This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 7144, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Introduction, and the Conference Committee listing.

The conjugated evolvement between land use/cover change (LUCC) and landscape pattern are appeared as their relevancies in space-time scale. In this paper, the data resources are combined the conventional maps and statistics with two temporal TM images in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjing Basin in 1995 and 2000, and the system analysis are made to the coefficient of land use intensity (the COLUI), composite index of landscape pattern (the CILP), and their changes. The platform of spatial data processing is software ERDAS and ARC/INFO, and the attribute data are calculated with software ACCESS, EXCEL and SPSS. The results of statistical and correlation analysis show the rules of conjugated evolvement between LUCC and landscape pattern, that is, there is a remarkable negative correlation between the COLUI and the CILP in this region. In 1995, the correlation coefficient between the COLUI and the CILP is -0.572 with the confidence level 0.01, it means that the probability of negative correlation is 99%. In 2000, this correlativity is increased, the correlation coefficient is -0.683 with the confidence level 0.001, meaning that the probability of negative correlation between the COLUI and the CILP is 99.9%. The spatial analysis shows that the correlativity is associated markedly with relief types in spatial distribution in the study region. The correlativity between the indexes in the plain and mountainous regions is higher than in the hilly county, meaning that the land use structure and landscape pattern are illogicality. In the hilly county, the COLUI and the CILP are high, but the correlation is illegibility, meaning that the land use structure and landscape pattern are in reason. The temporal analysis shows that the degree of correlation is trended to increase with time.

Rapid urbanization took place in the Pearl River Delta of south China since 1980. Although drastic land use change took place in very short interval within this area, hardly any research has been done on this phenomenon for lacking of available data. Remote sensing is presently the most favorable observation method for land use and land cover change (LUCC) researches. While located in the south of China, the Pearl River Delta suffers from heavy cloud cover for more than half of the year. This makes real-time LUCC monitoring and change detection almost impossible with commonly used optical remote sensing data. In this paper, the orbital highest resolution SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data - Fine Mode Radarsat data was used for trail of short-term land use change detection. Three scenes of repeat-pass Radarsat data was collected over the study area. Although repeat-pass Radarsat enable continuous land use monitoring under all weather condition, images acquired during different time are inevitably affected by seasonal land cover change and variable environmental status such as air humidity and raining. Besides, some significant observation bias might be induced because of the platform and sensor instability. All these variations and instability made short-term land use change detection quite a perplex problem. In this paper, short-term land use change caused by human activity was considered as abnormal phenomena in both spatial and temporal domain in time series images. And a Density-based Anomaly Detection (DBAD) algorithm was designed to detect abnormally changed land parcels in time series Radarsat images. Firstly, totally 3 scenes of fine mode Radarsat images were collected in the study area from January 1st to May 3rd, 2006. Simply stacked temporal images reveal apparent backscattering variation between the three scenes of images, which mainly owes to the fast vegetable growth during the observation period. Then image segmentation was done on the multi-temporal Radarsat images and object features including mean value of backscattering coefficient (Mean), minimal value of backscattering (Min), homogeneity of gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCMhomo) and dissimilarity of gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCMdis) were extracted basing on segmented image objects. After that change-vector was constructed for each land objects. In the third step DBAD algorithm was applied to the change vector dataset to detect anomaly change in the 3 scenes of images. Finally field surveying data plus manual interpretation were used for validation. Comparing with object-based image regression method, DBAD results in better accuracy. Besides, data validation also shows that DBAD have better accuracy in both under-constructed area and newly built up area (error lower than 12%). While for built up area and some mixed used area, it gains relatively lower accuracy than other land types (from 10% to 28.57%). To conclude, short-term land use change in time series images could be defined as spatial and temporal anomaly in remote sensing images. By extending traditional anomaly detection to spatial-temporal anomaly detection, land use change caused by human activity could be effectively detected during short time intervals. The algorithm DBAD focus only on the density of change vectors in feature space, which is independent of the amplitude and direction of change vectors. This enable DBAD effectively discriminate temporal image variation caused by observation system, environment or seasonal land cover change, especially in vegetation and cultivated area which changed remarkably during the observation period, from land use change caused by human activities. This helps to decrease the false alarming in short-term change detection.

Based on the 1988 and 2000 remote sensing data and the "3S" technology, we not only attempt to analyze the dynamic change form the structure of quantity and spatial change of Land Use in Quanzhou City, but also use the representatively correlation method to explain the interrelation between this change of Land Use and the social economic factors, by the CANCORR program of SPSS. Furthermore, according to the viewpoint of Humanism, we try to find out the function of the social power factors, the social culture factors which conclude natural view, axiology, dietetically custom, habitation fashion and consumed tropism .etc and the developing industries of local color on the Land Use change. From this research, the result show: 1) the structure of quantity of Land Use change remarkably from county to county, the most reducing quantity of paddy field, dry land and garden plot are separately the county of DeHua, HuiAn and NanAn. And the most driver factor is the developing industries of local color; 2) the type change of Land Use caused by the production value of extractive industry, light industry and the third industry, basic contracture investment, output of tea and fruit, convenient extent of road and income of per farmer and so on in Quanzhou City between 1988 and 2000. In a word, the dynamic change of Land Use impact by more factors we have mentioned, and it's extend is more and more multistage, especially in Quanzhou City. As we study, the dynamic change of Land Use is enslaved to human factors in Quanzhou City.

Land use/land cover change is an important field in global environmental change research. Remote sensing is a valuable data source from which land use/land cover change information can be extracted efficiently. A number of techniques for accomplishing change detection using satellite imagery have been formulated, applied, and evaluated, which can be generally grouped into two types. (1) Those based on spectral classification of the input data such as post-classification comparison and direct two-date classification; and (2) those based on radiometric change between different acquisition dates. The shortage of type 1 is cumulative error in image classification of an individual date. However, radiometric change approaches has a strict requirement for reliable image radiometry. In light of the above mentioned drawbacks of those two types of change detection methods, this paper presents a new method named change vector analysis in posterior probability space (CVAPS). Change-vector analysis (CVA) is one of the most successful radiometric change-based approaches. CVAPS approach incorporates post-classification comparison method and CVA approach, which is expected to inherit the advantages of two traditional methods and avoid their defects at the same time. CVAPS includes the following four steps. (1) Images in different periods are classified by certain classifier which can provide posterior probability output. Then, the posterior probability can be treated as a vector, the dimension of which is equal to the number of classes. (2) A procedure similar with CVA is employed. Compared with traditional CVA, new method analyzes the change vector in posterior probability space instead of spectral feature space. (3) A semiautomatic method, named Double-Window Flexible Pace Search (DFPS), is employed to determine the threshold of change magnitude. (4) Change category is discriminated by cosines of the change vectors. CVAPS approach was applied and validated by a case study of land use change detection in urban area of Shenzhen, China using multi-temporal TM data. Kappa coefficients of "change/no-change" detection and "from-to" types of change detection were employed for accuracy assessment. The experimental results show that CVAPS outperform than post-classification comparison method and can avoid cumulative error effectively. Besides, radiometric correction is not needed in this method compared with traditional CVA. Therefore, it is indicated that CVAPS is potentially useful in land-use/land-cover change detection.

At present the study on land use/cover change from microscale in the typical district is one of the important studies of the LUCC. And the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is also a widely adopted research method in this field. In this article, we selected a typical district in the mountain areas of west Henan province and studied the human driving mechanism of LUCC by means of PRA from the microscale. The conclusion is that the action of the committee of the villages, the policy, the concept of rural inhabitants, comparative advantage and the development of rural economy are the main driving factors at the typical district in Yiluo River Basin.

Land Use/Land Cover Change (LUCC) is the core components of global change researches. It is significant for understanding regional ecological environment and LUCC mechanism of large scale to develop the study of LUCC of regional level. Nujiang River is the upper reaches of a big river in the South Asia--Salween River. Nujiang River is a typical mountainous river which is 3200 kilometer long and its basin area is 32.5 × 105 square kilometer. It locates in the core of "Three Parallel Rivers" World Natural Heritage. It is one of international biodiversity conservation center of the world, the ecological fragile zone and key ecological construction area, as well as a remote undeveloped area with high diversity ethnic. With the rapidly development of society and economy, the land use and land cover changed in a great degree. The function of ecosystem has being degraded in some areas which will not only impact on the ecological construction of local area, but also on the ecological safety of lower reaches -- Salween River. Therefore it is necessary to carry out the research of LUCC of Nujiang River. Based on the theory and methods of geo-information Tupu, the "Spatial Pattern" and "Change Process" of land use of middle reach in Nujiang River from 1974 to 2004 had been studied in quantification and integration, so as to provide a case study in local area and mesoscale in time. Supported by the remote sensing and GIS technology, LUCC Tupu of 1974-2004 had been built and the characteristics of LUCC have been analyzed quantificationally. The results showed that the built-up land (Included in this category are cities, towns, villages, strip developments along highways, transportation, power, and communications facilities, and areas such as those occupied by mills, shopping centers, industrial and commercial complexes, and institutions that may, in some instances, be isolated from urban areas), agriculture land, shrubbery land, meadow & grassland, difficultly/unused land increased from 1974 to 2004, the increased area of shrubbery land was the greatest, while the area of forest, artificial forest, waters, glacier and snow covered land decreased. The biggest decreased area was forest land. The biggest LUCC was the transformation from forest land to shrubbery land, the transformation from forest land to rangeland and agriculture land was the second. The main area of LUCC located at Nujiang River valley, between 2200-3700m of the east slope in the Gaoligong Mountain and 2800-3900m of the west slope of the Biluo Snow Mountain. From the valley to peak of mountain, the main land use type was transited from built-up land, agricultures land, artificial forest land to natural forest, shrubbery and grass land. The natural forest was the main land in the past 30 years. The main driving forces were the increase of population of local area, the governmental policies (Conversion of Farmland to Forests and Grass Land Projects, etc.) and urbanization. In order to accelerate the sustainable development of society economy and the ecological environment protection in this ecological fragile zone, strict management should be adopted to adjust the behaviors of human beings. Finally, VCM (variable clumping method) curve had been used to analyses the internal spatial distribution difference of land-use/land cover which shown that the landscape fragmentation was increased, the number of patches was added, the distance between patches was diminished during the past thirty years (1974-2004).

Using RS, GIS, landscape ecological technology to analyze landscape patterns based on alpine grassland region as the study area and TM/ETM+ image in 2002 as the study data in this article. Landscape patterns in the study area have been analyzed from such point of view as the landscape's patch characters, shapes, and spatial distributions through the indexes of diversity, predominance, fragmentation, evenness, and etc. The analysis on the ecological landscape patterns of land using indicates that the grassland occupies 45.45% and the woodland occupies 31.53% of the whole area. They are the main landscape types, which occupy 76.98% of the total study area and grassland is the matrix of the whole landscape according to ecological definitions. The distribution of landscape types has evident altitudinal tonality, and the distribution order is approximately as follows: town-residential area-farmland-grassland-woodland-unused land from valley to mountain top for the big vertical space of the height above the sea level. Take species protection as target communities, and depend on the surface pervasion consuming and the minimum clog model, we have designed much secure approaches of landscape patterns. Through analyzing we know the area of the chiasms buffer of class one in the grassland and the woodland is2422.15hm² and the perimeter is 19882.02km. The area of the buffer of class two is 879.79hm² and its perimeter is 10552.96km. Some fields and segments based on the minimum clog model need to pay much attention to: 1. The batch around cost isoclines layers in the central of grassland. 2. The Grassland-Woodland Ecotone should be mainly protected, and the textures among the small batches must be marked out in order to reduce the obstruction which species across the boundary. 3. It must prevent the interferences caused by human being activities in the ecotone, and improve the using efficiency of physical flows and circulation efficiency of nutritional elements. 4. The isolated habitat batches and big landscapes must be joined together to keep species continuance and bio-diversity increasing. Through advanced study, the number of landscape of the study area is simplex and integrated. The residentindustrial land and plantation landscape are separated and fragmentized. The matrix of grassland is preponderant. These results show that the study area has been disturbed by human being activities at present, but still in the safe range. We compared the study results with the field survey results, and found out that in the total of nineteen villages and towns, there are nine villages and towns in the range of safety area. The area is 358600 hm², which occupies 50.16% of the total study area. About five villages and towns are in the range of critical safety area. The area is 187500 hm², which occupies 26.23%. Other villages and towns are in the range of insecure area. The area is 168800 hm², which occupies 23.61%. The results also indicate that the study area is safe as a whole, but the incertitude and insecurity areas have occupied 1/4 of the total. The ecological safety problem is extremely urgent and must be paid attention to and dealed with at once. The critical secure villages and towns are the easiest areas where can turn to insecurity from less safety. In addition, these critical secure villages and towns have larger areas than other types. So they must be prearranged and protected as a pivot. As the financial increasing in the alpine grassland area, its livestock and population have increased a lot in recent years. The pressure on the ecology and the environment will become more serious. So the inconsistency of the alpine grassland resources between their using and protection should be solved in time. How to accelerate the alpine grassland areas' sustainable using is the most important problem we have to resolve. In the process of analyzing, using pattern optimizing method, we have analyzed their relationships, whole landscape spatial structures and optimizing schemes. These innovations not only can provide decision-making support for the environment protection and cure, the biology diversity protection and the grassland sustainable using, but also can provide references on landuse optimizing and degenerate environment renewing for other similar areas. The method provides a good ecological route on the level's relevancy, and it's also a good supplement to the conventional landscape programming based on feasible evaluation. Under the guidance of the landscape ecology principles and methods, combining landscape using and landscape optimizing, a series of problems could be solved. Using RS and GIS technology, we can understand the main landscape about the grassland and the woodland through quantitative analysis in spatial patterns. This technology can reveal idiographic landscape structures and related problems of the study area. In a word, these methods are very valuable and convenient to analyze ecological landscape problems. However, the analysis data is not very ideal. For example, RS images scan cycle is long and its spatial resolution is poor. So it is difficult to get better images of grassland in the growing season under the interferential condition. The data is too complex to analyze one by one. Some results have shortages in calculating and analyzing precision. It will be ameliorated in the future study.

Numerous remote sensing change detection methods have been used in urban land use change identification and analysis, in which image regression is regarded as effective as other approaches. Traditional image regression approaches for change detection often produce unsatisfactory results by assuming the relationships in study data in a consistent manner in place, and spatial correlation between pixels inherent in remote sensing images is usually ignored in the analysis. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) addresses this weakness by obtaining local parameter estimates for each observation. This paper reports preliminary results from a study applying GWR to the land use change detection in urban center and urban fringe of Nanjing city, China, using satellite images of 2000 and 2004. The results show that the use of GWR can identify the land use change, the global patterns, the local patterns, as well as the points not consistent with local patterns in the urban environment; and the under-development and over-development points are also detected by GWR model.

Higher resolution remote sensor has already become the significant instrument to obtain the change information quickly, veraciously, and comprehensively. Two different remote sensing images are used to obtain the change information by using an object oriented analyzing method in Land Use/Cover Change. Data is gathered according to the images' resolution, characteristic, size and texture property of the earth surface objects. Meanwhile, the color, shape, smoothness, and compactness of the images are reviewed to form many-adjacent-pixel objects which contain more semantic information. Combined with the knowledge of land use classification and loading classifier of discriminate class, a characteristic space is defined to establish a knowledge base. Two or three different typical features are chosen to serve as the training samples, and a data base could be completed successfully. Non-segmented or error-segmented objects are adjusting into correct ones favorably. Analyzing the data, only the areas of the lands for construction purpose and reservoir and bottomland have been increased in the whole city, while the areas of arable land, river and lake land, woodland, grassland, and not exploited or developed land have been decreased in more or less degree, which means that a tendency to expansion has become more and more significant.

Remote sensing dynamic monitoring of land use could detect the change information of land use and update the current land use map, which is important for rational utilization and scientific management of land resources. This paper focused on the technological procedure of land use dynamic monitoring using multi-temporal remote sensed data, including the process of multi-temporal remote sensed images, the information classification and information extraction from remote sensing imagery, and analysis of land use changes. Based on multi-temporal remote sensed imagery of three periods in 1954, 1998 and 2002, Yangzhou city was chosen as the study area, and extraction after classified method had been used to monitor land use changes during 1954 to 2002. While classifying, the object-oriented method was used to extract features from different temporal imagery. The extraction results showed that the residential land in Yangzhou city increased largely from 9.72 km² to 21.35km², and the arable land decreased a great deal from 23.99 k^m2 to 9.64 km². Urban expansion was toward to east. Finally, the main driving forces were analyzed, and multivariable linear regression model was used to explore the primary and secondary forces.

Based on the analysis and summarizations of researched home and aboard, the dissertation focused on Land Use/Cover Change Detection Using Feature Database of basic types Based on Land Use span, which belongs to "Feature class" of LUCC. It should be pointed out that the researches must be focused on the land use spans other then traditional methods of the pixels.The main contributions of the study were summarized as follows:1. Feature extraction based on land use span. The land use span is expressed by vector polygon along with raster region. First the spectrum feature database with histogram, texture and shape feathers of the span is formed.2. Foundation and update of feature database. In detail, firstly, by means of the sample spans according to land use map in time T1, the features of each type of the land use classes are obtained in time T1. Secondly, each sample are analyzed, if the index of regional similarity between the image spans of T1 and T2 is accepted, the samples in time T2 could be remained, otherwise the new samples around that sample are selected and are judged by the similarity between the samples of T1. 3. Change detection based on spans and feature database. Each spans of T2 will be classified according to the minimum Euclidean distance to the T2 sample spans accepted, and the corresponding land use type will be assigned to the current span. 4. Change information is extraction automatically based on Boolean operations. After classifications have been performed, the changed spans were vectored, then the change information can be statistic through the different Boolean operations in GIS, and various change analysis can be made (i.e. urbanization and loss of the stew). The method is tested on the Quick Bird images of a district in Wuhan and the precision of the results is high as 85.7% (in loss of the stew) and 92.6% (in urbanization).

Taking Pearl River Delta for an example this study focuses on the trends and the driving mechanism of land-use changes in metropolises, in order to achieve the fundamental objectives of LUCC study increasing the awareness on dynamics of global land-use and land-cover changes, and improving the ability of forecasting LUCC. By analyzing the land-use change in Pearl River Delta from 1996 to 2006, it is found that the differences among internal space are notable. By establishing time-sequence-curve with SPSS software, it is shown that trends of land-use change are very clear. With factor analysis on land-use change, the study summarizes four factors of driving mechanism, including factors of economic development level, regional industrial structure, demographic and agricultural structure adjustment, which impact land change in Pearl River Delta to a different extent.

The paper distinguished the impacts of land use and arid process on the Natural Potential Productivity of Cultivated Land (NPPCL) in the North Farming - Pastoral Zone of China (NFPZC) from 1990 to 2000 with the integration of remote sensing technique and Geographical Information System (GIS). The arid processes in NFPZC from 1970 to 2006 were analyzed. The land use processes from 1990 to 2000 were investigated. The NPPCL in NFPZC from 1990 to 2000 were calculated by using the Thornthwaite-Memorial model. And finally the influences of land use and arid process on the NPPCL in NFPZC from 1995 to 2007 were distinguished by using the powerful spatial analysis function of GIS. The main results were as follows: (1) In spite of some climate variation, it still had an obvious arid process in the NFPZC during the past three decades. Such arid process made the NPPCL in the NFPZC decrease 16.61 million tons from 1990 to 1995 and 19.55 million tons from 1995 to 2000. (2) From 1990 to 2000, cultivated land in NFPZC changed intensively. It expanded from 231907 km² in 1990 to 238032 km² in 1995 and 244109 km² in 2000. Such land use process caused the NPPCL in the NFPZC increase 5.36 million tons from 1990 to 1995 and 4.48 million tons from 1995 to 2000. (3) Influenced simultaneously by land use and arid process, NPPCL also changed obviously in NFPZC from 1990 to 2000 with 11.24 million tons decrease during 1990 and 1995 and 15.08 million tons decrease during 1995 and 2000 respectively. Spatially, the NPPCL is sensitive to arid process in the Northwest area of NFPZC, governed by Shanxi province, Gansu province and Ningxia autonomous region. While in the Northeast area of NFPZC governed by Hebei province and Shanxi provinces, land use play the dominate role to influence NPPCL. It suggested that the impacts of both the cultivated land loss and the climate change on cultivated land productivity should be simultaneously concerned to avoid food problems in China.

With the acceleration of the Chinese urbanization, the problems between social economy and environment are increasingly serious, and the contradiction between men and land is even more evident. Therefore, how will the urban land growth in cities tend to change? How can we use urban land in an appropriate way? These have become hot topics among many scientific fields. In this paper, we take Nanjing city as an example, using remote sensing and GIS technology to reveal the spatial-temporal dynamics of urban expansion. According to the specific development stages of Nanjing, we classify the whole period into two phases which are 1988-1997, and 1997-2001, and use TM remote sensing images for the years 1988, 1997, 2001 as the basic data sources. In order to obtain the dynamic characteristics of urban land use, we divide the land use type into three types, which are urban land, watershed and green lands through Supervised Classification method. In this study, we use annual changing rate and the urban land expansion index to understand the urban expansion of each region in Nanjing city. Finally, we provide some suggestions to keep the urban land sustainable.

With significant socioeconomic development and increasing population, land use change is the crucial land management issue in Beijing. The new characteristics of land use change during 1996-2006 and its driving forces in Beijing were analyzed by land use surveying data, which was more accurate and can reflect the real content about land use than remote sensing images. In order to investigate the quantitative information, the direction and spatial pattern of land use change, the transition matrix, landscape metrics and centroid model are chosen in this paper. The study indicates: 1) The land use types of Beijing converted frequently. The area of cropland and grassland lost evidently; much of them converted into residential and industrial land. 2) The number of patches increased rapidly in Beijing during these years. Most land use types had the fragment tendency except for traffic land and residential and industrial land. 3) Centroid model represented the spatial expansion of the cropland and residential and industrial land. The study proposed that increasing population and developing economy were the main driving forces of land use change in Beijing these years.

A robust method to conduct land use change detection between multi-temporal images using projection pursuit learning network architecture (PPLNA) is proposed. The method uses a parallel approach that includes three different PPLNs: two of them are used to generate the change map using the multi-spectral information, while the third produces a change mask exploiting multi-temporality. The distinctive feature and major merit of PPLNA from traditional neural network for land use change detection are the proposed method simultaneously exploits both the post classification of multi-spectral and multi-temporal information that is associated with the changes values of the pixel spectral reflectance, and hence improve the change detection accuracies. To validate the performance of the proposed method, the experiments using the ETM+ images for the area of Calgary have been carried out. The accuracies of the final classification and change detection maps have been evaluated with ground truth comparisons. The experimental result demonstrates that the proposed method achieves better accuracies.

Decision Tree Classification (DTC) is one organizational form of the multi-level recognition system, which changes the complicated classification into simple categories, and then gradually resolves it. The paper does LULC Decision Tree Classification research on some areas of Gansu Province in the west of China. With the mid-resolution remote sensing data as the main data resource, the authors adopt decision-making classification technology method, taking advantage of its character that it imitates the processing pattern of human judgment and thinking and its fault-tolerant character, and also build the decision tree LULC classical pattern. The research shows that the methods and techniques can increase the level of automation and accuracy of LULC information extraction, and better carry out LULC information extraction on the research areas. The main aspects of the research are as follows: 1. We collected training samples firstly, established a comprehensive database which is supported by remote sensing and ground data; 2. By utilizing CART system, and based on multiply sources and time phases remote sensing data and other assistance data, the DTC's technology effectively combined the unsupervised classification results with the experts' knowledge together. The method and procedure for distilling the decision tree information were specifically developed. 3. In designing the decision tree, based on the various object of types classification rules, we established and pruned DTC'S model for the purpose of achieving effective treatment of subdivision classification, and completed the land use and land cover classification of the research areas. The accuracy of evaluation showed that the classification accuracy reached upwards 80%.

Land use/cover change (LUCC) has emerged in the research agenda on global environmental change since the mid-1970s. Considerable progress has been made in LUCC related studies and these research efforts have generated numerous peer-reviewed papers. Because land use dynamics has also been identified as one of the grand challenges of the next generation in environmental sciences, it is important to understand the structure and development of the LUCC research activities. In this study, self-organizing map, a data mining tool that excels in presenting similarities of data based on data contents, is used to visualize the LUCC research activities. We analyze abstracts and introductions of the peer-review journal articles from selected journals. More than 600 articles with land use or land cover in their titles or keywords are included in the analysis. Keywords of the articles, representing different LUCC research topics, are compiled, and the frequencies of these keywords in the articles are counted. The results are presented in map-like displays to illustrate LUCC research activities. A total of eight main research clusters are identified and the research activities within each cluster are discussed.

Taipei Water Source Domain is established to protecting the water source which supplied approximately 5 million populations in the large Taipei living area to avoid destroy and pollution. Therefore, land management of water source domain becomes the key point to prevent these problems. Using the remote sensing technology to manage the land use is the major target in this research. We employed Supervised Classifier to classify the land use and land cover type. We utilize spatial analysis to investigate the current land use condition and employ post-classification comparison algorithm for land use types' change analysis. The classification overall accuracy of 2006 is 95.60%. The result of environmental change detection analysis of land use categories shows that vegetation goes through three period's growth tendency. However, the change analysis through 1998 to 2006 points out the area near Hsin-Dian and Ping-Lin had a magnitude change.

The land resource in the mining area has been destroyed badly, therefore to establish a land reclamation information system of mining area based on GIS is of great significance. The spatial information database of land reclamation is a temporal one due to the change of the land resource within the coal mining area. On the basis of the analysis of the characteristics of the land resource in the subsidence region and the advantage of Event-based and Feature-Based Spatio-temporal Data Model, a spatio-temporal data model based on feature and time-varying sequence of events was proposed in this paper, and this model can be used to manage the land information in the mining area. Meanwhile, the spatial information query and the analytic method were also studied in this paper. The advantage of this model is to keep the integrality of feature entity and to connect ground surface event and underground mining event which cause the land information change in the mining area.

Spatial heterogeneity is usually ignored in previous land use change studies. This paper presents a geographically weighted multinomial logistic regression model for investigating multiple land use conversion in the urban growth process. The proposed model makes estimation at each sample location and generates local coefficients of driving factors for land use conversion. A Gaussian function is used for determine the geographic weights guarantying that all other samples are involved in the calibration of the model for one location. A case study on Springfield metropolitan area is conducted. A set of independent variables are selected as driving factors. A traditional multinomial logistic regression model is set up and compared with the proposed model. Spatial variations of coefficients of independent variables are revealed by investigating the estimations at sample locations.

In recent decades, land use/cover change and its consequences have been an important aspect of geography, ecology, environment science and global change. The Pearl River Delta lying on the mouth of the Pearl River, South China, is an important ecostone between sea and river, terrestrial and hydrology. Since 1990, Land use/cover has changed greatly due to the rapid urbanization in the Pearl River Delta. Farmland area decreases 1414.75km² from 13504.1 km2 to 12089.35 km², the proportion to total land area decreases from 32.82% to 29.35%. Forestland area decreases 904.26 km² between 1990 and 2000. Built land area increases rapidly, in 1990, the area of built land is 1849.60 km2, while in 2000, the built land area reaches 4427.03 km², and the increased area is 2577.43 km². The area of water land, idle land and wetland decrease 55.72 km², 141.47km2 and 14.12 km2 respectively. The transition intension of LUCC is unprecedented, about 25.26% area of total Farmland has involved in this conversion, among this conversion, the change area of farmland converts to built land, water land, forestland, wetland, idle land are 1876.40 km², 1175.61 km², 315.83 km², 31.13 km² and 12.01 km², respectively, the immigrated area is 3410.98 km², and emigrated area is 1994.82 km², most of those land use area loss convert into built land. The immigrated area of other land use to built land in turn is: Farmland >water land >forestland > wetland >idle land, and emigrated area of built land to other land use in turn is as: Farmland>forestland>water land> wetland>idle land. Idle land change intension reaches 80%.The dynamic index indicates that these cities (eg. Zhongshan) are associated with the most land use/cover change process. The cities of Jiangmen, Zhaoqing and Huizhou have lower values of the index. These changes coincide with the land use conversion process, which can reflect the urban and economic development.

China is one of the large coal mining countries in the world. Coal mining accelerates economic prosperity, as well as engenders a series of environment problems either. One of the most obvious problems is that coal mining changes the landforms around the mining areas. Abundant arable area, garden area, forest area and construction area have been changed under the drive of this dynamic landform. The law that other environment elements change resulting from transformation of one element can be analysed by location theory---Concentric-Circle Mode (or Circle Layer Mode) proposed by professor E. W. Burgess of Chicago University. For the case of Longkou coal mining subsidence area in Shandong province, based on the ground measurement elevation data of the years of 1978, 1989, 1995 and 2004, firstly, this paper considers the DEM data of 1978 before subsidence as standard elevation, and calculates the difference value DEM data of three periods through the difference operation of the other later three-period DEM data and the standard elevation. The coal mining subsidence region and area can be figured out, which is grid region and the overall sum of the grid area with z<0. Secondly, by choosing the digital remote sensing images which are the same period with the later three-period DEM data, with operation of the classifier of BP Artificial Nerve Network (BPNN), the author classifies these images by combining spectral information, texture information of remote sensing image with terrain index. Thirdly, under the guidance of location theory, the author uses location index to make "location image". Lastly, with spatial superposition of location image, three-period DEM data and land use classification result, the author figures out the area and proportion of all the land use types in different locations and the transfer matrix of land use types, and analyses the rule of space-time change of land use in different locations, in order to explain the location effect that coal mining subsidence affect land-use change.

In this paper, we analyzed the land resource condition, and utilized remote sensing and GIS technique detecting the land use dynamic from 1976 to 2000 in Tumen River Region, which possess remarkable position in the boundary economic development among Russia, China and North Korea. Based on these work we explained the existent problems of land use in this region, and give some countermeasure for land resources sustainable utilization.

Urban growth modeling, one of the most important aspects of land use and land cover change study, has attracted substantial attention because it helps to comprehend the mechanisms of land use change thus helps relevant policies made. This study applied multinomial logistic regression to model urban growth in the Jiayu county of Hubei province, China to discover the relationship between urban growth and the driving forces of which biophysical and social-economic factors are selected as independent variables. This type of regression is similar to binary logistic regression, but it is more general because the dependent variable is not restricted to two categories, as those previous studies did. The multinomial one can simulate the process of multiple land use competition between urban land, bare land, cultivated land and orchard land. Taking the land use type of Urban as reference category, parameters could be estimated with odds ratio. A probability map is generated from the model to predict where urban growth will occur as a result of the computation.

In this paper, land use changes were studied based on remote sensing classification and comparison of overlapping pixels methods in Jiading district of Shanghai from 1989 to 2006. Multi-source data including four epochs of representative TM images (in years of 1989, 1995, 2001 and 2006) and the vector topographic map were used in our study. Land use classes were first extracted by remote sensing classification after the image preprocessing such as geometric correction and registration, and a change detection method by comparing the pixels in overlapping images was then presented. Based on the classification results of land use classes with four epochs of TM images, the changes of land uses in three time intervals that 1989-1995, 1995-2001 and 2001-2006 were therefore detected by the detection method, and the conversion process of land uses classes for nearly 20 years was further analyzed in the study area. The conclusion was finally made that the continuous construction of building, road and greenbelt in Jiading district in past decades costs the expenses on a lot of cropland, forest and orchard land.

Based on digital Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM/ETM⁺) (1986, 1995, and 2000) imagery interpretation, landscape changes were analyzed in the Jinghe basin, one of the soil erosion regions in China, to provide basic data for local decision-making as well as sustainable landscape use and management. Results showed that landscape from 1986 to 2000 changed at the basin scale as the area of grassland, shrubland, sparse forestland, and water area decreased, while cropland, built-up land, unused land, other forestland, and forestland increased. Landscape changes mainly occurred in cropland, grassland, built-up land, shrubland, and sparse forestland. Moreover, the changes and area in cropland and grassland were the largest, influencing the whole characteristics of the changes in the Jinghe basin. Analysis of the changes between 1986 and 2000 in the study area indicated that bidirectional change between 1995 and 2000 was more obvious than between 1986 and 1995. But landscape use extent between 1986 and 1995 was bigger than between 1995 and 2000. Landscape developed continuously and transformed obviously before 1995, and which were in the regulation stage after 1995. Based on comparing characteristics between big and small remote sensing satellites, we thought that small satellite could be applied in landscape ecology and land use etc for its merit. We were in preparation for using and validating data from a small satellite in studying landscape changes and comparing the results with some results from a small satellite data.

Rapid economic development during the last three decades has caused a large urban expansion in China, especially in the eastern and coastal areas of China. In these areas, a special urban expansion mode, Desakota (Semi-urbanization), is very popular. Wujiang, a typical Desakota are in Sunan, is chose as the research area to study the special urban expansion based on multi-temporal Remote Sensing and GIS. In this study, maximum likelihood supervised classification and post-classification change detection techniques were applied to Landsat MSS/TM images acquired in 1978, 1986, 1993, 2000, and 2004, respectively, to map land cover changes in the Wujiang, China. A supervised classification was carried out on the five images individually with the aid of ground truth data. Ground truth information collected during two field trips conducted between 2005, 2007 and land use map of 1997, 2004 were used to assess the accuracy of the classification results. Using ancillary data, visual interpretation and expert knowledge of the area through GIS further refined the classification results. Post-classification change detection technique was used to produce change image through cross-tabulation calculation. Changes among different land cover classes were assessed. During the study period, a very severe land cover change has taken place as a result of industrial and urban development projects. These changes in land cover led to cropland degradation in the study area. Result indicates the environmental impacts of urban sprawl of Wujiang. The research suggests that human activities, such as urbanization and industrialization, were playing a much more significant role in the change of land cover and landscape pattern during the last 30 years from 1978.

Based on DOM, we use remote sensing (RS) and GIS technology to conduct a macro-description and micro-quantitative analysis research on the dynamic change of Guangzhou City's land-use. We first of all extract the information of Guangzhou City's land-use change, study on a general scale the situations of land-use change in all districts of Guangzhou City, and build a model related to the dynamic change of land-use. Then we analyze the mutual conversions between each land-use type and try to find out the reasons for the conversions. The results show that: The absolute volume of Guangzhou City's land-use type change is huge, in which conversions within the first land-use type predominate; the farmland decrease relatively fast and adjustable land-use type increase substantially. This paper offers some reference to the rapidly-developing urban land-use.

An ideal situation for conducting change detection is to use multi-temporal images acquired from the same sensor. However, many conditions (such as the discontinuity of sensors, weather conditions) would bring an end to the ideal temporal change detection. Imagery availability issues will force change detection studies in the future to increasingly incorporate multiple sensors. This study conducted change detection between Landsat TM (TM) and Landsat MSS (MSS) images from July 30, 1995 to June 2, 2003. The study area was centered on the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in south-central Ontario, Canada. Post-classification change detection was used to determine the type of change between the images. Results demonstrated that despite the different spatial resolution of the MSS and TM data, the change detection using both MSS and TM was similar in results to that of TM alone. A change detection where MSS is resampled to 30 meters was most effective in capturing the amount and type of change in the TM change study.

This study has demonstrated that quantification of subpixel percent imperviousness over time provides a good estimate of urban LCLU change. Furthermore, the combination of Landsat satellite data and high-resolution Quickbird imagery provides the necessary spatial information needed to support subpixel impervious change detection. Subpixel percent imperviousness mapping also provides more information on the spatial extent and intensity of urban LCLU change. This approach provides considerable flexibility in capturing the heterogeneity of urban landcover characteristics. Quantification of urbanization through mapping impervious surface change provides useful data for urban dynamic simulation including model calibration and validation. Regrouped and categorized sub-pixel ISA data to remove uncertainties for a small portion of total ISA pixels was performed. After regrouped and categorized sub-pixel ISA data to remove uncertainties for a small portion of total ISA pixels, the model was used to simulate the historical development of impervious surfaces in the Hangzhou. After the calibration process, the best parameters that matched current and historical growth patterns were selected from different urban density change predictions. The model was then used to make analyze of impervious surface. The results showed lower density urban development to be widespread throughout the wetland, whereas much of the medium to high-density urban development have occurred in proximity to existing urban centers.

This research was done to determine the feasibility of creating a fully functional Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in Ras al Khaimah (RAK) and its implementation strategy and process constrains. The purpose of strategic planning is to create a framework within which the complexity and interdependency of GIS design and implementation can be managed. RAK GIS Project (RAKGIS) is intended not only to serve all departments of the local government, but will embrace the needs of a variety of external agencies, other levels of government, and the private sector. The Emirate has identified and plan to utilized GIS technology as a means for improving its business processes, infrastructure, services, information and decision-making. The processes used in this research project can be divided into three distinct phases: strategy formulation, current situation assessment, and the tactical planning.

The purpose of this study is to describe a new method to evaluate land consolidation's benefits. Integrated benefits evaluation of land consolidation includes the followings: ecological service benefits, social security benefits and economic development benefits, which are the basis of land consolidation benefit's evaluation. First of all, this paper built the evaluation index system consisting of target hierarchy, rule hierarchy and evaluating indexes hierarchy. And then, through calculating integrated correlation degree that influences the benefits, the multi-ingredient of land consolidation's benefits evaluation was transformed into the single-object decision. According to matter-element model, extension theory and correlation function, extensional matter-element model was introduced to calculate land consolidation's benefits. The results indicate that this model can find the interrelationships among the evaluating factors and then calculate the real value of comprehensive benefits, which makes the post-implementation evaluation more valid and effective and reflects the level of land consolidation's benefits.

Up to now, the site selection of deepwater port has become a hot issue in the construction and planning of many estuary port cities. At the same time, there are various schemes about the location of deepwater port in Fuzhou and different opinions on them. Under this background, a new project for Dongluo Island-Port has been put forward. Port engineering has distinct spatial attributes, so its design is closely related to geographic spatial location. According to common engineering technique standards of seaport's location and construction, this paper explores the port area plane design of the new project by spatial analysis means of GIS. Main technical processes include applying the ARC/INFO9.0 and ArcView3.2 software to build elevation data firstly, then overlay the feature coverage to the base map to implement spatial analysis, and obtain the design coverage for port area finally. Combining with technical criterions of port area plane design, the paper analyses the design effect and concludes that the berths arrangement accords with the demand of transport capacity and the items layout accords with the engineering technique criterions as well, therefore the port area plane design is technically feasible as a whole.

The sprawl process in the metropolitan area of the Baltimore-Washington is a typical Bi-polar growing process among corridors. This paper studies the urbanization of Baltimore-Washington region within 200 years. By using the GIS software Mapinfo7.0, we gained the ratio changes of urbanized area to non-urbanized area and the radii of incircle and circumcircle of two regions. Then we took the former as integrated study and the latter as contrastive study. We find that the metropolitan growth has a 30-40-year cycle phenomenon. Both core growth and corridor growth form the urban expansion of Baltimore and Washington, but each of them has different rates and characteristics. This process can be described as "point-line-net-surface growth model". And the urban growth of Baltimore is better than Washington. Usually, traditional studies of spatial sprawls of Bi-polar of growth with Corridor Structures take the Bi-polar of growth with Corridor Structures as a whole to study the expanding process, while this paper tries to reveal the law of the spatial growth of Bi-polar of growth with Corridor Structures by contrasting the growths of cores, the growths of corridors and the growths of core and corridor in two regions. Moreover, this study is built on the GIS platform and takes the GIS as a research base by using GIS software to access and processing of remote sensing data. At the same time, the paper uses the ecological processes model to carry out quantitative study to deepen its understanding on the Bi-polar growing with corridors structure, and this will conducive to scientific urban and regional planning.

During the urbanization process, when facing complex requirements of city development, ever-growing urban data, rapid development of planning business and increasing planning complexity, a scalable, extensible urban planning management information system is needed urgently. PM2006 is such a system that can deal with these problems. In response to the status and problems in urban planning, the scalability and extensibility of PM2006 are introduced which can be seen as business-oriented workflow extensibility, scalability of DLL-based architecture, flexibility on platforms of GIS and database, scalability of data updating and maintenance and so on. It is verified that PM2006 system has good extensibility and scalability which can meet the requirements of all levels of administrative divisions and can adapt to ever-growing changes in urban planning business. At the end of this paper, the application of PM2006 in Urban Planning Bureau of Suzhou city is described.

In this research, we focus on the spatial pattern of the urban expansion. The spatial pattern of the urban area can be quantitatively delineated by many spatial variables. Numerous spatial variables have been examined to evaluate their applicability to the urban change. These metrics include road network accessibility, built-up density and some landscape metrics. Remote sensing technology was used for monitoring dynamic urban change. Multi-temporal Landsat TM images (1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 2000, and 2002) were used for the change detection using post-classification comparison method. The road network and its change were extracted from multitemporal images using the GDPA algorithm. Contagion, one of the landscape metrics, was selected, because it it can describe the heterogeneity of the suburban area, where the landuse change is most likely to happen. Analysis has also been conducted to identify the relationship between urban change and these spatial variables.

The main goal in this study is to explore the spatial relationship of Chinese regional development potential (DP) and resource & environment carrying capacity (REC) in 2000 and 2006 by using meta-synthesis of spatial statistical analysis and GIS technique. The results show that: The spatial distribution trend of DP and REC are overall gradient descending from coastal to inland, then to the western provinces. They all demonstrate that spatial agglomeration with global significant, namely high-DP regions aggregated in the east, low-DP regions aggregated in the west. The high-REC of central, eastern and southern China are improved and aggregated, but the low-REC aggregated in northwest. Chinese regional DP and REC are divided into five different kinds of regions based on the results of k-means clustering analysis and spatial clustering, which demonstrate that each area's DP and REC's spatial association measure is not very obviously. Compared to the high-DP region, the low-DP region is more restricted to the REC.

A study on the change feature of the construction land is very important to the construction land plan and management in Sichuan Province. Therefore, this paper tries to discover the change feature of the construction land in Sichuan province by using the technologies of remote sensing and GIS. The dynamic change feature revealed in the paper is that the net increased construction land totally amounts to 33854 hectares that is mainly resulted from the transformation of cultivation, accounting for percent 84. In terms of the environment features of the construction land change, the net increased construction land that mainly occurred in the regions with the slope below five degree accounts for percent 88 while that mainly occurred in the regions with slight and light soil erosion accounts for percent 94 and that mainly occurred in the regions with the environment quality grade above grade seven accounts for percent 91. The spatial distribution feature of the construction land change is that the net increased construction land is mainly distributed in the plain and hills, accounting for percent 80, and mainly distributed in Chengdu, Leshan, Meishan and Mianyan cities, accounting for percent 53. It was also shown that the cites whose construction land sprawled above 0.7 times their areas in 1995 included Ya'an, Zigong, Leshan and Mianyang.

Based on RS and GIS, the 2003a's aerial image data of Shanghai is taken as data source. According to the urban green landscape theory, the green landscapes are well classified to park, street green landscape, affiliation green landscape, inhabited green landscape, production green landscape and defending green landscape, et al. Several spatio-temporal models including the space expansion models and ecological analyzing models for urban green landscape have been constructed and calculated. Then, based on the ORDBMS platform PostgreSQL and OGIS MapServer, the urban green landscape database including the above six types green landscapes spatial data and model system of Shanghai have been developed. At last, using the powerful statistics analysis function of the model system, this paper discusses and reveals the impacts of urban space development on green landscape pattern, structure and function. At the same time, the general distribution characteristics of green landscape pattern have been researched at three levels such as green patch level, type level and mosaics structure of different green landscapes. The urban green landscapes model system of Shanghai based on MapServer provides a powerful interactive and perfect platform for governments to make urban planning decisions and landscape study.

Urban and Rural Integrated Cadastre (URIC) has been the subject of great interests for modern cadastre management. It is highly desirable to develop a rational data model for establishing an information system of URIC. In this paper, firstly, the old cadastral management mode in China was introduced, the limitation was analyzed, and the conception of URIC and its development course in China were described. Afterwards, based on the requirements of cadastre management in developed region, the goal of URIC and two key ideas for realizing URIC were proposed. Then, conceptual management mode was studied and a data model of URIC was designed. At last, based on the raw data of land use survey with a scale of 1:1000 and urban conversional cadastral survey with a scale of 1:500 in Jiangyin city, a well-defined information system of URIC was established according to the data model and an uniform management of land use and use right and landownership in urban and rural area was successfully realized. Its feasibility and practicability was well proved.

This paper has discussed the measurement of house property areas for high-level and complex building. The conditions analysis based on building itself and surrounding construction site considered, we propose the methods of the measurement of the side length of outward wall, the coordinates in the housing corner feature points and the area calculation by total station survey. The method for area calculation with the amendment to housing corner feature points by total stations been pointed out. The analysis has been investigate to the range between the side length of the wall and the coordinates obtained through the coordinates observations of the housing corner feature points on the high-level standards or heterogeneous layer by the total station and the cumulative value measured by steel ruler or handheld range finder on each side indoor measurement, so that the accuracy of the property areas can be controlled. At the same time the determination principles and model for share property areas are discussed, two logical models are put forward.

City plays a strong role in the development of national economy and society. But its high economic development speed results in big resource depletion and environmental pressure. The coupling law between economic development and eco-environment refers to the collection of all interaction non-linear relations among economic, social and eco-environmental system during the economic development course. Many large cities have been in the medium or later stage of industrialization while medium-sized cities are just in the beginning for the industrialization. For this special development period of industrialization of medium-sized city, it is a great practical significance for analyzing the coupling law of the interaction between economic development and eco-environment. In this paper, Lianyungang City was selected as the study demonstration area. 6 mathematics models for describing the quantitative relations between environment and economic development were achieved through the analysis of the relativity and quadratic and cubic equation fit and regression based on the data of environmental quality, pollutant discharge and economic development in the period of the years 1983-2006. The results showed that there exists the coupling law of the Interaction between Economic Development and Eco-environment. Through the establishment of conceptual model, the coupling law of the interaction between economic development and eco-environment in Lianyungang City was quantitatively analyzed and studied, which is helpful for the comprehensive policy-making and sustainable development in medium-sized city.

In the past researches, industrial cluster mainly focused on single or particular industry and less on spatial industrial structure and mutual relations. Industrial cluster could generate three kinds of spillover effects, including knowledge, labor market pooling, and input sharing. In addition, industrial cluster indeed benefits industry development. To fully control the status and characteristics of district industrial cluster can facilitate to improve the competitive ascendancy of district industry. The related researches on industrial spatial cluster were of great significance for setting up industrial policies and promoting district economic development. In this study, an improved model, GeoSOM, that combines DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) and SOM (Self-Organizing Map) was developed for analyzing industrial cluster. Different from former distance-based algorithm for industrial cluster, the proposed GeoSOM model can calculate spatial characteristics between firms based on DBSCAN algorithm and evaluate the similarity between firms based on SOM clustering analysis. The demonstrative data sets, the manufacturers around Taichung County in Taiwan, were analyzed for verifying the practicability of the proposed model. The analyzed results indicate that GeoSOM is suitable for evaluating spatial industrial cluster.

The relation between city positioning and people's life & production is very close. City positioning method can reflect the city's management level and the city's modernization degree. By virtue of the example of digital city management system, the author first analyzed the traditional method of city positioning, then aiming at the characteristics of streetlight which distributes regular and neatly in city, put forward the method of city positioning based on streetlight. In this paper, the author mainly discussed the streetlight's encoding method, positioning method based on streetlight and its application requests.

As one of the most important aquatic products raising bases of Guangdong province in China, Zhelin Bay has experienced high intensity of exploitation and utilization during the recent decades. This paper aims at the dynamic change of Zhelin Bay, multi-source data of digital land use map, topographical map, and geomorphological map of the National Coastal Survey of china in 1980s, Landsat TM satellite imagery obtained in 2000, land use data in 2000, as well as SPOT imagery and land use data from the newly National 908 Remote Sensing Survey were used. The data were preprocessed in a uniform mathematical foundation at first. Water area rate, open degree, and morphology coefficient which can depict the change of bays in different respect were taken as quantitative indicators to analyze the morphological changes of Zhelin Bay. The classification based on these indicators was then made in each period of time. Finally, the comprehensive spatio-temporal change of the bay was evaluated in a Changing Index model. Analysis results show that, during the latest 20 years, the water area rate has changed evidently from 0.8503 to 0.7410, leading to the category of Zhelin Bay changed from entire-water bay to much-water bay. Besides, the Changing Index of Zhelin Bay during the latest 20 years is 0.44%. Reasons for the change were discussed and some suggestions were given in the end of the paper.

Pedestrian are one main component in urban space, and it's they that influence and determine urban layout. Spatial visibility analysis is a novel method in urban morphology and spatial configuration. Spatial visibility analysis in urban morphology mainly studies on spatial features (street network for instance) in the city configuration and visibility with humans in it. Through building the visibility of urban space, we can predict pedestrians flow movement trends to analyze the spatial modes. We hypothesis individuals move on street network and change their ways of movement at road crosses with viewshed directions. We can apply the isovist or viewshed to direct their behaviors, and we can analyze the distribution of pedestrian flows potentially. In urban planning, the distribution of facility locations must be consistent with pedestrian flows, and we can offer the estimate through the approach above. The paper first discusses the principle of pedestrian behaviors based on viewshed and the concepts of visibility centricity, then quantifies the parameters of visibility analysis on viewpoints to explore urban morphology of street network of WUHAN ZHONGNAN district. We extract the viewpoints with higher value and draw their distribution map. At the same time we survey the pedestrian facilities locations in city. This paper reveals the consistent relationship between them and demonstrates the influences of geometric features on pedestrian facilities locations over metropolitan's areas based one visibility analysis.

With the development and expansion of city, there are many problems in city management. For example: the information is not timely, the duty of many departments is unclear, the effective supervision and appraising mechanism is shortage and so on. In order to solve the problems, the urban management GIS are designed and constructed, the grid technology is applied to urban management GIS, the basis data model for urban infrastructural facilities is constructed, the method for dividing the urban grid is researched, the components and events of facilities are coded, the manage processes are rebuilt, and then the software for grid management is designed and implemented. The authors take the grid construction of Guangzhou city as an example to represent the system tentative plan.

With the recent availability of commercial high resolution remote sensing panchromatic imagery from sensors such as IKONOS and QUICKBIRD, it is possible to extract individual objects such as buildings from the imagery. However, traditional extraction methods cannot get the desired accuracy, because knowledge is not utilized. In this paper, we put forward a texture-based approach to get building information from the panchromatic imagery. Firstly, the image is segmented based on texture of variogram feature. Building corner structure knowledge is also combined to detect and connect building edges. Then we fill interiors of buildings through seed filling algorithm. In the final stage, point noises and linear noises are eliminated from the imagery through area or shape index value. The accuracy assessment adopted in this paper is GIS overlay analysis, which shows that 93.9% of building information is extracted correctly. The result indicates that the approach supplies another new technique for interpreting high spatial resolution remotely sensed imagery.

Solving the problem of the land property right on the shared parcel demands the integration of real estate information into cadastral management. Therefore a new cadastral feature named Shared Plot is introduced. After defining the shared plot clearly and describing its characteristics in detail, the impact resulting from the new feature on the traditional cadastral model composed of three cadastral features - parcels, parcel boundary lines and parcel boundary points is focused on and a four feature cadastral model that makes some amendments to the three feature one is put forward. The new model has been applied to the development of a new generation of real estate integrated cadastral information system, which incorporates real estate attribute and spatial information into cadastral database in addition to cadastral information. The system has been used in several cities of Zhejiang Province and got a favorable response. This verifies the feasibility and effectiveness of the model to some extent.

The regional public logistics center (PLC) is the intermedium that transports goods or commodity from producer to wholesaler, retailer and end consumer through whole supply chains. According to the Central Place Theory, the PLC should be multi-centric and of more kinds of graded degrees. From the road network planning discipline, an unique index---Importance Degree, is presented to measure the capacity of a PLC. The Importance Degree selects three township criteria: total population, gross industry product and budget income as weights to calculate the weighted vectors by principle component analysis method. Finally, through the clustering analysis, we can get the graded degrees of PLCs. It proves that that this research method is very effective for the road network planning of Zhengzhou City.

Based on the overexploitation of real estate in urban waterfront the paper elucidates the result of its negative influence to urban ecosystem and evolvement, we take Nanjing as an example, point out overexploitation of real estate is the main factor of accelerating the problems of 'aquatic ecosystem', 'water evolvement', 'landscape' and 'urban heat island', discuss the countermeasures to the problem, point out the importance of legislation and planning as well as the importance of constructing urban-wide 'aquatic ecosystem' and intensifying education and propagandism, provide some measures in public opinion supervision, and emphasize government should play the leading function in the whole process.

The great changes in quantity and distribution of industry land of Tangshan city have taken place with the industrial boosting and shifting of Beijing-Tianjin district, especially the industry transferring toward coastal areas in Hebei Province. Study on the industrial land distribution, spatial pattern and expanding mode will help to establish rational land use planning and control the industrial land scale. RS and GIS were integrated to detect land use change and reveal the increase origin of industry land between 1993 and 2003. The indicators of barycenters transformation and landscape index were computed to present the spatial extension of industrial land in Tangshan city. The result shows that the scale of industrial land increased continuously from 6954.6 hm² to 8177.6 hm² by cultivated land transformation. The structure barycenter of industrial land moved 0.68 km westward and 0.24 km northward respectively. With industrial land patch increasing from 108 to 131, fractal dimensions and broken degree increased from 1.049 to 1.058 in ten years, and average patch area decreased from 62.82 hm² to 55.61 hm². Finally an industrial land spatial distribution mode was put forward based on the development stage and industrialization levels in Tangshan city.

Agriculture land is the most fundamental material of production, and is man's indispensable living condition for existence. Agricultural land prices reflect not only the uses of agricultural land, but the potential uses as well. This paper reviews the valuation on agricultural land prices in western developed countries and the development courses of agricultural land appraisal, especially valuation on agricultural land standard prices in China. The problems in the valuation at present are analyzed. According to the thinking of "first gradating and then evaluating," "Agriculture Land Gradation and Evaluation Information System" (ALGEIS) based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is developed. As a case study, the proposed method is applied to value agricultural land standard prices in Yunan County, Guangdong Province, China. The case study shows that the proposed method is a practical and satisfactory one. The applications of achievements of valuation on agricultural land prices are discussed, which effectively promote the reform and development of land resources administration. Developing agriculture land gradation and evaluation information system based on GIS, can satisfy spatial, dynamic, quantitive and comprehensive requests in valuation on agriculture land.

Over the past ten years, the development of urban planning support systems has made remarkable progress, yet most of urban planning support systems based on GIS do not readily fit the changing professional requirements of the urban-rural spatial development planning because they are far too generic, complex, inflexible and incompatible with most spatial development planning tasks. Accordingly, how to effectively build up a platform orienting towards planning tasks and planners rather than technology itself by using GIS is still a challenge. The research in this paper analyzes the status quo of urban-rural spatial planning technological system and methodology and proposes the idea of design, development and application of urban-rural spatial development planning platform (URSDPP) based on the GIS technology. The methodology and key technologies needed for building URSDPP are discussed. The logical framework and software modules are illustrated which clearly manifest how GIS work together with other technologies. Three case studies are introduced which proves the advancement, reliability and suitability of URSDPP.

Along with the development of Digital City and its practical applications, various urban geographic information systems (UGIS) has contributed enormously to the government's information services and decision-making process. However, the data redundancy has become a practical issue, which makes planners difficult to derive required data effectively from a large amount of data from UGIS databases. Based on comparison of the planning support system (PSS) with other UGIS, requirements of planning support based on GIS is discussed. Aiming at providing effective data and methods for urban planning, the paper explored GIS-based approaches for planning support in which spatial analysis played an important role and put forward a technological model to analyze urban problems in a dynamic environment to provide ideas and hints for further development of urban planning theories and practice.

Differing from optical remote sensing image, radar remote sensing image can be used to extract more useful information, and its application is becoming widespread in a variety of fields. Based on the central place theory, the spatial structure of urban system in the Northern China Plain is studied by using Radarsat ScanSAR mosaic image. The results show that: (1) Radarsat ScanSAR data are suitable for automatic extraction of building-up areas and has meaningful potential for urban geographic study. (2) The urban system in the Northern China Plain, which is deeply influenced by physical factors, especially hydrographic factors, can be divided into five categories: urban system of equal distance between central places on fluvial fan region at Mt.Taihangshan; hexagonal urban system in central part of Hebei flood plain; pentagonal urban system in the Yellow River fluvial fan; quadrilateral urban system in the vicinity of Huaihe River system; and scattered new towns in the places of rolling hills in central and southern areas of Shandong Province. (3) An evolution model of central place system from hexagon to pentagon and quadrangle influenced by river is suggested. (4) No matter hexagonal or pentagonal urban systems, this study has demonstrated that there are good relationship between the distance structure model of the central place and the real-life instance.

Urbanization transforms the natural landscape to anthropogenic urban land use and changes surface physical characteristics. Accurate information on the extent of urban growth and its impacts on environment are of great interest for diverse purposes. As a result, increased research interest is being directed to the mapping and monitoring of urban land use using remote sensing techniques. However, there are many challenges in deriving urban extent and development densities quantitatively. This study utilized remote sensing data of Landsat TM/ETM+ to assess urban sprawl and its thermal characteristics in Changsha of central China. A new approach was proposed for quantitatively determining urban land use extents and development densities. Firstly, impervious surface areas were mapped by integrating spectral index derived from remotely sensed data. Then, the urban land extents and development densities were identified by using moving window calculation and selecting certain threshold values. The urban surface thermal patterns were investigated using Landsat thermal band. Analysis results suggest that urban extent and development density and surface thermal characteristics and patterns can be identified through qualitatively based remotely sensed index and land surface temperature. Results show the built-up area and urban development densities have increased significantly in Changsha city since 1990s. The differences of urban development densities correspond to thermal effects where higher percent imperviousness is usually associated with higher surface temperature. Remotely sensed index and land surface temperature are demonstrated to be very useful sources in quantifying urban land use extent, development intensity, and urban thermal patterns.

Since 1990s and especially since 2000, the city space of Beijing has grown rapidly. There's no doubt that the urban construction land area is expanding to the suburban areas, which is the result of rapid social and economic growth in the city and also closely related to the reform of "turning county into district". In other words, the adjustment of administrative division in Beijing interacts with the expansion of urban construction land space. Beijing turns counties into districts and introduces regional offices are two distinct evidence. As for the interaction, there're both advantages and disadvantages and the focus of the article is to explore how to exploit the favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones. The article takes the town administrative region as the minimum space unit so as to better explore the anisotropism and regional differences of city space expansion as well as the impact caused by the adjustment of administrative divisions. With initial analysis, we find that: firstly, on the contrary to the sharp reduction of farming land, the city construction land are for residential communities, factories and mines increases the fastest; secondly, the big central cluster expansion has great regional difference and the three directions of northwest, north and south grows the fastest, which is mainly caused by the positive guidance of trunk roads including highway construction; thirdly, the land area in central cluster used for new construction projects is mainly located in suburban area, but exurb districts of Daxing and Changping also take up a considerable proportion; fourthly, as for the key exurb towns including Changping, Shunyi, and Fangshan, the built-up area also grows rapidly.

Considering the demand of urban and rural planning and the characteristics of spatial information technology (SIT), the study focuses on the application of SIT to support multi-scale urban planning. Three scales of urban and rural planning, such as city and town system planning, urban master planning, and detailed urban planning, were studied based on SIT. Firstly, tacking Great Beijing Region as an example, which includes Beijing, Tianjin, and northern of Hebei province, the city and town system planning was studied, supported by the theory of spatial interaction between cities and towns, and GIS spatial analysis. Then, for the urban master planning of Beijing, the RS and GIS were applied to do the spatial development analysis based on RS image data and GIS spatial analysis. Regarding to the conservation planning of Beijing's Inner city, the third scale is detailed urban planning. RS, GIS, and VR were integrated to determine the conservation region and digital conservation way as well. Finally, three conclusions were worked out.

Each city has its unique urban form. The importance of urban form on sustainable development has been recognized in recent years. Traditionally, air quality modelling in a city is in a mesoscale with grid resolution of kilometers, regardless of its urban form. This paper introduces a GIS-based air quality and noise model system developed to study the built environment of highly compact urban forms. Compared with traditional mesoscale air quality model system, the present model system has a higher spatial resolution down to individual buildings along both sides of the street. Applying the developed model system in the Macao Peninsula with highly compact urban forms, the average spatial resolution of input and output data is as high as 174 receptor points per km². Based on this input/output dataset with a high spatial resolution, this study shows that even the highly compact urban forms can be fragmented into a very small geographic scale of less than 3 km². This is due to the significant temporal variation of urban development. The variation of urban form in each fragment in turn affects air dispersion, traffic condition, and thus air quality and noise in a measurable scale.

In this paper, the overall design of "The digital atlas of regional development in China," topical design, structural design, map groups and the laws reflected, and the function of "E-Atlas" were discussed.

In this paper, the spatial changes of suburbanization is analyzed in Shanghai by selecting industrial and residential data layers upon the land-use data of Shanghai in 1979, 1988, 2000 which interpreted from remote sensing data. First, industrial and residential land-use data in different time were overlaid in ArcGIS to reflect changes of spatial distribution. Second, the distribution of industrial and residential land-use was mapped for different time by concentric analysis sector of ARCGIS so as to measure the rate and nature of industrial and residential land-use changes from 1979 to 2000 in Shanghai. Third, the expansion strength of industrial and residential land-use in Shanghai was measured by ArcGIS grid analysis to classify the expanding rate of industrial and residential land-use into six grades: very fast expansion, fast expansion, medium-fast expansion, slow expansion, none expansion and reverse expansion.

The high resolution images are taken as the information source to attempt the inversion detection of the spatial resources use in the investigation area. Through visual interpretation of geometry shape of the remote sensing data, inquiry of historical archives of city planning department and in situ investigation, confirmation, analysis of each region, the distinction pattern of relations between the structure height, the structure style and the depth of the foundation ditch is established. Afterwards, the spatial distribution of the construction in Hangzhou urban area is interpreted. On the basis of the foundation pattern used by the construction and correlating distinction pattern, the used subsurface space structure is determined with the help of GIS spatial statistical analysis technology. The result can provide macroscopic information for investigating usable subsurface space resources. It also can assist the engineering geology and hydrology geology data to establish full and accurate analysis of subsurface space use, which provide the policy-making suggestion for the cultural relics preservation and the important project using subsurface space such as the subway construction.

For the reason of embedded processors and embedded operating systems, and under the rapid motivation of application demands, cross platform technique has become a key point and developing direction in embedded GIS field, with the main purpose that once the application software has been written, it can run on multiple platforms with little modification or without modification. At present, cross platform technique includes three major aspects: middleware technique, Java Virtual Machine technique and abstract layer technique. Among these three techniques, the realization process of middleware has a close contact with the host operating system platform. Java Language has a good cross platform property relying on Java virtual machine, but code execution efficiency is poor. Abstract layer technique also has a good cross platform property, high code execution efficiency and better expansibility, but the interface definition and relative realization of abstract layer are more complicated. A fine software system architecture structure is important to ensure success for any software system. Obeying the hierarchical and modular design principle of cross platform software methods, after analyzing and comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the three cross platform techniques in details, abstract layer technique is adopted in this paper to design the software system architecture of embedded GIS cross platform, and describes the interior components of software developing platform layer. At present this cross platform architecture has been successfully realized on WinCE and Vxworks platforms, and the performance of operating map is very good.

The Web based Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are applied widely, and most of them are facing the challenge of performance deterioration when have large capacity data and the demand of interactive application within web page. In this paper, a system named Foshan city Police GIS (PGIS) has been constructed based on ArcServer (published by ESRI company) to satisfy the demand of performance and expansibility of the large scale Web GIS, and some main aspects which affect Web GIS's performance have been tested, including layer's amount, raster data's compress, pyramidal storage plan, database optimization, disk array, and cache plan. With the analysis of the tests, we can form strategies to satisfy different environments and demands.

The word "Digital Township" comes from "Digital Earth", "Digital China", "Digital City" and "Digital Agriculture". According to theory and technology of "Digital Earth", regarding the research all over the world, "Digital Township" means describing the whole village or town with digital information technology. That is built on the basis of computers, networks, multimedia, mass memory store and other technologies. It describes the village or town by abundant information of multi-resolution, multi-scale and multi-dimension with 3S technology, so that it can provide service for scientific management, decision making and sustainable development of the village or town. In this paper, the main configuration of "Digital Township" is discussed. Then, the construction idea of "Digital Township" and the problems we may meet are put forward. At last, a case of Xiangyin town of Shandong province is illustrated. Xiangyin made beneficial attempt to build its "Digital Township" system. This work is a very good demonstration and induction of digital Township construction. However, there is a long way for all constructors of Digital Township.

Human beings is entering the Information Age, and E-government has become the main direction of the administrating innovation for many countries. It is the E-government information's character of geographical space and positional relevancy that makes E-government GIS that utilize spatial data and related technologies play important role in government administration. The paper comprehensively studied on application the running mechanism, the model of frame and the guarantee of data in E-government GIS.

The Chinese traditional architecture belongs to an experience type construction system with strict standardization. In wooden structure design and construction, the modulization and standardization is required, which just corresponds to the requirement of standardization and precision of CAD in nowadays. Therefore, CAD can be applied to measure and record historic architecture. In the 2D imaging, the single members such as dou (bracket set) gong (bracket arm), beams, columns and other basic units can be recorded accurately through CAD to build up a relative database system as well as to provide basic data platform for studying the whole wooden frameworks. Meantime, such data can be used again while redesign. Furthermore, area models could be also applied to the urban conservation arrangement of ancient imperial palace, imperial city and capital city. The 3D mathematical model shows the scene of single building, groups of building and their details directly. According to the various types of buildings, with the different precisions, parameterized model base is established for further research and application.

The Texas Forest Service (TFS) has developed a geographic information system (GIS) for use by agency personnel in central Texas for managing oak wilt suppression and other landowner assistance programs. This Enterprise GIS system was designed to support multiple concurrent users accessing shared information resources. The disconnected editing approach was adopted in this system to avoid the overhead of maintaining an active connection between TFS central Texas field offices and headquarters since most field offices are operating with commercially provided Internet service. The GIS system entails maintaining a personal geodatabase on each local field office computer. Spatial data from the field is periodically up-loaded into a central master geodatabase stored in a Microsoft SQL Server at the TFS headquarters in College Station through the ESRI Spatial Database Engine (SDE). This GIS allows users to work off-line when editing data and requires connecting to the central geodatabase only when needed.

This article calculated the distribution of the index temperature-humidity and wind effect in Chongqing based on the spatial distribution of temperature, sunshine duration, wind speed, and relative humidity, which considering the influence of terrain. With the guide line of W. H. Terjung Method, we categorized the distribution of comfortable climate for tourism in Chongqing. The results showed that the distribution of comfortable climate for tourism in Chongqing basically consistent with the actual situation, and has the typical of regional and seasonal characters, Comparing to spatial interpolation methods of the past which do not consider the role of terrain effects. It is a useful experiment in the study of the comfortable climate for tourism over the rugged areas.

Traditionally, cultural relics were recorded in a 2D (2 dimensions) method such as paper maps, pictures, multi-media, micro-models and so on. This paper introduces the archaeology management system based on EV-Globe (Earth View-Globe - spatial information service platform on virtual 3D environment) for the cultural relics along the Eastern Route Project (ERP) of South-to-North Water Diversion (SNWD). Integrate the spatial and attribute data of the cultural relics along ERP of SNWD processed by SuperMap deskpro2005 with the relative basic geological data based on the platform of EV-Globe and develop a series of functions based on the SDK (Software Development Kit), and so the relics can be managed visually, at the same time the system may assist the archaeologists and some researchers in managing and studying the cultural relics. Some conception and conceiving of web and mobile version is put forward for next researching.

Forest plays an important part in the sustainable development. Digital forest implementation will be helpful in cognizing and managing the forest. The paper discusses the programming theory of digital forest construction, and constructs the basic framework of digital forest using a series of modern information technologies, including integration of GPS, GIS and RS, software development and computer network. Taking monitoring of forestry biological pest as a thematic application case and adopting a series of successfully developed systems, this paper validates that it is feasible to implement digital forest with this method.

Over the past more than four decades since its inception in the 1960s, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has become more advanced and technologically mature in its geoprocessing and analytical tools. This paper provides an overview of the evolution of GIS, and puts forward my viewpoint that the development of GIS is intimately related to that of the three disciplines which constitute the core of GIS: Geography Science, Information Science, and Computer Science. Based on the analysis on the future development of Geography Science, Information Science, and Computer Science, as well as their crossover, infiltration, and integration trend, the paper provides an outlook on the prospect of GIS being developed into a system of Geographic Information Science and realizing a "Digital Earth" engineering.

This article summarizes several kinds of interactive tasks and tools in 2D vector graphic system, analyses an ordinary design idea for interactive tool. We find that it is difficult to find a point of balance between user experience and code's maintainability and extensibility. So we present a design idea for smart handle-based interactive tool. Handles are usually expressed as rectangles or circles when graphic-cells are selected. Smart handle is a concept proposed in this paper. Compared with the handle, smart handle knows how to operate its own graphic-cell. So a complicated interactive task is assigned to every smart handle. It proves that this is a better solution to solve a contradiction between user experience and code's maintainability and extensibility.

To study spatial distribution of rural tourism can provide scientific decision basis for developing rural economics. Traditional ways of tourism spatial distribution have some limitations in quantifying priority locations of tourism development on small units. They can only produce the overall tourism distribution locations and whether locations are suitable to tourism development simply while the tourism develop ranking with different decision objectives should be considered. This paper presents a way to find ranking of location of rural tourism development in spatial by integrating multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and geography information system (GIS). In order to develop country economics with inconvenient transportation, undeveloped economy and better tourism resource, these locations should be firstly develop rural tourism. Based on this objective, the tourism develop priority utility of each town is calculated with MCDA and GIS. Towns which should be first develop rural tourism can be selected with higher tourism develop priority utility. The method is used to find ranking of location of rural tourism in Ningbo City successfully. The result shows that MCDA is an effective way for distribution rural tourism in spatial based on special decision objectives and rural tourism can promote economic development.

With the development of internet and such info-technologies as, Information Superhighway, Computer Technology, Remote Sensing(RS), Global Positioning System(GPS), Digital Communication and National Information Network(NIN),etc. Geographic Information System (GIS) becomes more and more popular in fields of science and industries. It is not only feasible but also necessary to apply GIS to large-scale sport games. This paper firstly discussed GIS technology and its application, then elaborated on the frame and content of Sport-Games Geography Information System(SG-GIS) with the function of gathering, storing, processing, sharing, exchanging and utilizing all kind of spatial-temporal information about sport games, and lastly designed and developed a public service GIS for the 6^th Asian Winter Games in Changchun, China(CAWGIS). The application of CAWGIS showed that the established SG-GIS was feasible and GIS-based sport games information system was able to effectively process a large amount of sport-games information and provide the real-time sport games service for governors, athletes and the public.

Voice technology is one of the important contents to improve the intelligence and humanization of tourism service system. Combining voice technology, the paper concentrates on application needs and the composition of system to present an overall intelligent tourism service system's framework consisting of presentation layer, Web services layer, and tourism application service layer. On the basis, the paper further elaborated the implementation of the system and its key technologies, including intelligent voice interactive technology, seamless integration technology of multiple data sources, location-perception-based guides' services technology, and tourism safety control technology. Finally, according to the situation of Nanjing tourism, a prototype of Tourism Services System is realized.

The inherent flaws in current network, especially the inadequate IP address space, make the born of NGN (Next Generation Network). The NGN aims to enable the information sharing and inter-operation of heterogeneous networks. As the core of NGN, IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), which is designed as the successor of IPv4 running now, brings us many new features. It provides larger address space, supports mobile devices, and has built-in security policy, and so on. Although it brings us so many advantages and the backbone of NGN also has been constructed in many countries, we have difficulties moving to NGN. One of the main reasons is there are few killer applications for it. So what features can be employed by GIS, and how to use them is the main content of this paper. The IPv6 certainly offers new entry to solve some problems in GIS.

The results of Urban Land Grading reflect the differences of land quality among the cities. It takes a city as a point, and studies land quality under the influence of the various social, natural and economic conditions. The former classification of urban land is mainly depend on two method: Histogram Method and K-Means clustering analysis. But, both methods have clear limitations as follows: the method of Histogram Method depends on experts' experience, and the accuracy is not high; the method of K-Means clustering analysis mainly depends on attribute neighboring relations of city's grading scores, but neglects spatial distribution characteristics and geometry neighboring relations among cities. In this paper, we regard the city grading operation as a particular application of multi-objective spatial decision making problem, because it has both statistical object (within-grade homogeneity) and geographical object (equal-grade cities with geographical contiguity). And we adopt evolutionary approaches to resolve it.

The cadastral plays a very important role in managing spatial and non-spatial legal real property information. And the legal aspect is the important component of the cadastral. And the success of a cadastral system is not dependent on its legal or technical sophistication, but whether it protects land rights adequately and permits those rights to be traded (where appropriate) efficiently, simply, quickly, securely and at low cost. However, the ambiguity of legal cadastral domain has been the major barrier to data integration and interoperability. This paper intends to optimize the concept model of legal cadastral domain based on the model established in my previous paper which can be a first step towards facilitate the effective interchange of cadastral information and the administration of land use. And the way expressing these conceptions and relationships between them was an object-oriented approach in ontology principles. The outcome of this paper is also a basic but better expression legal cadastral domain model of china.

Many Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSSs) have been developed for environmental and natural resources decision-making in recent years. However, an important limitation of the SDSS applications is that they are not interoperable. Several issues prevent the further development of SDSS applications such as the incapability of sharing and reusing existing heterogeneous data and geoprocessing. This paper proposed a framework of web services-based interoperable SDSSs using geospatial semantic technologies such as ontology, web services and service-oriented architecture for decision-making. The proposed interoperable SDSS enables decision-makers to reuse and integrate geospatial data and geoprocessing from heterogeneous sources across the Internet. Based on the proposed framework, a prototype to assist in protective boundary delimitation for Lunan Stone Forest Conservation has been implemented to demonstrate how ontology-based web services and the services-oriented architecture (SOA) contribute to the development of interoperable SDSSs.

In many spatial analyses and visualizations related to terrain, a high resolution and accurate digital surface model (DSM) is essential. To develop a robust interpolation and smoothing solutions for airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) point clouds, we introduce the weighted adaptive mapping LS-SVM to fit the LIDAR data. The SVM and the weighted LS-SVM are introduced to generate DSM for the sub-region in the original LIDAR data, and the generated DSM for this region is optimized using the points located within this region and additional points from its neighborhood. The fitting results are adaptively optimized by the local standard deviation and the global standard deviation, which decide whether the SVM or the weighted LS-SVM is applied to fit the sub-region. The smooth fitting results on synthesis and actual LIDAR data set demonstrate that the proposed smooth fitting method is superior to the standard SVM and the weighted LS-SVM in robustness and accuracy.

In this paper, the existing problems of current tourism management information system are analyzed. GIS, tourism as well as spatial decision support system are introduced, and the application of geographic information system technology and spatial decision support system to tourism management and the establishment of tourism spatial decision support system based on GIS are proposed. System total structure, system hardware and software environment, database design and structure module design of this system are introduced. Finally, realization methods of this systemic core functions are elaborated.

Study on spatial distribution of geospatial industry is essential for industrial layout. By choosing the typical industry index for each industrial branch, sorting, scoring and calculating by weight, this paper calculates out the value of spatial distribution index for each province which quantitatively reflects the status of spatial distribution of geospatial industry in China. According to the index value, five levels of provinces are divided: the leading provinces, the well-developed provinces, the better developed provinces, the developing provinces and the under-developed provinces. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the spatial diffusion process of the geospatial technology in China, as well as the influence factors for each industry branches, and try to find out the reason of the current status of spatial distribution in China.

With more surveying practice and deeper application, data post-process for airborne LiDAR system has been extracted lots of attention in data accuracy, post-process, fusion, modeling, automation and visualization. However, post-process and flexible visualization were found to be the bottle-neck which limits the LiDAR data usage for industrial applications. The cause of above bottle-neck problems is great capacity for LiDAR system. Thus in article a geocoding index based multivariate data management and adaptive visualization will be studied for based on the feature of airborne LiDAR's data to improve automatization of post-process and surveying efficiency.

After three decades' rapid economic development, Guangdong province faces to thorny problems related to pollution, resource shortage and environmental deterioration. What is worse, the future accelerated development, urbanization and industrialization also comes at the cost of regional imbalance with economic gaps growing and the quality of life in different regions degrading. Development and Reform Commission of Guangdong Province (GDDRC) started a spatial planning project under the national frame in 2007. The prospective project is expected to enhance the equality of different regions and balance the economic development with environmental protection and improved sustainability. This manuscript presents the results of scientific research aiming to develop a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) for this spatial planning project. The system composes four modules include the User interface module (UIM), Spatial Analyze module (SAM), Database management module (DMM) and Help module (HM) base on ArcInfo, JSP/Servlet, JavaScript, MapServer, Visual C++ and Visual Basic technologies. The web-based SDSS provides a user-friendly tool for local decision makers, regional planners and other stakeholders in understanding and visualizing the different territorial dimensions of economic development against sustainable environmental and exhausted resources, and in defining, comparing and prioritizing specific territorially-based actions in order to prevent non-sustainable development and implement relevant politics.

This paper studied on the organization model, process model, function model and information model of GIS-Document Workflow from the factual demands of LUPMIS, and respectively put forward some new concepts as map operating roles, GIS-Document activities, GIS-Document functions and GIS-Document information. To improve the inflexibility in traditional workflow techniques, the paper presented several crucial techniques which realized the flexible customization for the form data and business processes. Moreover, the customized GIS-Document Workflow was implemented in Kunming LUPMIS by means of .NET, ArcEngine and Oracle 9.2i. The practice indicated that LUPMIS based on the customized GIS-Document Workflow well integrated workflow and GIS as well as effectively reduced repetitious work of developers and administrators in case the workflow was changed.

With the agility of market economy, the characteristic of market spatial structure becomes more complex since the reformation and open policy. The spatial structure has broken through the traditional framework which is non-equilibriums and scattered, and represented such modern development character as diversification, grade, network, and non-equilibrium. This paper chooses 200 stochastic retailing stores whose acreages all exceed 40m² in the four circles of Wuhan city, after the analysis of spatial difference on acreages, number, population density, and manage forms with GIS spatial methods, and makes a conclusion that the retailing spatial structure of Wuhan city has took on figure of rating circle wholly and frame of centralization-diffusion and enchasing partially; as location is concerned, centralization and diffusion takes place simultaneously, has behaved that retailing concentrated in heartland of city with more favorable traffic and market location by the means of market infiltration, and distributed in suburb more dispersive by market monopoly.

It has generally accepted Alonso's [1] theory about the allocation of different land uses of commerce, resident and industry in urban area. A bunch of researches have provided their aspects of the theme of the relationships between urban circumstances and urban land uses in either the influence of one or several designate circumstance factors on different land uses, or the comprehensive analysis of the influence of all kinds of circumstance on one selected land usage (e.g. residential use). There is still not a wholly analysis about the influence of all kinds of spatial characteristics, available for the location selection of different land uses. That's why this research selects to engage in a study on the difference among "consumer preferences" to the location amenities in the city. Here we regard the behavior as "spatial competition of the locations". Hedonic regression model (HRM) analysis is employed as the basic framework of the research. Tabular comparison of HRM parameters performed with principal components analysis (PCA) and Geographic Information Science (GIS) provides all necessary numerical investigation and spatial analysis until to the finally results. The research can be helpful for putting forward to a further integrated investigation on the relationship between urban circumstance and real land use values.

The spatial distribution of resources and services needs to be planned and allocated thoroughly in order to satisfy the demands of social justice. The spatial accessibility indices are well-known for their significant roles in the fields of planning and allocation for resources. In this paper, we present a Spatial Resource Allocation Model based on Justice Principle. In the model, a group of linear equations of the supplies' resources are deduced according to the gravity-based accessibility index. The model consists of two submodels: one is for supply, and another is for demand. The submodel for supply ensures that every supply has the same gravity-based accessibility index, which is equal to the total demands-total supplies ratio in the value of 1. At the same time, the just allocation submodel for demand ensures that every demand has the same gravity-based accessibility index, which is equal to the total supplies- total demands ratio in the value of 1. The Matlab-based commands are utilized to implement the model and an application example is given to demonstrate the utility and effectiveness of it.

With the rapid development of current mapping and navigation industry, and transportation network data becoming multi-model and multi-dimensional, research on modeling the overpasses for mapping and navigation becomes a tough issue. Though there are various road network models, their traditional road network structures do not solve the problem well. After analyzing the benefit and deficiency of existent strategies of expanding on the traditional node-arc model and raster based method to solve the planar network problem, this paper proposes a data model with three level structures. If the scope of road network is larger, such as district or country, its network topology can be expressed in LOD1, based on centerline, and its organization is similar to before-mentioned arc-node method. But for the navigation management or traffic flow analysis, the three-level network topology need to be expressed in LOD2, based on carriageway, and add attributes to some special nodes, such as the overpasses intersection. If the network is for high-level, real-world traffic management, its topology need to be expressed in LOD3, based on lane. Lastly, a method of integrating GDF with the proposed model is given.

Strengthen the environmental protection is one of the basic national policies in China. The optimization of urban drain layout plays an important role to the protection of water ecosystem and urban environment. The paper puts forward a method to properly locate urban drain using population based incremental learning (PBIL) algorithm. The main factors such as regional containing sewage capacity, sewage disposal capacity quantity limit of drains within specific area are considered as constraint conditions. Analytic hierarchy process is used to obtain weight of each factor, and spatial analysis of environmental influencing factors is carried on Based on GIS. Penalty function method is put forward to model the problem and object function is to guarantee economy benefit. The algorithm is applied to the drain layout engineering of Nansha District, Guangzhou City, China. The drain layout obtained though PBIL algorithm excels traditional method and it can protect the urban environment more efficiently and ensure the healthy development of water ecosystem more successfully. The result has also proved that PBIL algorithm is a good method in solving this question because of its robust performance and stability which supplied strong technologic support to the sustainable development of environment.

There are highly populated regional corridors that connect multiple cities in different parts of the world. Public transportation is believed to be a good solution to ease traffic congestions in these corridors. To make informed decisions about public transportation planning, we must have a clear picture about commuting patterns in a corridor. Although the study of commute patterns has a long tradition in urban planning, urban geography, and transportation analysis, the examination of intercity commute patterns in urban corridors consisting of multiple cities has received limited attention. This study aims to achieve a better understanding of intercity commute patterns and flows in a five-county study area in Central Texas. We used GIS methods and network analysis procedures to analyze the U.S. 2000 Census Transportation Planning Package (CTPP) Part 3 Journey-to-Work data. Results from the analyses suggest that: (1) most (greater than 97%) of the workers with their homes in the five-county area also worked in the area; (2) the number of people who worked in the five-county area exceeded the number of people who had their homes in the area; and (3) most of the intercity commuting trips were between cities located within the same metropolitan area.

This paper aims to study the characteristics and spatial distribution of water network in Beijing-Tianjin region of China based on the complex network theory. Through construction of the weighted degree distribution model and clustering coefficient model, it is found that the network of natural rivers and the artificial channel are different network systems. The former tends to be a Scale-Free network which has power-law degree distribution with a bigger clustering coefficient, while the latter owns Random network features which has Poisson-oriented degree distribution with a smaller clustering coefficient. As the major role of natural river network, the water network of Beijing-Tianjin region tends to be a Scale-free network, which means that there must be a few significant nodes and areas that dominate the ecological and economic security of the whole region. Hence this paper also interpolates the degree of nodes by using the Kriging Interpolation function of ArcGIS9.0, and then the spatial distribution map of the nodes of water network in Beijing-Tianjin region was gained, showing that the significant nodes of water network mainly locate in Southeast area of Tianjin region and Northeast area of Beijing region.

Schematic maps are effective tools for representing information about the physical environment and make user easy navigate for wayfinding. Evidence have shown that identifying how many categories of directions in urban street network environments, building taxonomy of branching points, and establishing a hierarchy of connecting roads will help produce effective schematic maps to ease wayfinding. Taking road semantic information and user demands into account, we first build the vector data model of hierarchy of connecting roads. Then we propose the four generalization algorithm and show the framework of how to generate schematic maps. Finally, schematic map on demand is designed in a concrete experiment, while keeping the topological consistency of the road network between original and schematic map.

Path planning, as the core module of navigation GIS, its efficiency and accuracy has a crucial impact on the navigation system. General shortest-path algorithm is based on the classic node label-setting algorithm, which does not consider the situation of including circuitous road sections. Therefore, sometimes it will neglect the closer circuitous path at hand but find the farther path or even failed to find any path in the real road network with complicated traffic restrictions. For the sake of finding more accurate path, this paper presents a circuitous shortest path algorithm labeled by previous-arc vector group. Firstly, we generate incremental network topological relationships according to two random positions travelers are interested in. Secondly, we construct a vector group including previous arc, and seek the way by labeling the previous-arc vector group. Finally, the shortest path in the sense of mathematics which may contain circuitous road sections can be acquired. An experimental work has been done with this algorithm using the map of Beijing, which showed that the algorithm not only well improved the accuracy of the shortest path result between the two random positions in the road network, but also kept the efficiency of the classic node labeled algorithm.

Conventional spatial information delivery is system-oriented, and users have to adapt to the system and complete the delivery of spatial information. Two disadvantages exist in the delivery service mode: (1) users' personalized requirements cannot be satisfied; (2) Initiative delivery service cannot be provided for users. In this paper, we firstly classify conventional user profile models into four categories. After analyzing the limitations of these user profile models, we conclude that conventional user profile models are not suitable for the application of spatial information intelligent delivery. Then, aiming to the objectives of spatial information intelligent delivery, we propose a user profile model of spatial information, and give the building method of the model. Also, we put forward a similarity measure method between spatial information and user profile. In order to verify the availability of the user profile model, we present an example of spatial information intelligent delivery. The experimental results show that the proposed user profile model can reflect user profile quite well.

Previous data models of road networks include planar and non-planar models. In planar models, intersections of road networks are transformed into arcs, sections into nodes, and sequential pairs are used to represent arcs between nodes, which can simulate traffic direction of sections and turning limitation at intersections well, but fail to define the granularity of lane and the node height difference. Non-planar data models provide the data of node height difference, which avoid impossible turning in three-dimensional road networks, but shortages as lack of detailed information of road intersections and node height difference and the curtly defined granularity of lanes lead to the low efficiency of analysis of road networks. This paper proposes an NA+ model of road networks based on non-planar structure and combined node height difference with direction lane to describe non-planar structure of road networks. Node height difference is denoted as Arabic numerals, the granularity of lane is specified as direction lane. In GIS-T database, the intersection table and the direction lane table are used to describe node height difference and direction respectively. The model consists with the circumstance of road networks; it is proved to be applicable and feasible to the applications of GIS-T.

Microorganisms and their chemical products are widely used as sources to isolate many drugs. To search for novel and potential bioactive compounds from microorganisms, one approach is to acquire microbial samples from various environments. However, with random collection and selection of the microbes, it would be hard to find the desired bioactive compounds. To support the selection of the ecological habitat for collecting microorganisms in an efficient way, we proposed a computational framework using molecular systematics and GIS-based modeling approaches. The first step in this framework, molecular sequences and bioactivity profiles of microbes are used to build the phylogenetic trees, whose leaf nodes are also associated with site location. Next, the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of microbes/bioactivities among different geographic sites is estimated from the trees for the selection of interesting sites. Using microbe occurrence and geographic data from the sites of interest, GARP algorithm is applied for the prediction of species distribution in other areas. In addition, the PD values from each site are used in training data for prediction of phylogenetic diversity and bioactivity diversity in unexplored areas.

As the most important technical support to digital transportation and intelligent transportation system (ITS), Geographical Information System (GIS) has become an important tool for traffic safety assessment, management and accident prevention. In this paper, the key techniques, system design method and implementation strategy of Traffic Safety Analysis and Assessment System (TSAAS) is investigated based on the integration of GIS and traffic safety models. TSAAS takes road segment as basic units and uses node sets and directed edge sets to describe road network. Event driven spatial data model is adopted to organize information about traffic accidents in order to link accidents with road network data. In order to solve the problem of data storage, Microsoft SQL Server2000 is used as the basic database platform and SuperMap SDX+ large spatial database engine is used. Traffic safety analysis modeling is usually based on many random accident events, and the results are expressed by certain numerical criteria. Taking two typical traffic safety models: black point model and traffic safety assessment model as examples, the integration of traffic models with GIS is explored in detail. Finally the implementation strategy of TSAAS is investigated, and the secondary development scheme based on ComGIS product, SuperMap Objects, is recommended.

Various accessibility measures have been developed for evaluating transit service efficiency. The exponential or logistic type of accessibility model makes use of the phenomenon of distance decay around transit stops, in which distance is a key variable. To reflect the effect of overlapping service between adjacent stops, a weighted distance is developed. The weighted distance is the Euclidean distance weighted by accessible number of transit lines, which is derived either by the integral distance function or the inverse distance weighted interpolation. By combining disaggregated population data, the service capabilities of all bus stops are computed. The stops can be categorized based on the service capability to provide new insight for transit planning and evaluation.

Diversity is one of the main characteristics of transportation data collected from multiple sources or formats, which can be extremely complex and disparate. Moreover, these multimodal transportation data are usually characterised by spatial and temporal properties. Multimodal transportation network data modelling involves both an engineering and research domain that has attracted the design of a number of spatio-temporal data models in the geographic information system (GIS). However, the application of these specific models to multimodal transportation network is still a challenging task. This research addresses this challenge from both integrated multimodal data organization and object-oriented modelling perspectives, that is, how a complex urban transportation network should be organized, represented and modeled appropriately when considering a multimodal point of view, and using object-oriented modelling method. We proposed an integrated GIS-based data model for multimodal urban transportation network that lays a foundation to enhance the multimodal transportation network analysis and management. This modelling method organizes and integrates multimodal transit network data, and supports multiple representations for spatio-temporal objects and relationship as both visual and graphic views. The data model is expressed by using a spatio-temporal object-oriented modelling method, i.e., the unified modelling language (UML) extended to spatial and temporal plug-in for visual languages (PVLs), which provides an essential support to the spatio-temporal data modelling for transportation GIS.

There is a traditional approach named market comparative method, which is used to appraise land price by putting a focus on comparing cases. A review of the developing history of this method highlights some persistent challenges. In this paper, this existing approach is extended through coupling the cloud model, a data-mining technique, with gray relevancy theory. This approach allows the construction of quantitative measurement according to qualitative concept (attribute), simulating human cognizing process. This novel method admits hierarchical describing and exploration of the relationship and proximity between district factors and individual factors. By 1-D cloud generator, we obtain several rules in terms of linguistic atom which confirm the number of overlap cloud. Each rule corresponds to a rule's rear that achieves uncertainty ratiocination. In order to prove applicability of this method, it is applied to the selection of comparative cases in land appraisal of Wuhan City. Experimental results show most cases can be correctly discriminated and the better comparative cases are acceptable. Compared with other approaches, this method has better performance in land appraisal.

At present, navigation data models, such as GDF4.0, KIWI, SDAL and WI 19134, didn't pay attention to form pedestrian transport infrastructure into their models. With the development of navigation, pedestrian navigation has become a hot topic. The research team put forward their pilot research on pedestrian data modeling for hybrid travel patters, mainly including subway, bus and feet. Pedestrian road network modeling was made. Based on this, it carried out the discussion on multi-level navigation data modeling of hybrid travel patterns. It also gave algorithm suggestion to operate the optimal route computing more efficient. The future work is just to focus on demonstrate the algorithm.

Due to the airline deregulation in 1985, a series of new airport developments in the 1990s and 2000s, and the reorganization of airline companies in the 2000s, Japan's air passenger transportation has been dramatically altered in the last two decades in many ways. In this paper, the authors examine how the network and flow structures of domestic air passenger transportation in Japan have geographically changed since 1985. For this purpose, passenger flow data in 1985, 1995, and 2005 were extracted from the Air Transportation Statistical Survey conducted by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Japan. First, national and regional hub airports are identified via dominant flow and hub function analysis. Then the roles of the hub airports and individual connections over the network are examined with respect to their spatial and network autocorrelations. Spatial and network autocorrelations were evaluated both globally and locally using Moran's I and LISA statistics. The passenger flow data were first examined as a whole and then divided into 3 airline-based categories. Dominant flow and hub function enabled us to detect the hub airports. Structural processes of the hub-and-spoke network were confirmed in each airline through spatial autocorrelation analysis. Network autocorrelation analysis showed that all airlines ingeniously optimized their networks by connecting their routes with large numbers of passengers to other routes with large numbers of passengers, and routes with small numbers of passengers to other routes with small numbers of passengers. The effects of political events and the changes in the strategies of each airline on the whole networks were strongly reflected in the results of this study.

This study examines the satisfaction degree of the transportation convenient level by the questionnaire survey and the spatial characteristics by the method of spatial autocorrelation in order to reveal the transportation problems as a consequence of rapid urban development in the city of Beijing. The results demonstrated that the satisfaction degree of traffic congestion was the lowest and the satisfaction degree of transportation convenient level in suburb was lower than it in central city. The supply of traffic facilities, the pattern of resident traffic mode, the road system organization, and the land-use type in a fast expansion were the important causes. According to the research, three major reasons of urban expansion issues are detected. The first reason is lack of comprehensive development planning mechanism to associate the land use with urban transit system which resulted in the lack of transportation facilities. Secondly, Beijing's ring-road structure cannot afford rapid traffic growth and become a main reason to cause traffic congestion. Thirdly, land-use type is deep cause of transportation problems. This study also gave some suggestion in order to minimize the negative aspects: "control" and "regulation" are the two ways to solve the traffic problem; urban spatial expansion oriented by the public transportation and service is the efficient pattern of spatial expansion.

The booming development of the city and urban area made the transportation more and more complex. People even need a guidance to help them go from one place to another. The incoming huge needs of path finding can't be only fulfilled by providing more computing resource and improving path finding algorithms yet. New methods for providing the routing solution are also needed to be considered carefully. This paper represents a concept to introduce Level-of-Detail technology for path finding process to reduce the algorithm's computing resource consumption, and increase the algorithm's efficiency.

In this paper, taking Guangzhou University as an example, carbon reduction of teaching staff commuting was researched. Firstly, considering carbon emission of teaching staff commuting is come from the fuel consumption of vehicle used to trip, the routes, schedule, vehicle type, fuel type and fuel consumption per 100 km of service express bus, public bus and private car were investigated from relevant department and web questionnaire in office automation system. Secondly, the routes of service express bus, public bus and private car were drawn in Google earth browser to measure distance. Thirdly, combined the bus schedule, school calendar, curriculum timetable of teacher and fuel consumption per 100 km of all kinds of vehicle, the fuel consumption of service express bus, public bus and private car were computed. Fourthly, carbon emission was calculated according to net calorific factor and calorie carbon emission factors of fuel. Finally, the measures of carbon reduction were discussed. The research results show that teaching staff commuting emitted 455.433 tons carbon in 2005-2006 academic year. And reducing usage rate of private car and adding new service express bus line are efficient measure of carbon reduction. Former measure can reduce 33.6891 tons carbon and about 7.4% of original emission. The latter can reduce 7.6317 tons and about 1.68% of original emission.

Geographic Information System for Transportation (GIS-T) is an integrated technology of GIS and Transportation, which deals mainly with linear features-only have one set of attribute. Linear Reference System (LRS) is a onedimensional system. An unknown linear feature can be expressed directly according to the known linear features' position information and those relatively position relationship of each other without x, y coordinates. It is an intuitive way to associate multiple sets of attributes to portions of linear features. Dynamic Segmentation (DS) segments the route dynamically, and storages the attributes of all the routes in an unattached table (event table). Combining Linear Reference System with Dynamic Segmentation in GIS-T, which is more convenient to query, display and analyze the linear feature's attributes.

Extended fractal analysis method can analyze the fractal character (i.e. self-similarity) objectively, especially the difference and change of the shape and the structure in different observation scale intervals. As one of the common fractal objects, river on the map can be surveyed its length and quantified the complexity of its shape and structure as well as its partial details with Extended Fractal Dimension Analysis method (abbreviated as EFDA). Compared to the traditional method, EFDA has unparalleled advantages. Considering the extended fractal character with scaling variance, and based on its simulating function adopting the Inverse Logistic Model, the paper gained the extended fractal function for quantifying the length of the river depending on the different observing scales. Furthermore, based on the mathematical derivation of its simulating function and fractal analysis, the paper obtained the relevant parameter for establishing Meta Fractal Dimension (abbreviated as MFD) Model to quantify the local complexity of the river on the map. Several experiments based on the China's seven major rivers done indicate that this method is easy to operate and has a relatively high calculation precision and a logical result of spatial analysis.

Recently complex networks have aroused the attention from a number of scholars, raising the upsurge of studying complex networks. High degree seeking strategy (DS) has been proved to be an effective algorithm of searching complex networks. This paper puts forward two algorithms to improve the high degree seeking strategy (DS) by adding two criteria to the selection of neighboring nodes. According to the improved algorithms, the degrees of and distances to the neighbors' neighbor will be compared when two or more neighbors of the currently processed node have the highest degree. Experiments are carried out to compare the efficiency of the high degree seeking strategy and its improved versions. Case studies show that the improved algorithms are more efficient than the original one when searching in a network with a huge number of nodes.

In the fast-developing logistics and supply chain management fields, one of the key problems in the decision support system is that how to arrange, for a lot of customers and suppliers, the supplier-to-customer assignment and produce a detailed supply schedule under a set of constraints. Solutions to the multi-depot vehicle scheduling problems (MDVRP) help in solving this problem in case of transportation applications. The objective of the MDVSP is to minimize the total distance covered by all vehicles, which can be considered as delivery costs or time consumption. The MDVSP is one of nondeterministic polynomial-time hard (NP-hard) problem which cannot be solved to optimality within polynomial bounded computational time. Many different approaches have been developed to tackle MDVSP, such as exact algorithm (EA), one-stage approach (OSA), two-phase heuristic method (TPHM), tabu search algorithm (TSA), genetic algorithm (GA) and hierarchical multiplex structure (HIMS). Most of the methods mentioned above are time consuming and have high risk to result in local optimum. In this paper, a new search algorithm is proposed to solve MDVSP based on Artificial Immune Systems (AIS), which are inspirited by vertebrate immune systems. The proposed AIS algorithm is tested with 30 customers and 6 vehicles located in 3 depots. Experimental results show that the artificial immune system algorithm is an effective and efficient method for solving MDVSP problems.

Green space system, as part of the urban ecological environment and urban landscape, plays a significant role in the protection of biological diversity of the urban eco-systems. During the process of rapid modernization in China, it is evident that in order to satisfy the residents' needs of entertainment and communication effectively; there should be abundant types and adequate arrangement of green space. And at the same time a comprehensive and stable hierarchical structure of green space system ought to be established. Huff Model is widely used in facility location planning and service area segmentation in business geography, and has potentials in urban facility planning and design. This paper aims to evaluate, design and optimize the urban green space in Luoyang City, Henan Province, using GIS and Huff Model. Considering the existing location, size and shape of the green space supply, the spatial distribution of residence and the urban transportation systems, the attractiveness between residence and green space is estimated. The spatial pattern and service capability of the green space system are also evaluated critically. Based on the findings, the possible optimization design of the green space system in Luoyang is discussed innovatively. Huff model test shows that the design improves the overall spatial accessibility observably. The case study shows that GIS technology and Huff Model have great potential in urban green space evaluation, planning and design.

The transportation problem is always one of main questions each big city all over the world faces. Managing the municipal transportation using GIS is becoming the important trend. And the data model is the transportation information system foundation. The organization and storage of the data must consider well in the system design. The data model not only needs to meet the demand that the transportation navigates, but also needs to achieve the good visual effects, also can carry on the management and the maintenance to the traffic information. According to the object-oriented theory and the method, the road is divided into segment, intersection. This paper analyzed the driveway, marking, sign and other transportation facilities and the relationship with the segment, intersection and constructed the municipal transportation data model which is adequate to the demand of vehicles navigation, visual and management. The paper also schemes the the all kinds of transportation data. The practice proves that this data model can satisfy the application demands of traffic management system.

The desire of geolocation and navigation technologies that provide precise, fast and reliable geo-services has exploded in the recent years, and there is a dramatic increase in the geo-service market varies from mass market applications to the new and innovative applications. The lack of reliable GNSS signals in the NLOS environment confronts many innovative ideas related to mass market location-based applications. But there is an optimized way to provide the ubiquitous geolocation services via exploitation of signals of opportunity (SoOP). The core concept of ubiquitous geolocation and navigation is provide globally available geo-services by giving the mobile terminal the ability to acquire their location information, this technology can be applied at all scales geo-reference by sharing some simple, inexpensive, robust geolocation and navigation algorisms for different technology such as GNSS and other emerging technology, and the goals of the ubiquitous geolocation and navigation service are reliable availability, transparency, seamlessness, awareness, and trustworthiness. SoOP are primarily envisioned to be man-made radio emitters not originally intended for geolocation and navigation, but may be extended to active beacons purposely deployed in an emergency situation, in this paper, we also regarded the signals of different wireless network those defined by the IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.16 as an important part of SoOP. The use of widely available, powerful, and economically important SoOP in Hong Kong will provide a robust geolocation and navigation capability. We made some initial investigation into the use of the SoOP through feasibility studies and prototype investigations of the use of wireless local area network (WLAN), ultra-wide band (UWB) and ZigBee.

Most cities in China have adopted graded land price to represent standard land price so far, while others have employed route price and district price. All of the methods mentioned above only show the average price in a region, which are not easy for the public to understand. The emergence of grid standard land price enhances the publicity, simplifies the process of parcel evaluation and lessens the extent of artificial interference. There are two methods to generate grid standard land price. Firstly, all grid point standard prices are calculated by establishing the relationship between the land price and graded score. This relationship can be obtained through regression analysis of graded results and the sample land price. The second method is DEM-based numerical surface rebuilt technique. It is a 3D grid model established by spatial interpolation among monitoring samples acquired by collecting market exchange price samples and the samples from land price monitoring survey. Considering the characteristic of Guangzhou City, this paper provides a method to generate grid standard land price based on Thiessen polygon interpolation method and compares it with other interpolation methods to prove its effectiveness.

Assuring equitable health service is an important factor for promoting sustainable development and constructing harmonious society. Its concept is very necessary for policy makers and health planners. Recent advances in the field of health geography have greatly improved our understanding of the role played by equitable geographic distribution of health services. But equity is difficult to operationalize because it is influenced by lots of non-spatial factors. This paper presents a notion that analyzes spatial equity of health service integrating theories and techniques of spatial accessibility and GIS. By means of modified spatial accessibility index, the authors analyze relative equity status of each subdistrict based on geo-referenced and socio-demographic census exemplified by Minhang District of Shanghai. Due to the demand of residents and using efficiency of every health service are added in the method of accessibility, it makes equity research more valid. The paper also discusses the influence of floating population on spatial equity of health service.

Geographic space, time space and cognition space are three fundamental and interrelated spaces in geographic information systems for transportation. However, the cognition space and its relationships to the time space and geographic space are often neglected. This paper studies the relationships of these three spaces in urban transportation system from a new perspective and proposes a novel MDS-SOM transformation method which takes the advantages of the techniques of multidimensional scaling (MDS) and self-organizing map (SOM). The MDS-SOM transformation framework includes three kinds of mapping: the geographic-time transformation, the cognition-time transformation and the time-cognition transformation. The transformations in our research provide a better understanding of the interactions of these three spaces and beneficial knowledge is discovered to help the transportation analysis and decision supports.

How to organize transportation data characterized by multi-time, multi-scale, multi-resolution and multi-source is one of the fundamental problems of GIS-T development. A spatial-temporal data model for GIS-T is proposed based on Spatial-temporal- Object Model. Transportation network data is systemically managed using dynamic segmentation technologies. And then a spatial-temporal database is built to integrally store geographical data of multi-time for transportation. Based on the spatial-temporal database, functions of spatial analysis of GIS-T are substantively extended. Fractal module is developed to improve the analyzing in intensity, density, structure and connectivity of transportation network based on the validation and evaluation of topologic relation. Integrated fractal with GIS-T strengthens the functions of spatial analysis and enriches the approaches of data mining and knowledge discovery of transportation network. Finally, the feasibility of the model and methods are tested thorough Guangdong Geographical Information Platform for Highway Project.

Data are the basis of GIS. It has direct impact on the efficiency and function of a Highway Geographic Information System (HGIS), because of the characteristics of data model and data organization of the traffic geographic information system such as spatial property, multi-path network, linearity. This paper discussed the data property of HGIS, studied and presented the HGIS spatial data on multi-source and model. Also, it described and verified highway geographical feature of special subject data's linearity, dynamic and multiple-path network property in HGIS.

The multi-scale representation model and the corresponding generalization method for constructing it are two key issues involved in the progressive transmission of vector map data. In this paper, the characteristics of existing approaches to the generalization of streets are summarized based on an analysis of the literature. A progressive street network representation model is introduced. Information theory has been applied for a better understanding of why and when to generalize. The metric information, topological information and thematic information are quantified for the street network. A progressive generalization algorithm of street network based on information theory is investigated. An experiment is also conducted on an urban street network map from the Compilation specifications for 1:25000 1:50000 topographic maps (GB 12343-90). This paper tries to state that progressive representation needs the support from corresponding progressive generalization algorithm and tries to introduce information theory to solve the problem of "how to generalize".