This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 12480, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Author and Conference Committee lists.

Computer simulation of the processes in the resonator length control system of Zeeman laser gyros allows to predict their operation time on a single mode with high accuracy for sorting them without long technological tests.

A novel design of an optical path length modulator is reported for ocular axial length measurement in an optical biometer. The relative optical path length modulator is designed to achieve a large optical path length change linearly over 52 mm with a tiny, short translation stage movement of 3 mm to cover the entire axial lengths of all patients from infant to adult in an optical biometer. This design demonstrates a good benefit for the long-range scanning of ocular axial length from cornea to retina with small translation stage movement of reference arm.

With the continuous development and improvement of human factors lighting research, while satisfying the functional lighting of indoor spaces, people are pursuing more breakthroughs and innovations in lighting quality for health. Expanded from the traditional work surface illuminance to the spatial light distribution. This study proposed a new evaluation parameter for indoor lighting environment named as BI (Brightness Index), proposed B_av(Average Brightness) and U_B(brightness uniformity) to measure the brightness and the chiaroscuro of the indoor lighting environment. Taking the classroom as an example, the accuracy and feasibility of the parameters were verified through on-site testing and simulation. Results shew the effectiveness and application potentiality in lighting design and evaluation, can well complement and improve the current lighting environment evaluation system.

Recently, backscattering polarization images have been used to explore the microstructures of biological tissues. A proposed study is presented for classifying different samples including a set of 7.4 pH Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), plasma fibronectin (FN), fibronectin fibril assembly at 0.25 ml/h (FFN 25), and fibronectin fibril assembly at 0.48 ml/h (FFN 48) based on the Mueller matrix backscattering images. The research showed that the diagonal components values m22, m33, and m44 of PBS are considerably higher than those of the fibrillated fibronectin samples (i.e. FN, FFN 25 and FFN 48). In other words, PBS samples are more isotropic than the others whereas FFN 25 and FFN 48 are anisotropic. Furthermore, the frequency distribution histograms (FDHs) of all Mueller matrix elements are evaluated for yielding critical explicit structural information in the form of distinct values that may be used to distinguish four samples. The results also indicated that FFN 48 has the most noticeable depolarization properties. As a consequence, this approach has shown to be an effective method of assessing microstructural research.

The measurement of human skin temperature provides vital physiological information about human health status. In this paper, an application of digital holography has been demonstrated to measure human hand skin temperature. A volume phase holographic grating based digital holographic interferometric system has been used in a lens-less Fourier transform configuration to measure the temperature of human hand skin. The presented system is non-contact, non-invasive, fast, compact, robust, requires lesser number of optical components, simple to align, and is easy to use.

This study analyzed how projection display technology affect visual comfort of art museum visitors by means of both subjective and objective experiments, with 30 participants and eye-tracker as recorder.

Starting with the spectral range of the measurement system, we show how to determine the appropriate OPD cutoff values, retarder thicknesses, and tolerances for a channeled spectropolarimetry system. While the overall thickness tolerances for the retarders can be quite loose, the tolerances of the thickness ratios between the various waveplates must be tightly maintained.

The research proposal was used the electron-gun evaporation with ion-assisted deposition method to deposit zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) thin films on PET and PC flexible substrates. Then, the finite element method (FEM) with equivalent room temperature (ERT) could simulated the intrinsic stress of these AR multi-layer films. The self-made phase-shifting Moiré interferometer can verify the residual stress of these AR multilayer films. However, a polynomial fixing curvature was used to reduce the simulation error of intrinsic stress low to 1%. The residual stress of AR multilayer films deposited with electron-gun evaporation can be reduced to -279.3MPa.

Optical measuring methods based on the principle of structured illumination frequently apply phase shift evaluation for optical spatial coding. While these approaches allow for efficient and high-precision coding in many applications, they reach their limits in particular when different signal components are superimposed, which may occur due to multiple reflections on the workpiece surface. Therefore, in the present contribution, a novel approach in the field of structured illumination is presented, which implements spatial coding by a pattern sequence with increasing spatial frequency, based on similar approaches from the field of absolute distance interferometry. In addition to basics of the method, a first experimental result is presented, which shows that the method allows for a high-quality separation of superimposed signals.

The interferometry with sinusoidal phase modulation method (SPM) has been widely used in optical measurement for detecting the interference phase which traces the surface profile of objects. In this research, we employed the SPM interferometry to measure vortex beams (VBs), which have equiphasic wavefronts with spiral phase structure due to orbital angular momentum. It is increasingly important to accurately measure the phase distribution as well as the topological charge of the optical vortex. High-order VBs were generated by computer-generated holograms from a spatial light modulator. We have successfully measured the phase distribution of VB by interfering a Gaussian beam from a laser source using the SPM interferometry. The maximum standard deviation for determining of obtained topological charges was estimated to be approximately 0.016.

The demand for sub-nanometer resolution of surface roughness measurement is highly increasing in many fields as this property has a significant impact for the characteristic of a material. Besides having sub-nanometer resolution, other preferable traits for the instruments are being non-contact and high-speed measurement. Ellipsometry is an instrument with high sensitivity to material’s characteristics through the measurement of polarization of light. In this paper, an ellipsometry based on the spin Hall effect of light is proposed for sub-nanometer surface area measurement. A modified weak measurement is incorporated in the measurement model to achieve better accuracy. Performance comparison of the modified weak measurement is carried through 2D surface measurement of an optical flat which shows how it improves the measurement result of the SHEL ellipsometry and demonstrates its potential for precision measurement.

Recently, there has been considerable interest in mass production technology of metal three-dimensional periodic nanostructures. For mass production, photolithography using diffraction phenomenon is well suited expect the disadvantage that it is difficult to fabricate the metal structures. Therefore, this paper reports for the first time a fabrication of the metal three-dimensional periodic nanostructures, by the diffraction-based lithography using metal ion-containing photoresists. In this report, Ag was used as a metal material to fabricate the structures. An examination of Ag⁺ concentration shows that for Ag⁺ equal to 0.28% or less, Ag nanoparticles are not formed on the photoresist. Under these conditions, it is found that the optimum exposure for fabricating the structures is 400 mJ/cm².

In this report, birefringence of polystyrene and PET was measured using a full-Stokes polarization camera. In addition, using an AxoScan spectroscopic Mueller matrix polarimeter, we measured the birefringence of five types of plastics: PS, LDPE, PMMA, PP, and PET, and found that they exhibit different birefringence dispersion characteristics. Thus, the measurement of birefringence is useful for differentiating and quantifying microplastics.

In this study, UV laser texturing was performed to improve the properties of A5052 aluminum alloy surfaces for joining, and the effectiveness of the processed surfaces was evaluated. The laser-irradiated materials were joined with a polyamide resin-based bond, and the resulting specimens were evaluated in tensile shear tests. The A5052 substrate surface was removed over the entire scanning area with a beam spot overlap of 10 μm, and exhibited complex irregular topography with enhanced oxidation and removal of materials other than aluminum oxide. The results of the shear testing indicated a fracture load of up to 4 kN, which was attributed to the anchoring effect and surface modification.

Three-dimensional (3D) patterns are often fabricated by the lamination of 3D printers although there are many problems for the manufacturing of micro-patterns. Optical lithography methods such as an aligner and a stepper has been used not only for the fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) micro-patterns including semiconductor integrated circuits but also for the manufacturing of 3D micro-patterns such as MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems). Especially, the pattern exposure by the optical projection system in a stepper enables both smaller micro-patterns by its high resolution and manufacturing by its one-shot exposure. The resolving power of the projection optics is mainly defined by the numerical aperture (NA) and the depth of focus (DOF). Especially for the fabrication of 3D patterns, DOF is the basic parameter showing the patterning ability of the height. In this study, we present the exposure method and the optical performance of micro-lens arrays (MLA) with step heights as high as 100μm by controlling the NA of the projection optical system. Since 3D integrated circuits often require fabricating patterns on its sidewall, we also present a fabrication method of exposure patterns to the sidewall of 3D micro-structures by controlling the aperture stop of illumination system in front of the projection optics.

This paper presents an experiment to realize an automatic identification system of tiger puffer (torafugu) using Deep Learning. To meet the operation of growing and selling aquaculture fish, we tried to use Transfer Learning to reduce the operation cost to identify torafugu. In this trial, we used three torafugu. We took a video of them swimming in an aquaculture tank then extracted figures of each torafugu. Moreover, to increase the number of data for learning and testing, we finally got 150 pictures of each torafugu by rotating and flipping. As the result of the experiment, 60 to 80 pictures for each torafugu are enough for automatic identification. The generated learning model can identify torafugu under severe conditions such as unclear photos by waves and change of brightness, and movement of back born during swimming.

Red blood cell (RBC) anomalies are significant symptoms for identification of health disorders and several blood diseases, which involve the modification of the parameters and biophysical characteristics of such cells. An optical system was implemented using a Mirau interferential objective to evaluate the micro-topography of Red Blood Cells in Papanicolaou test (PAP). The phase-shifting algorithm called 8-Bell6 was applied to evaluate the phase map. The phase ambiguity is removed by using three light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting at three different wavelengths: 459.7, 512.8 and 637 nm. The micro-topography is evaluated for one of the RBC observed in the sample. Profiles of two perpendicular diameters to each other are showed. The relative error for measurements made with this optical system is 2.9%.

We have developed a fiber optic curvature sensor based on a multicore fiber Bragg grating (MCFBG) and an optical signal intensity correlation processing that uses two-photon absorption (TPA) process in a silicon avalanche photodiode (Si-APD). The developed sensor can use a relatively low cost MCFBG in which all the inscribed gratings have basically the same Bragg wavelength. The overlapped reflection spectra of the gratings are simultaneously obtained and discriminated by using intensity correlation measurement based on TPA photocurrent from a single Si-APD without using optical switches or multiple photodetectors. Our MCFBG curvature sensor can be applied to medical use such as bending, force, or shape sensors for a medical catheter and body plethysmography.

Spatial distribution measurement of AC magnetic field is valuable to estimate locations of signal sources. Optical measurement of magnetic field is a low-invasive method and has potentials to expand magnetic field imaging applications. We propose optical measurement and imaging of AC magnetic field by combining a digital micro-mirror device and an optical magnetometer. The conventional scanning-based imaging causes the lack of light intensity for the higher spatial resolution. Hadamard transformation imaging technique resolve the intensity issue and realize higher spatial resolution imaging. This imaging technique has a possibility for precise evaluation of AC field distributions from electrical and electronic devices.

We design and build a new experimental setup to demonstrate a mixture of a single nanoparticle and laser-cooled atoms. This system aims for investigating the low-energy scattering of ultracold atoms by a dielectric nanoparticle. The wave nature of the cold atoms manifests itself in both elastic and inelastic cross sections. In the new experimental system at Yokohama National University, we demonstrated optical trapping and cooling of a glass nanoparticle in vacuum. The ballistic Brownian motion of the nanoparticle in the harmonic potential was observed. We also demonstrated parametric cooling of the center of mass motion of the nanoparticle. We discuss the prospects for realization of a mixture of a single nanoparticle and laser-cooled atoms.

We are developing a thermoelectric generator without temperature difference. It is a three-layer structure of an anode, a colloidal solvent containing nanoparticles (NPs), and a cathode. We also are developing a NPs manufacturing method which is called the laser-induced nucleation method using a femtosecond laser. Three kind of related measurement technologies will be introduced in this paper: (1) the non-scanning white light interferometry for the measurement of the gap between an anode and a cathode, (2) image processing technology from the transmission electron microscope images for the size distribution of sub10 nm-NPs, and (3) the color information from local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) as an end monitor.

We describe a robust system to retrieve the phase using a temporal phase unwrapping approach. Combining the polarization Michelson interferometer with a polarizing sensor and temporal phase unwrapping algorithms the phase unwrapping procedure is not only simplified, but also the computing time is reduced one order of magnitude compared with other algorithms and we can analyze dynamic events in real-time, i.e., 7.4fps. In the approach taken, each pixel is processed independently obtaining the phase difference for a specific time opening the possibility of real-time analysis and the masking process is avoided limiting the noise propagation in spatial manner. Validation experiments are presented.

We describe a dynamic spectroscopic imaging ellipsometer employing a monolithic polarizing interferometer. It measures a spatio-spectral ellipsometric phase data Δ(λ,x) dynamically with a measurement speed of around 30Hz which enables us to measure a highly precise spectroscopic ellipsometric mapping data Δ(λ,x,y) for 10mm x 10mm area in a few tens of seconds with a high spatial resolution of tens of microns. The proposed system can provide ultrafast spectroscopic ellipsometric inspection capability for various semiconductor manufacturing applications.