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Optical waveguides and refractive components can be fabricated in glass by a double ion-exchange: a first NA+ - K+ exchange produces low-index waveguide regions, which are used also as an ionic mask to define the complementary silver-exchanged high-index waveguide component. An experimental analysis of such a process is presented.
Giancarlo C. Righini,Ronggui Shen,Giacomo Belli,Patrizia Boffi,Aurora M. Losacco,Paolo Mazzoldi, andGiancarlo Battaglin
"Integrated Optical Components Fabricated By Two-Step Ion-Exchange", Proc. SPIE 1128, Glasses for Optoelectronics, (21 December 1989); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.961443
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Giancarlo C. Righini, Ronggui Shen, Giacomo Belli, Patrizia Boffi, Aurora M. Losacco, Paolo Mazzoldi, Giancarlo Battaglin, "Integrated Optical Components Fabricated By Two-Step Ion-Exchange," Proc. SPIE 1128, Glasses for Optoelectronics, (21 December 1989); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.961443