of collections of outputs and replacement of inputs. Example of design and research results are given.

The paper proposes a technique of hardware realization of a space vector modulation (SVM) of state function switching in matrix converter (MC), oriented on the implementation in a single field programmable gate array (FPGA). In MC the SVM method is based on the instantaneous space-vector representation of input currents and output voltages. The traditional computation algorithms usually involve digital signal processors (DSPs) which consumes the large number of power transistors (18 transistors and 18 independent PWM outputs) and “non-standard positions of control pulses” during the switching sequence. Recently, hardware implementations become popular since computed operations may be executed much faster and efficient due to nature of the digital devices (especially concurrency).

In the paper, we propose a hardware algorithm of SVM computation. In opposite to the existing techniques, the presented solution applies COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer (CORDIC) method to solve the trigonometric operations. Furthermore, adequate arithmetic modules (that is, sub-devices) used for intermediate calculations, such as code converters or proper sectors selectors (for output voltages and input current) are presented in detail.

The proposed technique has been implemented as a design described with the use of Verilog hardware description language. The preliminary results of logic implementation oriented on the Xilinx FPGA (particularly, low-cost device from Artix-7 family from Xilinx was used) are also presented.

The paper presents reversible circuits modelling methods in the FPGA structures. Three different methods of reconfigurable reversible gate descriptions are proposed - a direct method of output calculation and two methods of composing the gate from Fredkin and Toffoli gates. The paper shows both 4-bit and 8-bit gates. Application of developed test bench verified the correctness of our designs. The presented descriptions can be used for modelling of complex elements used e.g. in cipher machines based on quantum algorithms.

Practical proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) concept depends upon communication efficiency in the related network. In the paper we outline basic features of wireless communication protocols used in IoT and concentrate on analysing communication overheads. In particular, we discuss the impact of IPv6 packet length on 6LoWPAN network operation with physical and MAC layer defined by IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The presented analysis methodology is useful in estimation of the total goodput (throughput at the application level) and energy consumptions within the whole traffic model which are the crucial features of IoT networks.

A scheme of an immittance modulo-2 adder (XOR logical gate) and its mathematical model are developed and described in the paper. Influence of destabilizing factors: instability of the transmission line wave resistance, Q-factor of the input impedance resistances and frequency instability of the reference oscillator on characteristics of the immittance modulo-2 adder is considered.

The novel smile recognition algorithm is presented based on extraction of 68 facial salient points (fp68) using the ensemble of regression trees. The smile detector exploits the Support Vector Machine linear model. It is trained with few hundreds exemplar images by SVM algorithm working in 136 dimensional space. It is shown by the strict statistical data analysis that such geometric detector strongly depends on the geometry of mouth opening area, measured by triangulation of outer lip contour. To this goal two Bayesian detectors were developed and compared with SVM detector. The first uses the mouth area in 2D image, while the second refers to the mouth area in 3D animated face model. The 3D modeling is based on Candide-3 model and it is performed in real time along with three smile detectors and statistics estimators. The mouth area/Bayesian detectors exhibit high correlation with fp68/SVM detector in a range [0:8; 1:0], depending mainly on light conditions and individual features with advantage of 3D technique, especially in hard light conditions.

This paper presents basic methods of reversible circuit description. To design reversible circuit a set of gates has to be chosen. Most popular libraries are composed of three types of gates so called CNT gates (Control, NOT and Toffoli). The gate indexing method presented in this paper is based on the CNT gates set. It introduces a uniform indexing of the gates used during synthesis process of reversible circuits. The paper is organized as follows. Section 1 recalls basic concepts of reversible logic. In Section 2 and 3 a graphical representation of the reversible gates and circuits is described. Section 4 describes proposed uniform NCT gates indexing. The presented gate indexing method provides gate numbering scheme independent of lines number of the designed circuit. The solution for a circuit consisting of smaller number of lines is a subset of solution for a larger circuit.

This paper presents an original method to designing reversible circuits. The main problem of reversible circuits synthesis is designing optimal reversible circuits i.e. circuits with minimal gates number implementing the given reversible function. To design reversible circuits a set of gates must be chosen. The most popular library is a set called CNT (Control, NOT and Toffoli) which contains three types of gates. The method presented in this paper is based on the CNT gates. A graphical representation of the reversible function called s-maps is introduced in the paper. This representation allows to find optimal solutions. The paper is organized as follows. Section 1 recalls basic concepts of reversible logic. In Section 2 a graphical representation of the reversible functions is presented. Section 3 describes the algorithm whereby any optimal solutions of the given function could be obtained.

The paper describes the concept and implementation of SDC_One software-defined computer designed for experimental and didactic purposes. Equipped with extensive hardware monitoring mechanisms, the device enables the students to monitor the computer’s operation on bus transfer cycle or instruction cycle basis, providing the practical illustration of basic aspects of computer’s operation. In the paper, we describe the hardware monitoring capabilities of SDC_One and some scenarios of using it in teaching the basics of computer architecture and microprocessor operation.

The paper presents an overview of design methodology and results of experiments with a Prototype of highly efficient optimal adaptive feedback communication systems (AFCS), transmitting low frequency analog signals without coding. The paper emphasizes the role of the forward transmitter saturation as the factor that blocked implementation of theoretical results of pioneer (1960-1970s) and later research on FCS. Deepened analysis of the role of statistical fitting condition in adequate formulation and solution of AFCS optimization task is given. Solution of the task – optimal transmission/reception algorithms is presented in the form useful for elaboration of the hardware/software Prototype. A notable particularity of the Prototype is absence of the encoding/decoding units, whose functions are realized by the adaptive pulse amplitude modulator (PAM) of the forward transmitter (FT) and estimating/controlling algorithm in the receiver of base station (BS). Experiments confirm that the Prototype transmits signals from FT to BS “perfectly”: with the bit rate equal to the capacity of the system, and with limit energy [J/bit] and spectral [bps/Hz] efficiency. Another, not less important and confirmed experimentally, particularity of AFCS is its capability to adjust parameters of FT and BS to the characteristics of scenario of application and maintain the ideal regime of transmission including spectralenergy efficiency. AFCS adjustment can be made using BS estimates of mean square error (MSE). The concluding part of the paper contains discussion of the presented results, stressing capability of AFCS to solve problems appearing in development of dense wireless networks.

The article presents the complementary filter implementation, that is used for the estimation of the pitch angle, in Lua script language. Inertial sensors as accelerometer and gyroscope were used in the study.

Methods of angles estimation using acceleration and angular velocity sensors were presented in the theoretical part of the article. The operating principle of complementary filter has been presented. The prototype of Butterworth's analogue filter and its digital equivalent have been designed. Practical implementation of the issue was performed with the use of PC and DISCOVERY evaluation board equipped with STM32F01 processor, L3GD20 gyroscope and LS303DLHC accelerometer. Measurement data was transmitted by UART serial interface, then processed with the use of Lua software and luaRS232 programming library.

Practical implementation was divided into two stages. In the first part, measurement data has been recorded and then processed with help of a complementary filter. In the second step, coroutines mechanism was used to filter data in real time.

The article deals with research of designing data safety components for corporations by means of mathematical simulations and modern information technologies. Simulation of threats ranks has been done which is based on definite values of data components. The rules of safety policy for corporative information systems have been presented. The ways of realization of safety policy rules have been proposed on the basis of taken conditions and appropriate class of valuable data protection.

This contribution shows how to express mathematical abstract notion of n-ary relation by means of Boolean equations. The main criterion of the relation examined in the paper is quantitative criterion, where elements of the domain sets of the relation can be compared just like ordinal numbers, that is can be greater than, equal to or greater or equal to.

In recent years, many scientific and industrial centers in the world developed a virtual reality systems or laboratories. One of the most advanced solutions are Immersive 3D Visualization Lab (I3DVL), a CAVE-type (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment) laboratory. It contains two CAVE-type installations: six-screen installation arranged in a form of a cube, and four-screen installation, a simplified version of the previous one.

The user feeling of “immersion” and interaction with virtual world depend on many factors, in particular on the accuracy of the tracking system of the user. In this paper properties of the tracking systems applied in I3DVL was investigated. For analysis two parameters were selected: the accuracy of the tracking system and the range of detection of markers by the tracking system in space of the CAVE.

Measurements of system accuracy were performed for six-screen installation, equipped with four tracking cameras for three axes: X, Y, Z. Rotation around the Y axis was also analyzed. Measured tracking system shows good linear and rotating accuracy. The biggest issue was the range of the monitoring of markers inside the CAVE. It turned out, that the tracking system lose sight of the markers in the corners of the installation. For comparison, for a simplified version of CAVE (four-screen installation), equipped with eight tracking cameras, this problem was not occur. Obtained results will allow for improvement of cave quality.

At present, one of the most advanced virtual reality systems are CAVE-type (Cave Automatic Virtual Environment) installations. Such systems are usually consisted of four, five or six projection screens and in case of six screens arranged in form of a cube. Providing the user with a high level of immersion feeling in such systems is largely dependent of optical properties of the system. The modeling of physical phenomena plays nowadays a huge role in the most fields of science and technology. It allows to simulate work of device without a need to make any changes in the physical constructions.

In this paper distribution of luminance in CAVE-type virtual reality systems were modelled. Calculations were performed for the model of 6-walled CAVE-type installation, based on Immersive 3D Visualization Laboratory, situated at the Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics at the Gdańsk University of Technology. Tests have been carried out for two different scattering distribution of the screen material in order to check how these characteristicinfluence on the luminance distribution of the whole CAVE.

The basis assumption and simplification of modeled CAVE-type installation and results were presented. The brief discussion about the results and usefulness of developed model were also carried out.

This paper is devoted to the numerical investigation of the availability at cloud service systems. In this paper criteria and constraints calculations were performed and obtained results were analyzed for synthesis purposes of distributed service platforms based on the cloud service-oriented architecture such as availability and system performance index variations by defined set of the main parameters. The method of synthesis has been numerically generalized considering the type of service workload in statistical form by Hurst parameter application for each integrated service that requires implementation within the service delivery platform, which is synthesized by structural matching of virtual machines using combination of elementary servicing components up to functionality into a best-of-breed solution.

As a result of restrictions from Amdahl's Law the necessity of cloud-networks clustering was shown, which makes it possible to break the complex dynamic network into separate segments that simplifies access to the resources of virtual machines and, in general, to the "clouds" and respectively simplifies complex topological structure, enhancing the overall system performance.

In overall, proposed approaches and obtained results numerically justifying and algorithmically describing the process of structural and functional synthesis of efficient distributed service platforms, which under process of their configuring and exploitation provides an opportunity to act on the dynamic environment in terms of comprehensive services range and nomadic users’ workload pulsing.

Mobility management is the key feature that supports the roaming of users between different systems. Handover is the essential aspect in the development of solutions supporting mobility scenarios. The handover process becomes more complex in a heterogeneous environment compared to the homogeneous one. Seamlessness and reduction of delay in servicing the handover calls, which can reduce the handover dropping probability, also require complex algorithms to provide a desired QoS for mobile users. A challenging problem to increase the scalability and availability of handover decision mechanisms is discussed. The aim of the paper is to propose cloud based handover as a service concept to cope with the challenges that arise.

In this work the characteristics research of microelectronic transducers of optical radiation with a frequency output signal on the basis of a hybrid integrated circuit consisting of a bipolar and a field-effect transistor with a Schottky barrier is presented. The connection of an external inductance to electrodes a collector - drain allows to implement the auto generating device. The frequency of the device generation depends on power of optical radiation falling on photosensing elements as a photoresistor, photodiode and photosensing transistors switched on in a circuit of the self-excited oscillator. The impedance on electrodes the collector - drain of bipolar and field transistors has capacitive reactive part and negative active resistance, which compensates power losses in a tuning circuit of the device. On the base of a nonlinear equivalent circuit of the transducer on an alternating current the analytical expressions of function of transformation and equation of sensitivity are obtained. The sensitivity of optical transducers lays in a range from 25 kHz/μWt/cm² up to 150 kHz/μWt/cm².

It is shown that there are not enough productive methods that can help project managers to create and choose the effective strategies of organizing software development process. By using designed algorithm and mathematical model it's possible to find associative rules that are informative and can help project managers with forming effective process of creating software.

In this paper considers the algorithm of laser beam spots image classification in atmospheric-optical transmission systems. It discusses the need for images filtering using adaptive methods, using, for example, parallel-hierarchical networks. The article also highlights the need to create high-speed memory devices for such networks. Implementation and simulation results of the developed method based on the PLD are demonstrated, which shows that the presented method gives 15-20% better prediction results than similar methods.

Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) replication is a powerful technique, enabling distributed systems to remain available and correct even in the presence of arbitrary faults. Unfortunately, existing BFT replication protocols are mostly load-unscalable, i.e. they fail to respond with adequate performance increase whenever new computational resources are introduced into the system. This article proposes a universal architecture facilitating the creation of load-scalable distributed services based on BFT replication. The suggested approach exploits parallel request processing to fully utilize the available resources, and uses a load balancer module to dynamically adapt to the properties of the observed client workload. The article additionally provides a discussion on selected deployment scenarios, and explains how the proposed architecture could be used to increase the dependability of contemporary large-scale distributed systems.

The article studies the dependence of the quality of speakers recognition by convolutional neural network from the type of chosen informative features for use it in automated systems for critical use especially when they are used in the environmental influences. The environmental influences are the noise of high level with a spectrum that correlates with the spectrum of the speech signal or the signal of speaker simulator. Сonvolutional network operation principles for the case of speaker signal recognition, as well as experiments on neural network training and the recognition of speakers on a test samples have been considered. According to the research, it was concluded that the bark-cepstral coefficients make it possible to perform recognition with greater reliability than the spectral parameters of the signal.

Possibility of executing the carriers and borrowings by means of elementary additive transformations in the process of calculation in Fibonacci numerical system is substantiated. Methods of counting in the given numerical system, based on the usage of information redundancy are suggested. The methods consist in the fact that at every step executed all possible elementary addition transformations of code in the counter simultaneously with adding one. The suggested methods enable to construct up-, down- and up/down counters with high speed, independent on the data capacity and small hardware cost that linearly grow with the increase of the capacity. Schemes of structural organization of one digit for each of the suggested methods are given.

This work proposes a PPRM-based technique for the synthesis of reversible circuits with reduced quantum cost (QC) in generated circuits. Initially, a PPRM cube-list structure is provided as input. Next, the PPRM cubes shared by coordinate functions of a given reversible function are grouped together and each cube is translated to a group of Toffoli reversible gates, similarly to ESOP-based methods. Experimental results show that for important benchmarks with up to 17 variables the presented approach generates circuits with smaller QC than the most successful previous approaches.

A generalized model of adaptive compression of data is presented. The peculiarities of numerical model forming of data source are considered. Three methods of adaptive compression of data based on the Fibonacci linear form involving the use of a set of numerical models of data source are suggested and studied.

The article focuses on programming of logic controllers. It is important that a programming code of a logic controller is executed flawlessly according to the primary specification. In the presented approach we generate C code for an AVR microcontroller from a rule-based logical model of a control process derived from a control interpreted Petri net. The same logical model is also used for formal verification of the specification by means of the model checking technique. The proposed rule-based logical model and formal rules of transformation ensure that the obtained implementation is consistent with the already verified specification. The approach is validated by practical experiments.

In the paper a filter on the parallel resonant circuit on L-, C-negatrons is suggested. The parallel resonant circuit on L-, C-negatrons is investigated. Stability of the contour and frequency characteristics are considered. Experimental researches of the contour on the circuitry analogues of negatrons are conducted. Use of L-, C-negatrons improves the frequency-selective properties of the filter. Simulation of the filter on circuitry analogues of L-, C-negatrons on operational amplifiers LF400C is done. The simulation results showed improvement of frequency selectivity of the filter characteristics by reducing the phase distortion.

The article contains basic approaches to develop the self-powered information measuring wireless networks (SPIM-WN) using the distribution of tasks within multicore processors critical applying based on the interaction of movable components – as in the direction of data transmission as wireless transfer of energy coming from polymetric sensors. Base mathematic model of scheduling tasks within multiprocessor systems was modernized to schedule and allocate tasks between cores of one-crystal computer (SoC) to increase energy efficiency SPIM-WN objects.

The paper presentes the method of modeling and implementation of concurrent controllers. Concurrent controllers are specified by Petri nets. Then Petri nets are decomposed using symbolic deduction method of analysis. Formal methods like sequent calculus system with considered elements of Thelen's algorithm have been used here. As a result, linked state machines (LSMs) are received. Each FSM is implemented using methods of structural decomposition during process of logic synthesis. The method of multiple encoding of microinstruction has been applied. It leads to decreased number of Boolean function realized by combinational part of FSM. The additional decoder could be implemented with the use of memory blocks.

This paper presents a True Random Number Generator (TRNG) based on Flip-Flops with violated timing constraints. The proposed circuit has been implemented in a Xilinx Spartan 6 device. The TRNG circuit utilizes the metastability phenomenon as a source of randomness. Therefore, in the paper the influence of timing constraints on the flip-flop metastability proximity is discussed. The metastable range of operation enhances the noise influence on a Flip-Flop behavior. Therefore, the influence of an external stochastic source on the flip-flop operation is also investigated. For this purpose a radioactive source of radiation was used. According to the results shown in the paper the radiation increases the unpredictability of the metastable process of flip-flops operating as the randomness source in the TRNG. The statistical properties of TRNG operating in an increased radiation conditions were verified with the NIST battery of statistical tests.

In this paper a novel TRNG concept is proposed which is a vital part of cryptographic systems. The proposed TRNG involves phase variability of a pair of ring oscillators (ROs) to force the multiple metastable events in a flip-flop (FF). In the solution, the ROs are periodically activated to ensure the violation of the FF timing and resultant state randomness, while the TRNG circuit adapts the structure of ROs to obtain the maximum entropy and circuit security. The TRNG can be implemented in inexpensive re-programmable devices (CPLDs or FPGAs) without the use of Digital Clock Managers (DCMs). Preliminary test results proved the circuit's immunity to the intentional frequency injection attacks.

Transformations of geometric objects are described for offsetting. Free forms based on the perturbation functions have an advantage of spline representation of surfaces, that is, a high degree of smoothness, and an advantage of arbitrary form for a small number of perturbation functions.

The paper presents approaches for functional integration of automated system databases by means of artificial intelligence. The peculiarities of turning to account the database in the systems with the usage of a fuzzy implementation of functions were analyzed. Requirements for the normalization of such databases were defined. The question of data equivalence in conditions of uncertainty and collisions in the presence of the databases functional integration is considered and the model to reveal their possible occurrence is devised. The paper also presents evaluation method of standardization of integrated database normalization.

Presented concept of information technology monitoring and decision support to determine the health of students. The preconditions of a concept formulated its goal and purpose.

Subject area concepts proposed to consider a set of problems, grouped into 8 categories, which in turn necessitates the application when creating technology basic principles from the principles of "first head" and "systems approach" to the principles of "interoperability" and "system integration ".

The content of the information providing IT, its position in the segment of single information space, stages of creation. To evaluate the efficiency of the IT system developed proposed criteria.

The paper presents an approach to engineering tasks composition on engineering knowledge portals. The specific features of engineering tasks are highlighted, their analysis makes the basis for partial engineering tasks integration. The formal algebraic system for engineering tasks composition is proposed, allowing to set the context-independent formal structures for engineering tasks elements’ description. The method of engineering tasks composition is developed that allows to integrate partial calculation tasks into general calculation tasks on engineering portals, performed on user request demand. The real world scenario «Calculation of the strength for the power components of magnetic systems» is represented, approving the applicability and efficiency of proposed approach.

The paper presents a method of improving a quality of radiological images for use in medical diagnosing. The method consists in grayscale morphological filtering that is based on local statistics. The essence of the proposed method is a proper modification of Wiener filter using both median and quantiles as local statistics of the morphological filter.

In this paper we discussed the results of a multi-criteria optimization scheme as well as numerical calculations of periodic conductive structures with selected geometry. Thin printed structures embedded on a flexible dielectric substrate may be applied as simple, cheap, passive low-pass filters with an adjustable cutoff frequency in low (up to 1 MHz) radio frequency range. The analysis of an electromagnetic phenomena in presented structures was realized on the basis of a three-dimensional numerical model of three proposed geometries of periodic elements. The finite element method (FEM) was used to obtain a solution of an electromagnetic harmonic field. Equivalent lumped electrical parameters of printed cells obtained in such manner determine the shape of an amplitude transmission characteristic of a low-pass filter. A nonlinear influence of a printed cell geometry on equivalent parameters of cells electric model, makes it difficult to find the desired optimal solution. Therefore an optimization problem of optimal cell geometry estimation with regard to an approximation of the determined amplitude transmission characteristic with an adjusted cutoff frequency, was obtained by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. A dynamically suitable inertia factor was also introduced into the algorithm to improve a convergence to a global extremity of a multimodal objective function. Numerical results as well as PSO simulation results were characterized in terms of approximation accuracy of predefined amplitude characteristics in a pass-band, stop-band and cutoff frequency. Three geometries of varying degrees of complexity were considered and their use in signal processing systems was evaluated.

The paper presents the results of our recent work on development of contemporary computing platform DC2 for multimedia education usingWebGL andWeb Audio { the W3C standards. Using literate programming paradigm the WEBSA educational tools were developed. It offers for a user (student), the access to expandable collection of WEBGL Shaders and web Audio scripts. The unique feature of DC2 is the option of literate programming, offered for both, the author and the reader in order to improve interactivity to lightweightWebGL andWeb Audio components. For instance users can define: source audio nodes including synthetic sources, destination audio nodes, and nodes for audio processing such as: sound wave shaping, spectral band filtering, convolution based modification, etc. In case of WebGL beside of classic graphics effects based on mesh and fractal definitions, the novel image processing analysis by shaders is offered like nonlinear filtering, histogram of gradients, and Bayesian classifiers.

The process of learning induces plastic changes in neuronal network of the brain. Our earlier studies on mice showed that classical conditioning in which monocular visual stimulation was paired with an electric shock to the tail enhanced GABA immunoreactivity within layer 4 of the monocular part of the primary visual cortex (V1), contralaterally to the stimulated eye. In the present experiment we investigated whether the same classical conditioning paradigm induces changes of neuronal excitability in this cortical area. Two experimental groups were used: mice that underwent 7-day visual classical conditioning and controls. Patch-clamp whole-cell recordings were performed from ex vivo slices of mouse V1. The slices were perfused with the modified artificial cerebrospinal fluid, the composition of which better mimics the brain interstitial fluid in situ and induces spontaneous activity. The neuronal excitability was characterized by measuring the frequency of spontaneous action potentials. We found that layer 4 star pyramidal cells located in the monocular representation of the “trained” eye in V1 had lower frequency of spontaneous activity in comparison with neurons from the same cortical region of control animals. Weaker spontaneous firing indicates decreased general excitability of star pyramidal neurons within layer 4 of the monocular representation of the "trained" eye in V1. Such effect could result from enhanced inhibitory processes accompanying learning in this cortical area.

In the last two decades, integral and differential calculus of a fractional order has become a subject of great interest in different areas of physics, biology, economics and other sciences. The idea of such a generalization was mentioned in 1695 by Leibniz and L'Hospital. The first definition of the fractional derivative was introduced by Liouville and Riemann at the end of the 19th century. Fractional calculus was found to be a very useful tool for modelling the behaviour of many materials and systems. In this paper fractional calculus was applied to pharmacokinetic compartmental model. For introduced model determine all possible quasi-positive realisation based on one-dimensional digraph theory. The proposed method was discussed and illustrated in detail with some numerical examples.

The article contains the study about electrical appliance characterization on the basis of power grid signals. To represent devices, parameters of current and voltage signals recorded during transient states are used. In this paper only transients occurring as a result of switching on devices are considered. The way of data acquisition performed in specialized measurement setup developed for electricity load monitoring is described. The paper presents the method of transients detection and the method of appliance parameters calculation. Using the set of acquired measurement data and appropriate software the set of parameters for several household appliances operating in different operating conditions was processed. Usefulness of appliances characterization in Non-Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring System (NIALMS) with the use of proposed method is discussed focusing on obtained results.

This paper presents a frequent item mining algorithm that was customized to handle growing data repositories. The proposed solution applies Master Slave scheme to frequent pattern growth technique. Efficient utilization of available computation units is achieved by dynamic reallocation of tasks. Conditional frequent trees are assigned to parallel workers basing on their workload. Proposed enhancements have been successfully implemented using Charm++ library. This paper discusses results of the performance of parallelized FP-growth algorithm against different datasets. The approach has been illustrated with many experiments and measurements performed using multiprocessor and multithreaded computer.

Conventional microelectronic technology reaches its limits, and reversible logic circuits might address at least one of the problems: unwanted energy dissipation. Unfortunately, current methods of reversible function synthesis have certain limitations, including suboptimal handling of incompletely specified Boolean functions and yielding circuit sizes (and costs) that can be vastly improved upon. This paper presents the application of functional decomposition as a crucial step in synthesis of reversible logic that cost-efficiently implements incompletely specified Boolean functions. A decomposition of an incompletely specified Boolean function into a network of smaller sub-functions, subsequently synthesized into reversible blocks and composed into a reversible system, yields significantly better results than direct reversible synthesis of the original, incompletely specified Boolean function. The experimental results presented in this paper demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach.

A method of hardware reduction is proposed for logic circuits of Moore FSMs implemented with FPGAs. The method is based on replacement of the state register by a state counter. The specific of the proposed method is that the counter content is incremented for unconditional and conditional transitions. An example of application of proposed method is given.

The increases for power demand in the Electrical Power System (EPS) causes a significant increase of power in daily load curve and transmission line overload. The large variability in energy consumption in EPS combined with unpredictable weather events can lead to a situation in which to save the stability of the EPS, the power limits must be introduced or even industrial customers in a given area have to be disconnected, which causes financial losses. Nowadays, a Transmission System Operator is looking for additional solutions to reduce peak power, because existing approaches (mainly building new intervention power unit or tariff programs) are not satisfactory due to the high cost of services in combination with insufficient power reduction effect. The paper presents an approach to load shifting with the use of home Energy Management System (EMS) installed at small end-users. The home energy management algorithm, executed by EMS controller, is modeled using Unified Modeling Language (UML). Then, the UML model is translated into Verilog description, and is finally implemented in the Field Programmable Gate Arrays. The advantages of the proposed approach are the relatively low cost of reduction service, small loss of end-users’ comfort, and the convenient maintenance of EMS. A practical example illustrating the proposed approach and calculation of potential gains from its implementation are also presented.

The theoretical fundamentals and principles of development models and methods of the production systems development processes optimization, based on optimal aggregation methodology are proposed. The new approach is a generalization and development of the methods of maximum and dynamic programming principle. The characteristic feature of the given approach from its analogues – decomposition of multidimensional optimization problem in one-dimensional tasks system. On the base of resource links graph analysis between the elements of production systems binary tree of optimal aggregation is built. As a result, the multidimensional nonlinear model of the production system is replaced with the equivalent by input-output one-dimensional element, for which variation problem of the optimal development with integral criterion of the first kind is solved.

The basic features of the HTTP/2 protocol were described. The experiment on website performance with different versions of HTTP protocols was conducted. Practical recommendations of using HTTP protocol have been discussed.

Nowadays, there is an ever-growing need to investigate, consult and communicate through the internet. This need leads to the intensification of free access to the web in strategic and functional points for the benefit of the community. However, this open access is also related to the increase of information insecurity. The existing works on computer security primarily focus on the development of techniques to reduce cyber-attacks. However, these approaches do not address the sector of inexperienced users who have difficulty understanding browser settings. Two methods can solve this problem: first the development of friendly browsers with intuitive setups for new users and on the other hand, by implementing awareness programs on essential security without deepening on technical information. This article addresses an analysis of the vulnerabilities of wireless equipment that provides internet service in the open access zones and the potential risks that could be found when using these means.

The given work is devoted to research of perception content features by computerized training system students on cluster analysis base. As a result of experiment was revealed that content giving in the offered computerized training systems is more effective in comparison with the traditional approach. The proof is the increase of good student’s cluster.

In this paper, generation methods of sinusoidal medium frequency electrotherapeutic signals have been studied. Signals of this type are increasingly used in electrotherapy owing to the development of both physical medicine and engineering sciences. The article presents analysis and comparison of analogue and digital methods of generation therapeutic signals. Analysis presented in the paper attempts to answer the question which technique of medium frequency signal generation can be most broadly applied in electrotherapy methods.

Carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns and sheets due to their biocompatibility, very good mechanical strength and flexibility can find wide range of applications in nanomedicine, inter alia as mechanical actuators for artificial muscles or electrodes used for deep brain stimulation. However, because of CNT film behavior in liquid environment, before their using in biological applications, they should be coated with a special protective layer. The purpose of created coatings is not only to protect the films, but also to increase their conductivity. The aim of the research was to test various methods of achieving such coatings on CNT films and to evaluate quality and flexibility of coated CNT films. The coatings were made using various suspensions containing polymer materials such methyl polymethacrylate and conductive silver flakes. The methods tested in this study were: dipping, painting and flooding of the CNT yarns.

The next generation sequencing techniques produce a large amount of sequencing data. Some part of the genome are composed of repetitive DNA sequences, which are very problematic for the existing genome assemblers. We propose a modification of the algorithm for a DNA assembly, which uses the relative frequency of reads to properly reconstruct repetitive sequences. The new approach was implemented and tested, as a demonstration of the capability of our software we present some results for model organisms. The new implementation, using a three-layer software architecture was selected, where the presentation layer, data processing layer, and data storage layer were kept separate. Source code as well as demo application with web interface and the additional data are available at project web-page: http://dnaasm.sourceforge.net.

The system of signal processing for electrotherapeutic applications is proposed in the paper. The system makes it possible to model the curve of threshold human sensitivity to current (Dalziel’s curve) in full medium frequency range (1kHz-100kHz). The tests based on the proposed solution were conducted and their results were compared with those obtained according to the assumptions of High Tone Power Therapy method and referred to optimum values. Proposed system has high dynamics and precision of mapping the curve of threshold human sensitivity to current and can be used in all methods where threshold curves are modelled.

DNASynth is a client-server software application in which the client runs in a web browser. The aim of this program is to support and optimize process of artificial gene synthesizing using Ligase Chain Reaction. Thanks to LCR it is possible to obtain DNA strand coding defined by user peptide. The DNA sequence is calculated by optimization algorithm that consider optimal codon usage, minimal energy of secondary structures and minimal number of required LCR. Additionally absence of sequences characteristic for defined by user set of restriction enzymes is guaranteed. The presented software was tested on synthetic and real data.

This article describes the development of a method to localize an athlete during sports performance on a platform, based on a static video recording. Considered sport for this method is wushu – martial art. However, any other discipline can be applied. There are specified requirements, and 2 algorithms of image processing are described. The next part presents an experiment that was held based on recordings from the Pan American Wushu Championship. Based on those recordings the steps of the algorithm are shown. Results are evaluated manually. The last part of the article concludes if the algorithm is applicable and what improvements have to be implemented to use it during sports competitions as well as for offline analysis.

We present a set of novel optogenetic devices for mice freely moving in cages. The purpose of the devices is to stimulate specific brain regions using light. The devices we have constructed consist of an electrical connector, cannula and micro- LED chip operating at 470 nm as light source for delivering light into the stimulated region of the mouse brain. We have also demonstrated light conversion from 470 nm to 590 nm by applying a silicate orange phosphor directly to the LED chip. The measured conversion efficiency is approximately 80% for ZIP595I phosphor. We discuss the properties of various forms of implant needles with respect to the ease of LED attachment and experimental validation of the constructed optogenetic implants.

In this paper, the wireless power distribution system for optogenetic experiment was demonstrated. The design and the analysis of the power transfer system development is described in details. The architecture is outlined in the context of performance requirements that had to be met. We show how to design a wireless power transfer system using resonant coupling circuits which consist of a number of receivers and one transmitter covering the entire cage area with a specific power density. The transmitter design with the full automated protection stage is described with detailed consideration of the specification and the construction of the transmitting loop antenna. In addition, the design of the receiver is described, including simplification of implementation and the minimization of the impact of component tolerances on the performance of the distribution system. The conducted analysis has been confirmed by calculations and measurement results. The presented distribution system was designed to provide 100 mW power supply to each of the ten possible receivers in a limited 490 x 350 mm cage space while using a single transmitter working at the coupling resonant frequency of 27 MHz.

Detection of genomics rearrangements is a tough task, because of the size of data to be processed. As genome sequences may consist of hundreds of millions symbols, it is not only practically impossible to compare them by hand, but it is also complex problem for computer software. The way to significantly accelerate the process is to use rearrangement detection algorithm based on unique short sequences called markers. The algorithm described in this paper develops markers using base genome and find the markers positions on other genome. The algorithm has been extended by support for ambiguity symbols.

Web application with graphical user interface has been created using three-layer architecture, where users could run the task simultaneously.

The accuracy and efficiency of proposed solution has been studied using generated and real data.

Integrated CuGene is an easy-to-use, open-source, on-line tool that can be used to browse, analyze, and query genomic data and annotations. It places annotation tracks beneath genome coordinate positions, allowing rapid visual correlation of different types of information. It also allows users to upload and display their own experimental results or annotation sets. An important functionality of the application is a possibility to find similarity between sequences by applying four different algorithms of different accuracy. The presented tool was tested on real genomic data and is extensively used by Polish Consortium of Cucumber Genome Sequencing.

Genome sequencing is the core of genomic research. With the development of NGS and lowering the cost of procedure there is another tight gap - genome assembly. Developing the proper tool for this task is essential as quality of genome has important impact on further research. Here we present comparison of several de Bruijn assemblers tested on C. sativus genomic reads. The assessment shows that newly developed software - dnaasm provides better results in terms of quantity and quality. The number of generated sequences is lower by 5 - 33% with even two fold higher N50. Quality check showed reliable results were generated by dnaasm. This provides us with very strong base for future genomic analysis.

The development of next generation sequencing opens the possibility of using sequencing in various plant studies, such as finding structural changes and small polymorphisms between species and within them. Most analyzes rely on genomic sequences and it is crucial to use well-assembled genomes of high quality and completeness. Herein we compare commonly available programs for genomic assembling and newly developed software - dnaasm. Assemblies were tested on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) lines obtained by in vitro regeneration (somaclones), showing different phenotypes. Obtained results shows that dnaasm assembler is a good tool for short read assembly, which allows obtaining genomes of high quality and completeness.

Comparative genomic by increasing information about the genomes sequences available in the databases is a rapidly evolving science. A simple comparison of the general features of genomes such as genome size, number of genes, and chromosome number presents an entry point into comparative genomic analysis. Here we present the utility of the new tool genomecmp for finding rearrangements across the compared sequences and applications in plant comparative genomics.

This paper demonstrates system constructed and deployed to check possible impact of shale gas well preparation and exploitation on groundwater quality. Used sensors, measurement station construction and process of deployment of system are described. Additionally measured groundwater parameters are presented. Results of preliminary analysis of measurement results show good status of groundwater on every phase of life of shale gas well.

The paper discusses questions of human auditory state evaluation with technical means. It considers the disadvantages of existing clinical audiometry methods and systems. It is proposed to use method for evaluating of auditory analyzer state by means of pulsometry to get the medical study more objective and efficient. It provides for use of two optoelectronic sensors located on the carotid artery and ear lobe, Using this method the biotechnical system for evaluation and stimulation of human auditory analyzer stare wad developed. Its hardware and software were substantiated. Different modes of simulation in the designed system were tested and the influence of the procedure on a patient was studied.

The application of genomic approaches may serve as an initial step in understanding the complexity of biochemical network and cellular processes responsible for regulation and execution of many developmental tasks. The molecular mechanism of sex expression in cucumber is still not elucidated. A study of differential expression was conducted to identify genes involved in sex determination and floral organ morphogenesis. Herein, we present generation of expression sequence tags (EST) obtained by differential hybridization (DH) and subtraction technique (cDNA-DSC) and their characteristic features such as molecular function, involvement in biology processes, expression and mapping position on the genome.

Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) is a sample preparation microscopic method that enables isolation of an interesting cell or cells population from human, animal or plant tissue. This technique allows for obtaining pure sample from heterogeneous mixture. From isolated cells, it is possible to obtain the appropriate quality material used for genomic research in transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. We used LCM method to study flower morphogenesis and specific bud’s organ organization and development. The genes expression level in developing flower buds of male (B10) and female (2gg) lines were analyzed with qPCR. The expression was checked for stamen and carpel primordia obtained with LCM and for whole flower buds at successive stages of growth.

The subject of this work is the usage of digital image processing to measure hepatic steatosis. To calculate this value manually it requires a lot of time and precision from the radiologist. In order to resolve this issue, a C++ application has been created. This paper describes the algorithms that have been used to solve the problem. The next chapter presents the application architecture and introduces graphical user interface. The last section describes all the tests which have been carried out to check the correctness of the results.

Nowadays research of psychomotor actions has taken a special place in education, sports, medicine, psychology etc. Development of computer system for psychomotor testing could help solve many operational problems in psychoneurology and psychophysiology and also determine the individual characteristics of fine motor skills. This is particularly relevant issue when it comes to children, students, athletes for definition of personal and professional features. The article presents the dynamics of a developing psychomotor skills and application in the training process of means. The results of testing indicated their significant impact on psychomotor skills development.

This article deals with the possibility of using alternative energy sources for power of biomedical sensors with low power consumption, especially using the Peltier effect sources. Energy for powering of the target device has been used from the available renewable photovoltaic effect. The work is using of "energy harvesting" or "harvest energy" produced by autonomous generator harvesting accumulate energy. It allows to start working from 0.25 V. Measuring chain consists of further circuit which is a digital monitoring device for monitoring a voltage, current and power with I²C bus interface. Using the Peltier effect was first tested in a thermocontainer with water when the water heating occurred on the basis of different temperature differential between the cold and hot side of the Peltier element result in the production of energy. Realized prototype was also experimentally tested on human skin, specifically on the back, both in idle mode and under load.

In this paper, we demonstrate an automatic image analysis for Micro Total Analysis Systems (μTAS) or Lab-on-Paper (LoP). By placing fiducial markers on μTAS, application can crop image and remove bending distortions, also it can perform colorimetric analysis. With previously taken photo of μTAS device with applied reagents, user can determine ie. illness presence by uploading photo into the program. In the paper was prepared μTAS sheet, algorithm for finding fiducial points and software for colorimetric analysis written in Matlab.

Wireless medical diagnostics is a trend in modern technology used in medicine. This paper presents a concept of realization, architecture of hardware and software implementation of an elecromyography signal (EMG) amplifier with wireless data transmission. This amplifier consists of three components: analogue processing of bioelectric signal module, micro-controller circuit and an application enabling data acquisition via a personal computer. The analogue bioelectric signal processing circuit receives electromyography signals from the skin surface, followed by initial analogue processing and preparation of the signals for further digital processing. The second module is a micro-controller circuit designed to wirelessly transmit the electromyography signals from the analogue signal converter to a personal computer. Its purpose is to eliminate the need for wired connections between the patient and the data logging device. The third block is a computer application designed to display the transmitted electromyography signals, as well as data capture and analysis. Its purpose is to provide a graphical representation of the collected data. The entire device has been thoroughly tested to ensure proper functioning. In use, the device displayed the captured electromyography signal from the arm of the patient. Amplitude- frequency characteristics were set in order to investigate the bandwidth and the overall gain of the device.

The work is dedicated to the segmentation problem of human nasal airways using Cone Beam Computed Tomography. During research, we propose a specialized approach of structured segmentation of nasal airways. That approach use spatial information, symmetrisation of the structures. The proposed stages can be used for construction a virtual three dimensional model of nasal airways and for production full-scale personalized atlases. During research we build the virtual model of nasal airways, which can be used for construction specialized medical atlases and aerodynamics researches.

Remote photoplethysmography (PPG) imaging is an optical technique to remotely assess the local coetaneous microcirculation. In this paper, we present a model and supporting experiments confirming the contribution of skin inhomogeneity to the morphology of PPG waveforms. The physical-mathematical model of distribution of optical radiation in biological tissues was developed. It allows determining the change of intensity of optical radiation depending on such parameters as installation angle of the sensor, biological tissue thickness and the wavelength. We obtained graphics which represent changes of the optical radiation intensity that is registered by photodetector depending on installation angle of the sensor, biological tissue thickness and the extinction coefficient.

This article is devoted of study of the air flow mode in the nasal cavity during a forced breath. It is extremely necessary to know what the air flow mode for aerodynamic calculations. We calculated the area and the equivalent diameter and Reynolds numbers for pathologies with functional disorders of nasal breath and made the following conclusions. High sensitivity to changes of the Reynolds numbers of the anatomical configuration of the nasal cavity causes that when simulation of passage of the airflow through the nasal cavity is necessary to determine the pressure drop over the length and local resistances. This makes it possible to take into account the effects of the air flow friction against the walls of the nasal cavity and vortex formation on local changes of configuration in the nasal channels.

In the work the hybrid expert system for stroke diagnosis was presented. The base of expert system consists of neural network and production rules. This program can quickly and accurately set to the patient preliminary and final diagnoses, get examination and treatment plans, print data of patient, analyze statistics data and perform parameterized search for patients.

This paper proposes a simple mathematical model of heating process of the human skin and adjacent inner layers with the LED radiation used in the prevention and treatment devices for various diseases. The problem takes into account the heat removal by blood flow to the vessels. It is shown that abnormal blood flow due to the compression of tissue can lead to severe heating of the body and its burn. This may result even from using small LEDs of 2,5-30 mW.

This study aims at mathematical modeling of systemic factors threatening the sanitary and hygienic state of sources of water supply. It is well-known, that this state affects health of population consuming water from different water sources (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). In particular, water quality problem may cause allergic reactions that are the important problem of health care. In the paper, the authors present the mathematical model, that enables on the basis of observations of a natural system to predict the system's behavior and determine the risks related to deterioration of drinking water resources. As a case study, we uses supply of drinking water from Lake Sevan, but the approach developed in the study can be applied to wide area of adjacent problems.

The mathematical model of metabolism process in human organism based on Lotka-Volterra model has beeng proposed, considering healing regime, nutrition system, features of insulin and sugar fragmentation process in the organism. The numerical algorithm of the model using IV-order Runge-Kutta method has been realized. After the result of calculations the conclusions have been made, recommendations about using the modeling results have been showed, the vectors of the following researches are defined.

Multistage integration of visual information in the brain allows people to respond quickly to most significant stimuli while preserving the ability to recognize small details in the image. Implementation of this principle in technical systems can lead to more efficient processing procedures. The multistage approach to image processing, described in this paper, comprises main types of cortical multistage convergence. One of these types occurs within each visual pathway and the other between the pathways. This approach maps input images into a flexible hierarchy which reflects the complexity of the image data. The procedures of temporal image decomposition and hierarchy formation are described in mathematical terms. The multistage system highlights spatial regularities, which are passed through a number of transformational levels to generate a coded representation of the image which encapsulates, in a computer manner, structure on different hierarchical levels in the image. At each processing stage a single output result is computed to allow a very quick response from the system. The result is represented as an activity pattern, which can be compared with previously computed patterns on the basis of the closest match.

In the paper we explored the possibility of monitoring oxygenation of the tumor tissue through the registration of light diffuse reflectance. This method can also be helpful for assessment the effectiveness of PDT, defining the level of vascular damage and the degree of the tumor oxygenation. We also propose the modification of PDT procedure by using a modulated laser that enables to better maintain the necessary parameters for the PS activation and oxygen generation in irradiated tissues simultaneously allowing to reduce the light dose required for tumor treatment.

Theoretical and practical substantiation of the possibility of the using the level of soluble vascular adhesion molecules (sVCAM) is performed. Expert system for the assessment of coronary heart disease (CHD) destabilization on the base of the analysis of soluble vascular adhesion molecules level is developed. Correlation between the increase of VCAM level and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with different variants of CHD progression is established. Association of chronic nonspecific vascular inflammation activation and CHD destabilization is shown. The expedience of parallel determination of sVCAM and CRP levels for diagnostics of CHD destabilization and forecast elaboration is noted.

This paper describes a double compression method (DCM) of biomedical images. A comparison of image compression factors in size JPEG, PNG and developed DCM was carried out. The main purpose of the DCM - compression of medical images while maintaining the key points that carry diagnostic information. To estimate the minimum compression factor an analysis of the coding of random noise image is presented.

In paper the concept of interaction of cholesteric liquid crystals (CLC) with creatinine and urea to designing the active medium material for optical sensor of biological substances are presented. It is shown that there is a general tendency to reduce the pitch of supramolecular helical structure versus of increasing of concentrations of aqueous solutions for all investigated substances. A decision to designing the scheme of signal converter of optical sensors with frequency selection is proposed. In basis of the proposed decision is impedance converter provided the inductive nature of the impedance circle of load photodiode and therefore suppressing of direct component of the photocurrent.

This article offers a risk assessment of bronchial asthma development in children with atopic dermatitis by applying fuzzy-set theory to accumulated statistical data. It is shown that with a view to executing the said task one should exercise a complex approach involving factors such as “IgE level”, “existence of obstructions” and “burdened bronchial asthma heredity of immediate relatives”. The obtained results will assist in making adequate and well-informed medical decisions as well as facilitate the decrease of the risk of developing bronchial asthma in children with atopic dermatitis.

The paper deals with important issues of diagnosis early signs of diseases of the nervous system, including Parkinson's disease and other specific diseases. Small quantities of violation trajectory of spatial movement of the extremities of human disease at the primary level as the most appropriate features are studied. In modern medical practice is very actual the control the emergence of diseases of the nervous system, including Parkinson's disease. In work a model limbs with six rotational kinematic pairs for diagnosis of early signs of diseases of the nervous system is considered. subject.

The paper presents a two-stage biotechnical system for human condition analysis that is based on analysis of human voice signal. At the initial stage, the voice signal is pre-processed and its characteristics in time domain are determined. At the first stage, the developed system is capable of identifying the person in the database on the basis of the extracted characteristics. At the second stage, the model of a human voice is built on the basis of the real voice signals after clustering the whole database.

This paper aims at determining the viability of horse recognition by the means of ocular biometrics and deep convolutional neural networks (deep CNNs). Fast and accurate identification of race horses before racing is crucial for ensuring that exactly the horses that were declared are participating, using methods that are non-invasive and friendly to these delicate animals. As typical iris recognition methods require lot of fine-tuning of the method parameters and high-quality data, CNNs seem like a natural candidate to be applied for recognition thanks to their potentially excellent abilities in describing texture, combined with ease of implementation in an end-to-end manner. Also, with such approach we can easily utilize both iris and periocular features without constructing complicated algorithms for each. We thus present a simple CNN classifier, able to correctly identify almost 80% of the samples in an identification scenario, and give equal error rate (EER) of less than 10% in a verification scenario.

Agriculture is one of the most important areas of the world economy. However, due to dependency on weather conditions, it is strongly industrialized, for example by introducing additional lighting improving the efficiency of plants growth. Construction and operation of light-emitting diodes provides new possibilities in research and application of new concepts in agricultural lighting. The aim of the work was to investigate the effect of various spectra of light on the efficiency of photosynthesis and the growth of selected species of plants. For this purpose two grow-boxes with dedicated LED-based lighting systems were constructed and placed in the darkroom with controlled temperature. In each box lighting system provided different spectral composition of light and it was possible to adjust the ratio of blue and red as well as the irradiance level. In the paper we present the construction of the grow-boxes and the results of 3 cycles of experiments conducted with this system. During the first cycle two groups of tested plants were cultivated in the LED grow-boxes with constant irradiance level and the third group in natural light conditions. During the second cycle the irradiance in both boxes was gradually increased from 8 W/m² to 38 W/m². During the third cycle the irradiance was set to 38 W/m² during the whole period (max power MRED module) to get the maximum possible intensity of photosynthesis.

There are various ways to study neuronal processing of information about temporal frequency content of visual stimuli. The two most fundamental methods are 1) direct measurement of response amplitude, e.g. an amplitude of averaged visual evoked potential, and 2) assessment of response magnitude after transformation of electrophysiological signal from time to frequency domain. In our study we found it impossible to use the same paradigm to analyze the whole spectrum of temporal frequencies in local field potentials recorded during visual electrophysiology experiments performed on anesthetized rats. Visual responses were recorded from all layers of primary visual cortex in response to flashing light with temporal frequency in the range of 0.5 - 15 Hz. We found that for frequencies lower than 2 Hz it is difficult to draw conclusions based on power spectrum alone, while for high frequencies (> 2 Hz) the evoked potential in time domain could not be observed. We discuss possible physiological reasons of these difficulties and the advantages of the Welch method instead of the periodogram to analyze signals in the frequency domain.

Publisher’s Note: This paper, originally published on 8 August 2017, was replaced with a corrected/revised version on12 September 2017. If you downloaded the original PDF but are unable to access the revision, please contact SPIE Digital Library Customer Service for assistance. Automated detection system consists of two key steps: extraction of features from EEG signals and classification for detection of pathology activity. The EEG sequences were analyzed using Short-Time Fourier Transform and the classification was performed using Linear Discriminant Analysis. The accuracy of the technique was tested on three sets of EEG signals: normal, ictal and postictal. The classification error above 10% has been considered a success. The higher accuracy are obtained for new data of unknown classes than testing data. The methodology can be helpful in differentiation pathology states.

Development of light-emitting diodes has brought new possibilities in many applications, especially in terms of flexible adjustment of light spectra. This feature is very useful in construction of many devices, for example for medical diagnosis and treatment. It was proved, that in some cases LEDs can easily replace lasers during therapy of cancer without reduction of efficiency of this process. On the other hand during diagnosis process LED-based constructions can provide unique ability to adjust the color temperature of the output light while maintaining high color rendering. It allows for optimum surface contrast and enhanced tissue differentiation at the operator site.

In the paper we describe the construction of the tunable LED-based source designed for application in endoscopy. It was optimized from the point of view of the color rendition for 5 different correlated color temperatures (illuminant A, D55, D65, 3500K and 4500K) with the restriction of very high (>90) values of general and specific color rendering indexes (according to Ra method). The source is composed of 13 light-emitting diodes from visible region mounted on the common radiator and controlled by dedicated system. Spectra of the components are mixed and the spectra of output light is analyzed. On the basis of obtained spectra colorimetric parameters are calculated and compared with the results of theoretical analysis.