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Surface plasmons are three-dimensional vector-field bound to a two dimensional surface. As a result, structuring or interfering surface plasmons gives rise to new topologies and textures of electro-magnetic waves, typically not found in propagating waves which are often assumed paraxial.
Using near-field investigation with well controlled boundary condition, we discover new phenomena arising solely from the interference of discrete number of surface plasmon: we demonstrate the first optical skyrmions - topological defects in 3D vector field bound to a 2D surface, show plasmonic-based spin effects in systems with discrete symmetries and discover a 4D topological charge in 2D plasmonic quasi-lattices.
Guy Bartal
"Topologies in structured plasmons: from optical skyrmions to higher-dimensional topological charge", Proc. SPIE 11701, Complex Light and Optical Forces XV, 117010X (5 March 2021); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2583188
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Guy Bartal, "Topologies in structured plasmons: from optical skyrmions to higher-dimensional topological charge," Proc. SPIE 11701, Complex Light and Optical Forces XV, 117010X (5 March 2021); https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2583188