This PDF file contains the front matter associated with SPIE Proceedings Volume 8908, including the Title Page, Copyright information, Table of Contents, Invited Panel Discussion, and Conference Committee listing.

In clinical medicine, electromagnetic tracking (EMT) system, with its safely penetrating property for human tissue, has been an effective tracking and guiding method for invaded medical devices which are invisible inside a human body. However, traditional EMT system only implements magnetic methods to solve the complex 6-DOF equations and demands an ideal magnetic-field distribution model exited by electromagnetic coils or permanent magnet, resulting in poor anti-interference performance. This paper proposed a new method, combining EMT with the attitude convergence algorithm using MARG sensors. This fusion method reduces the information reliability on the external field, simplifies the complexity of magnetic analysis, and improves the robustness. Except for the accuracy testify experiment, we impose artificial interference to the DC voltage which excites external electromagnetic coils, and the tracking system could still maintain a high positioning stability.

At present, the civil aviation airports use the surface surveillance radar monitoring and positioning systems to monitor the aircrafts, vehicles and the other moving objects. Surface surveillance radars can cover most of the airport scenes, but because of the terminals, covered bridges and other buildings geometry, surface surveillance radar systems inevitably have some small segment blind spots. This paper presents a monocular vision imaging technology model for airport surface surveillance, achieving the perception of scenes of moving objects such as aircrafts, vehicles and personnel location. This new model provides an important complement for airport surface surveillance, which is different from the traditional surface surveillance radar techniques. Such technique not only provides clear objects activities screen for the ATC, but also provides image recognition and positioning of moving targets in this area. Thereby it can improve the work efficiency of the airport operations and avoid the conflict between the aircrafts and vehicles. This paper first introduces the monocular visual imaging technology model applied in the airport surface surveillance and then the monocular vision measurement accuracy analysis of the model. The monocular visual imaging technology model is simple, low cost, and highly efficient. It is an advanced monitoring technique which can make up blind spot area of the surface surveillance radar monitoring and positioning systems.

The paper presents a network video monitoring system based on field programmable gate array to implement the real time acquisition and transmission of video signals. The system includes image acquisition module, central control module and Ethernet transmission module. According to request, Cyclone FPGA is taken as the control center in the system, using Quartus II and Nios II IDE as development tool to build the hardware development platform. A kind of embedded hardware system is built based on SOPC technic, in which the Nios II soft-core and other controllers are combined by configuration. Meanwhile, the μClinux is used as embedded operating system to make the process of acquisition and transmission of the data picture on the Internet more reliable. In order to fulfill the task of MAC and PHY, the fast Ethernet controller should be connected to the SOPC. TCP/IP protocol is used to implement data transmission. Based on TCP/IP protocol, the Web Servers should be embedded to implement the protocol of HTTP, TCP and UDP. Through the research of the thesis, with programmable logic device being the core and network being the transmission media, the design scheme of the video monitoring system is presented. The hardware’s design is mainly done in the thesis. The principal and function of the system is deeply explained, so it can be the important technology and specific method.

We present an optical method to measure three dimensional (3D) ship deformations. This method is based on optical collimation theory and thereby, with a crosshairs image projected and captured in a collimation optical path, the 3D deformation angles, including the pitching angle, the yawing angle and the rolling angle, could be calculated by image’ variation. In order to improve the measurement precision, sub-pixel location algorithm is adopted in image processing. Particularly, given that the rolling angle is the most difficult to measure in a collimation optical path, numerical simulation is carried out to analysis the error characteristics of this angular measurement. Experimental results indicate that this 3D ship deformations measurement achieve the precision of several arcsecs in the distance of 25m and in the deformation range of -120″~120″.

So far, the geometric laboratory calibration system of optical aerial survey camera has been well established, while there is not a perfect system for digital aerial survey camera and the calibration of digital camera has not been included in the metrological verification system. In order to make the photogrammetry project rule-based, it’s imperative to establish geometric laboratory calibration system of digital survey camera. Exact measuring angle method is the most common method to calibrate the camera in lab. The sub-pixel sub-division location of spot center for point-source image of digital camera is one of the key techniques to calibrate the camera based on the exact measuring angle method in lab. A novel location algorithm is proposed on account of the realities of the lab system. First, the Gauss filter is introduced to reduce the noise from the stray light and so on. Then the integration of iterative threshold segmentation and seed region growing is adopted to identify the general location of the spot. Thirdly, using the bilinear interpolation, the pixels used to estimate the location are increased. Finally, we use the proposed improved moment method to determinate the precise centroid location of the digital image. Experimental results show that the spots are identified with 93 percent accuracy and the centroid accuracy is superior to 1/40 of a pixel and improves about 2 to 4 times than other algorithms, which indicates that the proposed method is effective, convenient and precision.

Au@SiO₂ is a common type of core-shell nanomaterials. It has plasma resonance properties due to strong optical absorption and optical scattering. The plasma resonance frequency can be adjusted by altering core-shell relative size. These were used widely in the SERS studies. In this paper, the three dimensional finite difference time domain (3D-FDTD) method was employed to simulate the size dependent SERS active of Au@SiO₂ nanoparticles．Under 632.8nm laser excitation, the results showed that the SERS activity had the best effect when the diameter of Au-core was about 140 nm. In the meantime, the different shell thickness and nanoparticles gap was simulated. The results showed that the SERS electric field intensity decreased rapidly with the increase of thickness and gap, until the shell thickness increases to 20 nm or the nanoparticals gap increases to 30 nm. Compared with other experimental results, our theoretical calculation results and experimental matched very well. This indicated that the 3D-FDTD method in this paper was accurate and reliable. Our results show that we can obtain better enhancement effect by selecting the appropriate sizes and gap of Au@SiO₂ core-shell nanoparticles. The simulation results of this paper have a strong guiding significance to experiment, and which can improve the SERS study efficiency and the development process.

Scattering deflects the ultraviolet ray, and makes it possible to bypass the obstacles between two blocked nodes. To investigate the channel characteristics of this kind of link, models have been developed, and most of them are based on coplanar geometry. Non-coplanar geometry, however, is unavoidable in most actual application. To make sure the influences of this factor, a universal model which describes the channel characteristics of Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) Ultraviolet communication for non-coplanar geometry is developed in this paper. On the basis of classical single-scatter model, this model mainly estimates the impulse response and the pass loss with the transmitter and the receiver cone pointed in arbitrary directions. There are three major contributions in the paper. Firstly, classical single-scatter model and the differences effective scattering volume between coplanar geometry and non-coplanar geometry were described. Trigonometry and optimization techniques were proposed to overcome the restriction that the transmitter and the receiver cone axes lie in the same plane; secondly, a Monte-Carlo (MC) model was constructed to verify the single scatter model; finally numerical simulations and analysis were presented. Numerical simulation shows that the deflection of the transmission or the reception cones(α􀭲, α􀭰) decreases the signal, this decrease is slight under small deflection, and becomes more serious as deflection increases, finally remarkable when the deflection reaches a threshold. The result shows that a positive correlation exists between the threshold and the source divergence, which means that large source divergence gives better tolerability of the off-axis angle, but worse pulse width. In addition, the influence of deflection can be reduced signally by deflecting the two cones in the same side.MC model draws the similar conclusion approximately. Compared with other models, this model releases the restriction that the transmitter and the receiver cone axes lie in the same plane, which making it more versatile.

In this paper, a complete SPICE model for single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is presented, which can be implemented into the Spectre simulation environment in cadence to precisely simulate both static characteristic and the photon detection process. We show how to build the static current model including the forward region, the dynamic junction capacitance model, and the neutral zone resistor model. In addition, an avalanche pulse detection system is established to verify the validity of the SPICE model. The simulated avalanche pulse voltage waveforms show good consistency with the experimented ones.

A new set of parallel binocular vision measuring system which focuses on four key parts in stereo vision is implemented in this paper. Firstly, 3D grid target camera calibration method which has higher precision was used to obtain the camera parameters. Secondly, SURF feature detection was selected to get the feature points and the matching relations. Then, in order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the matching, epipolar constraint and symmetry test were added in the system. And, on this basis, The Mid-point method algorithm was adopted to determine the three-dimensional information of the target ultimately in the last step. Experimental results show that the proposed method can build a complete and viable binocular stereo vision measurement system, and can improve the measurement accuracy in effect.

Vanishing point is an important concept in the sensors’ self-calibration method. For traditional self-calibration method based on vanishing point, it's computationally intensive, real-time not high and noise sensitive. A novel method of sensor self-calibration based on rectangular vanishing point characteristics is proposed to solve all these problems mentioned above. Firstly, four template images are captured from different angles and locations. Subsequently, the vanishing points are calculated by using the coordinates of the four vertices in rectangle. Finally, the novel sensor parameter equation is proposed by using the geometry properties of rectangle and the vanishing points. Some numerical simulations are made to test the validity and robustness of the proposed algorithm.

The impact of the mirror self-weight or other structural stress may cause bad optical imaging quality. The large-diameter primary mirror was optimized based on variable density topology optimization method and in the condition of gravity to satisfy the design requirements. A new primary mirror has been designed, comparing which with the traditional lightweight primary mirror in the method of finite element analysis, the results prove that the new primary mirror is superior to the traditional model in the lightweight rate, surface accuracy and structural rigidity, so the paper puts forward a new idea in the lightweight design.

This paper presents an appropriate solution for self-developed EMCCD cameras based on Camera Link. A new interface circuit used to connect an embedded processor Nios II to the serial communication port of Camera Link in the camera is designed, and a simplified structure diagram is shown. To implement functions of the circuit, in the hardware design, it is necessary to add a universal serial communication component to the Nios II when building the processor and its peripheral components in the Altera SOPC development environment. In the software design, we use C language to write a UART interrupt response routine for instructions and data receiving and transmitting, and a camera control program in the slave computer (Nios II), employ a Sapera LT development library and VC++ to write a serial communication routine, a camera control and image acquisition program in the host computer. The developed camera can be controlled by the host PC, the camera status can return to the PC, and a huge amount of image data can be uploaded at a high speed through a Camera Link cable. A flow chart of the serial communication and camera control program in Nios II is given, and two operating interfaces in the PC are shown. Some design and application skills are described in detail. The test results indicate that the interface circuit and the control programs that we have developed are feasible and reliable.

The design and optimization of an integrated pixel for the energy-harvesting CMOS image sensor on SOI technology is presented. The pixel works in energy-harvesting mode and imaging mode. A thick-film SOI process is used to implement the photodiodes so that more solar energy and illumination information could be collected than with the thin-film SOI process for the deeper depletion area. Benefitting from the isolation technology of SOI process, the photodiodes do not share substrate anymore. In the harvesting mode, several photodiodes could be connected in series to generate higher voltage as a power supply. The charge speed under the light with different wave length and power density is simulated. The generated voltage is equal to 1.91V under the light with 330nm wave length and 0.6W/cm2 power density.

The characterization and optimization of the stacked-PN junction photodiodes structure for energy harvesting CMOS image sensor is presented. The proposed structure has three desired PN junctions located along a vertical line. With proper connection, these PN junctions can provide high voltage or large current for the different load conditions. They also improve the energy harvesting efficiency compared with the conventional single PN junction. Theoretical analysis and optimizations of this structure are given in the paper as well as the simulation results.

The Extreme Ultraviolet Telescopes (EUT) Operates at wavelengths between 100-1000 Å. As an important parameter of the telescope system, before the launch, angular resolution is necessary to be calibrated for testing the imaging performance of EUT. However, the difficulty and expense of fabricating optical testing systems capable of imaging the characteristic EUV wavelengths, has precluded in working wavelength resolution testing. This article taken a Ritchey–Chrétien normal incidence optical system as sample and resolution tests were carried out at visible wavelength. Based on this measurement, the angular resolution error budget at visible wavelength was calculated. At working wavelength, we added the squares of the pointing jitter error, the resolution focusing error and the scattering error, to the theoretical Rayleigh diffraction limit at the wavelength of operation, and then take the square root of this sum, an upper limit estimate of telescope’s resolution was obtained about 0.4705 arcsec. This result proved that the EUT worked at diffraction-limited level and the resolution performance has met the demand of design.

This paper presents a novel unified coding analytical method for Internet of Things, which abstracts out the ‘displacement goods’ and ‘physical objects’, and expounds the relationship thereof. It details the item coding principles, establishes a one-to-one relationship between three-dimensional spatial coordinates of points and global manufacturers, can infinitely expand, solves the problem of unified coding in production phase and circulation phase with a novel unified coding method, and further explains how to update the item information corresponding to the coding in stages of sale and use, so as to meet the requirement that the Internet of Things can carry out real-time monitoring and intelligentized management to each item.

Based on the study of measures of the algorithm casting defect lossless examination and characteristics of X-ray imaging, a new automatic detection based on SURF is presented. Firstly, the algorithm detects the interested points of specifically component model in the standard image samples by SURF. Then the interested points of inspection produce are detected when the rotary worktable makes one revolution, at the same time, the interested points between model and produce are matched. The number of matched points is the basis for whether the product contains the component. Experimental results show that this method is effective in determining the component model well or not, which provides a novel method for casting defect lossless examination.

A digital camera capture images by covering the sensor surface with a color filter array (CFA), only get a color sample at pixel location. Demosaicking is a process by estimating the missing color components of each pixel to get a full resolution image. In this paper, a new algorithm based on edge adaptive and different weighting factors is proposed. Our method can effectively suppress undesirable artifacts. Experimental results based on Kodak images show that the proposed algorithm obtain higher quality images compared to other methods in numerical and visual aspects.

In this paper, combining optical measurement with conventional material testing machine, a real-time in-plane displacement and strain measurement system is built, which is applied to the material testing machine. This system can realize displacement and strain measurement of a large deformation sample moreover it can observe the sample crack on line. The change of displacement field is obtained through the change of center coordinate of each point of a grid lattice in the surface of the testing sample, according to two-dimensional sort coding for the grid in the traditional automated grid method, in this paper, an improved one-dimensional code method is adopted which make calculating speed much faster and the algorithm more adaptable. The measurement of the stability and precision of this system are made using the calibration board whose position precision is about 1.5 micron. The results show that the short-time stability of this system is about 0.5micron. At last, this system is used for strain measurement in a sample tension test, and the result shows that the system can acquire in-plane displacement and strain measurement results accurately and real-time, the velocity of image processing can reach 10 frame per second; or it can observe sample crack on line and storage the test process, the max velocity of observation and storage is 100 frame per second.

Star trackers are beyond dispute the most accuracy absolute attitude determination sensors which are widely applied in spacecraft, satellites, rockets, etc. High precision autonomous star tracker has accuracy better than one arc second and generally resulting in a low update rate less than 10Hz. Typically, an autonomous star tracker consist two physically independent components, the optical head and the associated processing electronic system. High accuracy attitude is obtained through their cooperation. Basic principles of star navigation and components of a star tracker will be introduced. Star trackers used to be with big body size, heavy mass, high power consumption and complicated structure but with low accuracy. The state-of-the-art development will decrease the power consumption and mass of autonomous star trackers significantly while increase update rate and improve dynamic accuracy and system robustness. Advance of different generations of star trackers will be reviewed here. The accuracy performance of the star tracker depends on the sensitivity to the starlight of the image sensor, the star detection threshold, the field of view (FOV), the number of stars in the FOV, the accuracy of the star centroid, the dynamic maneuvering, the calibration and etc. Star centroid is a key procedure and contributes much more to the final performance of a star track. Accuracy degradation will occur when the carrier of the star track is in the state of high dynamic maneuvering. Hardware design and algorithms remedies have to been adopted to reduce the degradation effects. Detailed discussion of accuracy performance will be presented.

In imaging systems based on compressed sensing, error in the measured data is incurred due to the nonlinear response of the photo-detector, which affects the quality of reconstructed images. Conventionally, the affected measured data will be eliminated in order to obtain the high reconstruction quality. However, when there are too many measured data affected, it is impossible to reject all such data which will certainly degrade the imaging efficiency. Therefore, an algorithm of regionally compensating the non-linear response from the detector is proposed. The nonlinear measured data will be compensated but not rejected in the proposed algorithm. According to the detector response curve, all of the nonlinear measured data will be divided into several parts. The data in the same part will have the same average compensation factor which can be obtained from the response curve after calculation. The affected measured data will be compensated with the compensation factor regionally before used to reconstruct the original image. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that a reconstructed image with high quality can still be obtained even when over 80% of the measured data are nonlinear. It is impossible to get such a high quality reconstructed image with the conventionally algorithm. The PSNR and the M-rate in the simulation show that the compensation algorithm can greatly deal with the situation of too many nonlinear measured data.

As the special core structure of the helical-core fiber, it has high fabrication difficulty. It has a high precision of fabrication system requirement. The coaxality of optical fiber rotation is one of the key technologies. Under the premise of a helical-core fiber fabrication system designed and manufactured, this paper puts forward micro-imaging test method based on the centroid method. This method gets the image of fiber core spot through the microscopic imaging system, and calculates the energy center of the spot image by using the centroid method. Thus we get the center and radius of rotation of the spot image after the fabrication system rotated a period. Thereby the testing and adjustment of the fabrication system coaxality are realized. The experimental results show that this method can complete the coaxality testing of helical-core fiber fabrication system; make offset of the core be less than 10 μm. This method solves the disalignment problem of optical fiber rotation during the process of helical-core fiber fabrication well.

Making use the prior knowledge that higher order cumulant and wavlet transformation methods are combined, which is used in the multi-dim-small target detection with the Gaussian noise and natural background. In this paper, a method of magnifying image based on two dimension discrete wavelet is introduced. Comparing with traditional interpolation methods, it not only enhanced resolution of the aero-image, but maintained the detail character of the image. Experiment results have shown that it is good method for enhancing aero-image. The same aerial image is magnified with above-mentioned wavelet-based algorithms, conventional bilinear interpolation and tri-spline sampling interpolation algorithm separately. The values of mean gradient on three graphs are calculated using three approach, they are 6.31, 7.43 and 8.45. In accordance with the result, the value of the magnified image by this method is largest.

Output signal to noise ratio, which is an important technical index for evaluating low light level image intensifier assembly, decides the detectability of night vision system used in low light level condition. In this article, for evaluating the uniformity of output signal to noise ratio, the end surface of image intensifier assembly has been divided into some section on which the output signal to noise ratio is measured according to the method to signal to noise ratio. It can be concluded form the output signal to noise ratio on each section that the output signal to noise ratio is good uniform in central area of end surface, but the output signal to noise ratio is worse for whole end surface. To explore the main reason for worse uniformity of output signal to noise ratio, sensitivity of image intensifier on each section has been also designed and analyzed. It has been proven by testing the sensitivity of image intensifier that the uniformity of output signal to noise ratio is related to sensitivity’s uniformity, the output signal to noise ratio is uniform on the section which sensitivity is uniform, and the output signal to noise ratio is worse uniform on the section which sensitivity is also worse uniform. The uniformity of output signal to noise ratio can be improved by choosing good photocathode which sensitivity’s uniformity is better. The result in this article is value for improving the application characteristic of low light level image intensifier assembly.

A novel method to realize fast photoelectric diagnostics using ordinary CCD is presented. By changing the mode of charge transfer of CCD, fast photoelectric diagnostics of single point with linear CCD and high-speed line scanning with array CCD can be achieved respectively. A fast photoelectric diagnostics system of single point based on linear CCD has been designed and fabricated to investigate the feasibility of this method. A pulsed blue light emitting diode (LED) has been used to measure the system. As a proof of concept, the rate of photoelectric diagnostics of single point reachs up to 20 MHz. The results demonstrated that the method of fast photoelectric diagnostics based on ordinary CCD is feasible.

This paper focuses on the issue of CCD remote sensing image compression. Compared with other images, CCD remote sensing image data is characterized with high speed and high quantized bits. A high speed CCD image compression system is proposed based on ADV212 chip. The system is mainly composed of three devices: FPGA, SRAM and ADV212. In this system, SRAM plays the role of data buffer, ADV212 focuses on data compression and the FPGA is used for image storage and interface bus control. Finally, a system platform is designed to test the performance of compression. Test results show that the proposed scheme can satisfy the real-time processing requirement and there is no obvious difference between the sourced image and the compressed image in respect of image quality.

A square pattern is observed in a dielectric barrier discharge system in Ar/air gas mixture. There are two discharge current pulses in each half cycle of the applied voltage. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the square pattern is investigated by an intensified charge-coupled device camera within one discharge current pulse. It is found that the square pattern is an interleaving of two different transient square sublattices, and the evolution of the two sublattices has the time inversion symmetry. Depending on the discharge sequence, the effect of the wall charges on the evolution of the square pattern is discussed briefly.

The characteristics of surface plasmon polariton on metallic nanostructure relate to which of materials, shape and size. So the preparation of SERS-active substrate is the key. In this paper, the silver nanostructure of different shapes was prepared through reduction method of nitric acid silver ion with the polyols. Through the method, the nanostructure has certain crystal and smooth surface, and unique optical properties. Comparing the SERS of the different shape nanoparticles, the inerratic and uniform nanoparticles can improve the effect more. Thus, the comparison results were simulated by three dimensional finite difference time domain (3D-FDTD) method. The result provided experiment basis to the preparation of SERS-active substrate.

Considering the complex features of public places such as mass passenger flow, congestion and disorder, it is hard to count the number of passengers precisely. In this paper, a method of passenger counting system is proposed based on the range image. This system takes advantage of a Kinect sensor to acquire the 3D depth information. First of all, the range image is smoothed with Mean Shift algorithm to direct every partial pixel toward the maximal probability density enhanced. Therefore, the smoothened range image can be better applied to the subsequent image processing. Secondly, a classical dynamic threshold segmentation method is applied to segment the head regions, and the 3D characteristics of heads are analyzed. They are differentiated by pixel width, area and circle-like shape, which efficiently surpass the limits of 2D images. In addition, the self-adaptive multi-window tracing method is applied for predicting possible trajectories, speeds and positions of multi-windows, in which we establish tracing chains of multiple targets and lock the tracing targets precisely. This method proves to be efficient for background noise removal and environmental disturbance suppression and can be applied for implementation of the identifying and counting of heads in public places.

Principle of harmonic radar system is introduced. Re-triggering DAQ(data acquisition) of harmonic radar’s output data is studied based on NI(national instruments) M series device. Two re-triggering DAQ methods are presented. Time sequence of the two DAQ methods is interpreted. Program is provided to re-triggering acquire harmonic radar system’s output data. Dynamic detecting trail of harmonic radar system installed on hauled vehicle is developed. The trail validates two DAQ methods. Data is replayed and processed using data processing Program. Some parameters of typical detecting curve are presented.

It introduces a new method to achieve the passenger flow statistics in stereo vision according to the original depth image output by the monocular Xtion sensor, aiming at the problem of algorithm with large amounts of data and realization of single field with dual camera on the basis of stereo vision. Double Xtion sensors are used to expand the range of view angle because of the monocular Xtion sensor’s limitations, whose view range is 45°*58° with small transverse view range and can’t meet the passenger flow statistics. Due to the characteristics of constant physical space dimensions, use the improved SIFT (Scale Invariant Features Transform) feature algorithm to realize the auto - stereoscopic splice of binocular original depth images. Firstly, the feature points of the reference image (the image to be matched) and the subsequent image (the image to be matched with the reference image) are obtained by SIFT algorithm, getting the location, scale and direction of the feature points and the feature points are described by means of the 128-dimensional vector .Secondly, complete the match of the feature points of the two images to calculate overlapping area, using the nearest neighbor method. Finally, image stitching is completed based on multi-resolution wavelet transform, which contains three-dimensional spatial information of the human body, thus use a method to analysis comprehensively the depth image for field detection and tracking based on the features such as the head shape, the head area the spatial position relation of the human head and shoulder and so on. The experimental results show that this method not only improve the detection accuracy and efficiency, reduce the amount of operation data, so that the system is simple in structure, but also solve many problems of passenger flow statistics based on video stream in the system, accuracy up to 93%, having high and practical application value.

A laser triangle scanning method and the structure of 3D-face measurement system were introduced. In presented system, a liner laser source was selected as an optical indicated signal in order to scanning a line one times. The CCD image sensor was used to capture image of the laser line modulated by human face. The system parameters were obtained by system calibrated calculated. The lens parameters of image part of were calibrated with machine visual image method and the triangle structure parameters were calibrated with fine wire paralleled arranged. The CCD image part and line laser indicator were set with a linear motor carry which can achieve the line laser scanning form top of the head to neck. For the nose is ledge part and the eyes are sunk part, one CCD image sensor can not obtain the completed image of laser line. In this system, two CCD image sensors were set symmetric at two sides of the laser indicator. In fact, this structure includes two laser triangle measure units. Another novel design is there laser indicators were arranged in order to reduce the scanning time for it is difficult for human to keep static for longer time. The 3D data were calculated after scanning. And further data processing include 3D coordinate refine, mesh calculate and surface show. Experiments show that this system has simply structure, high scanning speed and accurate. The scanning range covers the whole head of adult, the typical resolution is 0.5mm.

In this paper, a new UV and blue-extended photodiode with an octagon-ring-shaped structure is proposed, which have increased responsivity for the UV and blue light, high responsive speed with short rise and fall time and UV/blue selectivity. TCAD simulation approach is used to analyze the structural characteristics and photoelectric characteristics of this new photodiode. For the structural characteristics, doping profile, potential distribution and Electric field distribution are analyzed simply. For the photoelectric characteristics, the influences caused by doping concentration of n-well on dark current, avalanche breakdown voltage and transient response are discussed in detail. The finger distance (D) between two adjacent P+ anodes, the width (W) of P+ anode and the ratio of D/W are analyzed, witch affects the spectral response, DC characteristic and transient response obviously. The work of TCAD simulation in this paper is conducive to extract model parameters and process parameters of this new photodiode, which will further be used for numerical simulation to analyze its photoelectric characteristics, noise characteristics more accurately. This work is also a significant and helpful guide for device design and chip fabrication.

An adaptive infrared image enhancement algorithm for low contrast is proposed in this paper, to deal with the problem that conventional image enhancement algorithm is not able to effective identify the interesting region when dynamic range is large in image. This algorithm begin with the human visual perception characteristics, take account of the global adaptive image enhancement and local feature boost, not only the contrast of image is raised, but also the texture of picture is more distinct. Firstly, the global image dynamic range is adjusted from the overall, the dynamic range of original image and display grayscale form corresponding relationship, the gray scale of bright object is raised and the the gray scale of dark target is reduced at the same time, to improve the overall image contrast. Secondly, the corresponding filtering algorithm is used on the current point and its neighborhood pixels to extract image texture information, to adjust the brightness of the current point in order to enhance the local contrast of the image. The algorithm overcomes the default that the outline is easy to vague in traditional edge detection algorithm, and ensure the distinctness of texture detail in image enhancement. Lastly, we normalize the global luminance adjustment image and the local brightness adjustment image, to ensure a smooth transition of image details. A lot of experiments is made to compare the algorithm proposed in this paper with other convention image enhancement algorithm, and two groups of vague IR image are taken in experiment. Experiments show that: the contrast ratio of the picture is boosted after handled by histogram equalization algorithm, but the detail of the picture is not clear, the detail of the picture can be distinguished after handled by the Retinex algorithm. The image after deal with by self-adaptive enhancement algorithm proposed in this paper becomes clear in details, and the image contrast is markedly improved in compared with Retinex algorithm.

We present a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based hardware architecture for high-speed camera which have fast auto-exposure control and colour filter array (CFA) demosaicing. The proposed hardware architecture includes the design of charge coupled devices (CCD) drive circuits, image processing circuits, and power supply circuits. CCD drive circuits transfer the TTL (Transistor-Transistor-Logic) level timing Sequences which is produced by image processing circuits to the timing Sequences under which CCD image sensor can output analog image signals. Image processing circuits convert the analog signals to digital signals which is processing subsequently, and the TTL timing, auto-exposure control, CFA demosaicing, and gamma correction is accomplished in this module. Power supply circuits provide the power for the whole system, which is very important for image quality. Power noises effect image quality directly, and we reduce power noises by hardware way, which is very effective. In this system, the CCD is KAI-0340 which is can output 210 full resolution frame-per-second, and our camera can work outstandingly in this mode. The speed of traditional auto-exposure control algorithms to reach a proper exposure level is so slow that it is necessary to develop a fast auto-exposure control method. We present a new auto-exposure algorithm which is fit high-speed camera. Color demosaicing is critical for digital cameras, because it converts a Bayer sensor mosaic output to a full color image, which determines the output image quality of the camera. Complexity algorithm can acquire high quality but cannot implement in hardware. An low-complexity demosaicing method is presented which can implement in hardware and satisfy the demand of quality. The experiment results are given in this paper in last.

A behavior mode for simulating single-photon avalanche diodes is presented. The model is developed using Verilog-A description language. The derived model is able to describe the static, the dynamic behavior, the triggering, the self-sustaining and the self-quenching processes, and it also correctly characterizes the reverse current-voltage curve. Simulation results confirmed the validity of the proposed model.

Polarization is a primary characteristic of electromagnetic wave. Polarization is another field of the light except the intensity, wavelength, and coherence. Polarization can indicate the different attributions that decided by objects, such as surface features, roughness, shading, shape and so on. Polarization Imaging is a useful complement to traditional intensity and spectral imaging methods with great potential in many application fields. In the future war, the advantages of polarization are significant for target detection and recognition in the increasingly complicated battlefield environment. In this paper, the research progress is generally introduced in military application in four fields: 1) target polarization characteristics and simulationenhance contrast, distinguish the target and background; 2) polarization transmission characteristics- observe target through the smoke and fog of War; 3) polarization imaging detection methods- improve the imaging quality, enhance the information available; 4) polarization image processing- improve detection and tracking performance.

Low-frequency narrow pulse infrared laser are widely used in laser ranging equipments, its laser spot is hard to capture, the system’s precision of collimation measure and control are decided by the performance of optical axes parallelism. The automatic test technology of optical axes parallelism for low-frequency narrow pulse laser is discussed in hardware and software, in the aspect of hardware, through lattice up-conversion board the nanosecond infrared laser is converted into millisecond visible laser which can be detected by normal CCD, the CCD capture system in defocus mode can not only protect CCD but also enhance the test precision; In the aspect of software, the algorithms of image process is adopted to control CCD’s defocus and extract the parameters of crosshair and laser spot, such as: the DCT transformation with region selected, recover blurred image, hybrid filter, hough transformation of line and ellipse detection. Finally the automatic test of optical axes parallelism is realized, the experiments show that the precision of optical axes parallelism is 0.05mrad.

With the development of electro-optical imaging system technology and simulation technology, and the demand of optimizing the new type electro-optical imaging system theoretical model, more and more scientific research institutes, colleges and universities research on the simulation of electro-optical imaging system, and the better results were obtained. Simulation technology saved the cost of system design development, meanwhile, some complex and hard to re-implement experiments can be carried repeatedly. According to the demand of complex environment construction technology and the requirement of imaging simulation system fidelity, considering the performance of electro-optical imaging system, an electro-optical imaging system is modeled. The modeling has two aspects which is scene characteristic modeling and electro-optical system modeling. Scene characteristic modeling can construct dynamic scenes in different kinds of complex environments by using powerful OpenGL three-dimension model visualization technology. Electro-optical system modeling is consist of optical system and imaging detector. Electro-optical imaging system simulation model is established with the analysis of electro-optical imaging system theory. The use of modular design concept and general interface technology is combined. Different imaging effect is received under different parameters by modifying the model’s related parameters. The experimental results show that, the image produced from simulation basically reflects the performance of imaging system, so this kind of image can be used as a information source for imaging system performance analysis. It provides a simple and feasible method for the analysis of imaging system performance, which has a very important practical significance.

When used in digital radiography, ICCD camera will be inevitably irradiated by x-ray and the output image will degrade. In this research, we separated ICCD camera into two optical-electric parts, CCD camera and MCP image intensifier, and irradiated them respectively on Co-60 gamma ray source and pulsed x-ray source. By changing time association between radiation and the shutter of CCD camera, the state of power supply of MCP image intensifier, significant differences have been observed in output images. A further analysis has revealed the influence of the CCD chip, readout circuit in CCD camera, and the photocathode, microchannel plate and fluorescent screen in MCP image intensifier on image quality of an irradiated ICCD camera. The study demonstrated that compared with other parts, irradiation response of readout circuit is very slight and in most cases negligible. The interaction of x-ray with CCD chip usually behaves as bright spots or rough background in output images, which depends on x-ray doses. As to the MCP image intensifier, photocathode and microchannel plate are the two main steps that degrade output images. When being irradiated by x-ray, microchannel plate in MCP image intensifier tends to contribute a bright background in output images. Background caused by the photocathode looks more bright and fluctuant. Image responses of fluorescent screen in MCP image intensifier in ICCD camera and that of a coupling fiber bundle are also evaluated in this presentation.

The Perimeter intrusion recognition technology has slowly become an indispensable function in the intelligent video surveillance system. The existed always use the multiple video acquisition nodes to respectively control a monitoring area and each node alarm independently. However, the existed solutions are difficult to avoid the existence of monitoring blind area, and can’t suitable for the perimeter environment with irregular outline, and at the same time, because of the too many nodes, it inevitably decreased the overall accuracy of intrusion recognition system and increased the cost of system. To avoid the above defects, this paper mainly talks about the following three aspects. Firstly, we used the fisheye lens as the optical system of video acquisition node, and it evidently enhances each node’s information acquisition ability. And in this way, we just need to decorate a small amount of video acquisition node to get no blind area environmental information of the perimeter when against a larger monitoring situation. Secondly, due to the inexistence of blind area, the system will have enough video image information to generate the 360 degree panoramic image for monitoring environment, and finally the system server collected the wide-angle image information to splice into the panoramic video image. Finally, the system will use the panoramic image to complete the intrusion behavior recognition, thus we can effectively avoid the parallel computation in many nodes independently invasion of recognition, and this can greatly reduces the dependence for the multiple CPU operation platform and enhances the reliability of the system. The field test results show that, with the help of this paper’s solution, the perimeter of the invasion of recognition system can effectively avoids the recognition of blind area. In the same recognition algorithm and same level delay premise, it greatly reduces the monitoring system server configuration requirements, especially for the requirements of the number of processors. At the same time, the user also can directly set no blind area of monitoring perimeter and other parameters in the panoramic image, so it enhances the flexibility of user operation and simplifies the design of the system user application program greatly.

With the development of technology, the demand for semiconductor ultraviolet detector is increasing day by day. Compared with the traditional infrared detector in missile guidance, ultraviolet/infrared dual-color detection can significantly improve the anti-interference ability of the missile. According to the need of missile guidance and other areas of the application of ultraviolet detector, the paper introduces a manufacture of the CdS Schottky barrier ultraviolet detector. By using the radio frequency magnetron sputtering technology, a Pt thin film layer is sputtered on CdS basement to form a Schottky contact firstly. Then the indium ohmic contact electrode is fabricated by thermal evaporation method, and eventually a Pt/CdS/In Schottky diode is formed. The I-V characteristic of the device was tested at room temperature, its zero bias current and open circuit voltage is -0.578nA and 130mV, respectively. Test results show that the the Schottky contact has been formed between Pt and CdS. The device has good rectifying characteristics. According to the thermionic emission theory, the I-V curve fitting analysis of the device was studied under the condition of small voltage. The ideality factor and Schottky barrier height is 1.89 and 0.61eV, respectively. The normalized spectral responsivity at zero bias has been tested. The device has peak responsivity at 500nm, and it cutoff at 510nm.

Cooled CCD (charge coupled device) imaging camera has found wide application in the field of astronomy, color photometry, spectroscopy, medical imaging, densitometry, chemiluminescence and epifluorescence imaging. A Cooled CCD (CCCD) imaging camera differs from traditional CCD/CMOS imaging camera in that Cooled CCD imaging camera can get high resolution image even in the low illumination environment. SNR (signal noise ratio) is most popular parameter of digital image quality evaluation. Many researchers have proposed various SNR testing methods for traditional CCD imaging camera, however, which is seldom suitable to Cooled CCD imaging camera because of different main noise source. In this paper, a new testing method of SNR is proposed to evaluate the quality of image captured by Cooled CCD. Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT) is introduced in the testing method for getting more exact image SNR value. The method proposed take full advantage of SWT in the image processing, which makes the experiment results accuracy and reliable. To further refining SNR testing results, the relation between SNR and integration time is also analyzed in this article. The experimental results indicate that the testing method proposed accords with the SNR model of CCCD. In addition, the testing values for one system are about one value, which show that the proposed testing method is robust.

Model correlation matching with real time image is the main way in target tracking. The algorithm calculates the best matching position between the model and real-time image. The advantage of the algorithm is it has better matching result when the target model and real-time image are similar. The common updating algorithm based on matching degree of target which can be affected by target block or the speed change of target. And the matching results are badly affected by image background when the target is only a small part in the model which usually induce mismatch.A related area updating model algorithm is presented in this paper which combines the motion area analyze, image matching and the least cost estimation. A life parameter is set for every model. The life parameter is consumed according to the new moving area occurred in its neighborhood. The active model is matched to current image frame and its life parameter is set to max threshold Tmax. The algorithm is tested in video image sequences in which the max threshold Tmax of life parameter is set to 50. Good tracking effects are obtained in these tests.

Microsatellites will be widely applied as an earth-observing platform in coming future for their low costs. Such satellite missions require optical payloads with low cost, low mass and small volume. In order to meet these requirements, one way is to develop deployable telescopes. They not only maintain the capabilities of the traditional non-deployable telescopes, but also have compacter launch volume and lighter weight. We investigate a telescope with precise deployable structure based on coilable tensegrity. Before launch, the secondary mirror support structure is coiled, and when the satellite is in orbit, the secondary mirror is deployed with the elastic strain energy from the coiled longerons. There are mainly three parts in this paper. Firstly, the telescope optics is presented. A Ritchey-Chretien (RC) type optical system with 150mm aperture is designed. Secondly, the deployable telescope structure is designed for the RC system. The deployable structure mainly consists of coilable longerons, batten rings, and diagonal stringers. The finite element method (FEM) is used to analyze the dynamics of the unfolded telescope structure. Thirdly, the adjusting mechanism for secondary mirror is discussed. Piezoelectric actuators can be used to achieve remote alignment to improve the performance of the imaging system.

Non-collinear TDI-CCDs sensor was introduced and its imaging characteristics were analyzed. An information mending algorithm was adopted to stitch TDI-CCDs imagery. Key points of the algorithm are image matching and modeling of coordinate transformation between two images. Particularly, piecewise polynomial transformation model was adopted to describe the shift, rotation and the zoom factor of TDI-CCDs imagery after extracting tie points using SIFT algorithm. Coefficients of polynomial transformation were obtained through the solution of error equation constructed by large numbers of tie points and finally TDI-CCDs imagery was geometrically stitched. A certain high resolution satellite remotely sensed imagery were adopted to verify this algorithm. The experiments show that total precision of this information mending stitching algorithm reaches sub-pixel level.

The high speed, low noise and integration characteristic are the main technology and the main development directions on the signal process circuit of the image sensor, especially in high resolution remote sensing. With these developments, the high noise limiting circuits, high speed data transfer system and the integrated design of the signal process circuit become more and more important. Therefore the requirement of the circuit system simulation is more and more important during the system design and PCB board design process. A CCD signal process circuit system which has the high speed, low noise and several selectable operate modes function was designed and certificated in this paper, during the CCD signal process circuit system design, simulation was made which include the signal integrity and the power integrity. The important devices such as FPGA and the DDR2 device were simulated, using the power integrity simulation the sensitive power planes of the FPGA on the PCB was modified to make the circuit operate more stabilize on a higher frequency. The main clock path and the high speed data path of the PCB board were simulated with the signal integrity. All the simulation works make the signal process circuit system’s image’s SNR value get higher and make the circuit system could operate well on higher frequency. In the board testing process, the PCB time diagrams were listed on the testing chapter and the wave’s parameter meets the request. The real time diagram and the simulated result of the PCB board was listed respectively. The CCD signal process circuit system’s images’ SNR (Signal Noise Ratio) value, the 14bit AFE slew rate and the data transfer frequency is listed in the paper respective.

High speed CMOS image sensors are very widely used in many applications such as machine vision, robotic sensing and scientifically imaging etc. Flexibility in design with CMOS technology allows the invention of various sensor architecture and tricks which can improve the sensor speed. In this paper we discuss several architectures for high speed sensors and their limitations.

Engineering and products need to achieve real-time video encoding by DSP, but the high computational complexity and huge amount of data requires that system has high data throughput. In this paper, a real-time MPEG-4 video encoder is designed based on TMS320C6416 platform. The kernel is the DSP of TMS320C6416T and FPGA chip f as the organization and management of video data. In order to control the flow of input and output data. Encoded stream is output using the synchronous serial port. The system has the clock frequency of 1GHz and has up to 8000 MIPS speed processing capacity when running at full speed. Due to the low coding efficiency of MPEG-4 video encoder transferred directly to DSP platform, it is needed to improve the program structure, data structures and algorithms combined with TMS320C6416T characteristics. First: Design the image storage architecture by balancing the calculation spending, storage space cost and EDMA read time factors. Open up a more buffer in memory, each buffer cache 16 lines of video data to be encoded, reconstruction image and reference image including search range. By using the variable alignment mode of the DSP, modifying the definition of structure variables and change the look-up table which occupy larger space with a direct calculation array to save memory space. After the program structure optimization, the program code, all variables, buffering buffers and the interpolation image including the search range can be placed in memory. Then, as to the time-consuming process modules and some functions which are called many times, the corresponding modules are written in parallel assembly language of TMS320C6416T which can increase the running speed. Besides, the motion estimation algorithm is improved by using a cross-hexagon search algorithm, The search speed can be increased obviously. Finally, the execution time, signal-to-noise ratio and compression ratio of a real-time image acquisition sequence is given. The experimental results show that the designed encoder in this paper can accomplish real-time encoding of a 768× 576, 25 frames per second grayscale video. The code rate is 1.5M bits per second.

Camouflaged targets detection in complex background is a challenging problem. Spectral-polarimetric imaging can offers spectral information and polarization information from the objects in the scene. Fusion of the spectral and polarization information in the images will result in better camouflaged target identification and recognition. In this paper a novel spectral-polarimetric image fusion algorithm based on Shearlet transform is proposed. Firstly, every polarimetric image in each wave band is decomposed into images of low frequency components and high frequency components by Shearlet transform. Then, the fused low frequency approximate coefficients are obtained with weighted average method, and the fused high frequency coefficients are obtained with area-based feature selection method, so features and details from different spectral-polarimetric images are fused successfully. After that, the kernel fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm is used for camouflaged object separation from its background. Experimental results have shown that better identification performance was achieved.

Lightweight agile remote sensors have become one type of the most important payloads and were widely utilized in space reconnaissance and resource survey. These imaging sensors are designed to obtain the high spatial, temporary and spectral resolution imageries. Key techniques in instrumentation include flexible maneuvering, advanced imaging control algorithms and integrative measuring techniques, which are closely correlative or even acting as the bottle-necks for each other. Therefore, mutual restrictive problems must be solved and optimized. Optical flow is the critical model which to be fully represented in the information transferring as well as radiation energy flowing in dynamic imaging. For agile sensors, especially with wide-field-of view, imaging optical flows may distort and deviate seriously when they perform large angle attitude maneuvering imaging. The phenomena are mainly attributed to the geometrical characteristics of the three-dimensional earth surface as well as the coupled effects due to the complicated relative motion between the sensor and scene. Under this circumstance, velocity fields distribute nonlinearly, the imageries may badly be smeared or probably the geometrical structures are changed since the image velocity matching errors are not having been eliminated perfectly. In this paper, precise imaging optical flow model is established for agile remote sensors, for which optical flows evolving is factorized by two forms, which respectively due to translational movement and image shape changing. Moreover, base on that, agile remote sensors instrumentation was investigated. The main techniques which concern optical flow modeling include integrative design with lightweight star sensors along with micro inertial measurement units and corresponding data fusion, the assemblies of focal plane layout and control, imageries post processing for agile remote sensors etc. Some experiments show that the optical analyzing method is effective to eliminate the limitations for the performance indexes, and succeeded to be applied for integrative system design. Finally, a principle prototype of agile remote sensor designed by the method is discussed.

Large-size visual shape measurement based on ICP (iterative closest point) mosaicing algorithm generally has a larger cumulative error; however, this problem can be well solved by precision positioning global control network. Therefore, this method is widely used in large-size visual shape measurement. Since the positioning accuracy of the global control network is the key influencing factor of the final measurement accuracy, the method of precision positioning global control network is researched, which is dependent on the principle of portable close-range photogrammetry. The precision positioning theory and mathematical model of global control network are investigated in this paper. Bundle adjustment optimization algorithm is the core of this measurement system, the solution method of this algorithm is introduced in detail, which can improve the model solution accuracy. As is known, the initial value of the algorithm has a direct influence on the convergence of the result, so obtaining the initial value is a key part of the measurement system, including control points matching technology, stations orientation technology and the technology of obtaining the initial value of the three-dimensional coordinates of global control points. New technological breakthroughs were made based on the existing researches to get a more precious and stable initial value. Firstly, a nonlinear adjustment model based control points matching method is proposed, which significantly improves the correct matching rate when the control points distribute intensively. Secondly, a new station orientation method without using an external orientation device is studied, which greatly improves the shooting freedom and expands the range of the spatial distribution of the measurement stations. Finally, a camera calibration method independent with the imaging model is explored, which converts image coordinate information into image angle information. Thus, the initial value calculation accuracy of the three-dimensional coordinates of the control points is not affected by the lens distortion and measurement distance. A large number of experiments were carried out using a high-resolution digital camera, and the experimental results show that the measurement accuracy of this method can reach 0.02mm (3m * 3m range), and the root mean square is about 0.015mm. Consequently we conclude that this method can achieve the precise positioning of the global control network and help to improve the accuracy of large-size visual shape measurement.

In order to cure the cataract disease or injuries in eyes, intraocular lens(IOL) has been studied all the time to replace the crystalline lens in human eyes. Researches on IOL are started early from 19th century, and it develops greatly in the hundreds years after. This article introduces several main kinds of IOLs that appear in the development history of IOL, and raises the double-liquid zoom IOL based on electrowetting, which will be the trend of IOL study.

In order to accurately measure velocity and position of projectile when it flies through optical target in shooting range, with studying the principle of intersection measuring system with dual linear CCD, the relationship between the imaging position of object in CCD and the velocity and position of projectile was deduced. Aim at the problem of target extraction in linear CCD image, some corresponding image processing algorithms such as background deduction, interference target removal and imaging central position calculation were proposed. Finally the system was realized and error analysis of various factors that will affect the measurement precision was carried out. Two intersection optical targets were placed in parallel. The first target surface was used to measure coordinates of projectile and the boths were used to measure speed of projectile. The experimental results show that error between the measurement value and the calibration value is in acceptable range. The system can satisfy the requirement of velocity and position measurement of projectile.

In this paper, a method on how to design and implement a miniaturized spectrometer with low-light-level (LLL) CCD on GaAs is introduced. The optical system uses a blazed grating as the dispersive element and a 1×64 CCD on GaAs as the sensor. We apply a highly integrated Cortex-M4 MCU (STM32F407), to build the data acquisition and analysis unit, providing Wi-Fi interface to communicate with the PC software. It can complete the tasks like data acquisition, digital filtering, spectral display, network communication, human-computer interaction etc.

In our country space exploration plan, ultraviolet sensor is an important kind of ultraviolet loads. Based on the requirement of calibration on ultraviolet sensors, a set of multi-parameters ultraviolet sensor calibration system covering vacuum ultraviolet wave band were founded. In this report calibration principle of ultraviolet sensor was described, the research on calibration technology of vacuum ultraviolet sensor working wave band range, field angle, distortion, uniformity and sensitivity parameters was made. The verification test of calibration device and a sheet of this device function contrast with foreign similar device was provided.

Moving object detection was implemented in dynamic background based on background difference compensation. Background differential can effectively segment the moving object in static background. But in moving video, the camera motion causes corresponding movement of the target and background, which makes the prospect moving object hard to separate from the background. In order to detect moving object, we can compensate the movement of the background and transfer the dynamic background to static. Moving object detection in static background image was implemented using a new weights updating method that the weights were updated during a certain period. This method based on classical Gaussian mixture model improved the efficiency of image segmentation greatly. Moving object detection in dynamic background was realized using background differential compensation. The global motion of the background was established according to the affined parameters model. The model parameters were estimated by feature points matching based on the search strategy. Invalid matching points were eliminated using the method of distance consistency. Backward mapping was used to get the motion parameters of the background. After compensation of the background with the global motion parameters, frame difference between the current frame and the background can detect moving objects effectively. Experiments were done on computer with the programming tools of VS2010 and MATLAB. Experimental results showed that the algorithm based on differential compensation was effective.

In this paper, a compressive imaging architecture is used for ultra low-light-level imaging. In such a system, features, instead of object pixels, are imaged onto a photocathode, and then magnified by an image intensifier. By doing so, system measurement SNR is increased significantly. Therefore, the new system can image objects at ultra low-ligh-level, while a conventional system has difficulty. PCA projection is used to collect feature measurements in this work. Linear Wiener operator and nonlinear method based on FoE model are used to reconstruct objects. Root mean square error (RMSE) is used to quantify system reconstruction quality.

In order to design a kind of rational large aperture space mirror which can adapt to the space gravity and thermal environment, by taking the choice of material, the lightweight of the mirror and the design of support into account in detail, a double-deck structure with traditional flexible hinge was designed, then the analytical mathematical model of the mirror system was established. The design adopts six supports on back. in order to avoid the constraints, mirror is connected to three middle transition pieces through six flexible hinges, and then the three transition pieces are connected to support plate through another three flexible hinges. However, the initial structure is unable to reach the expected design target and needs to be made further adjustments. By improving and optimizing the original structure, a new type of flexible hinge in the shape of the letter A is designed finally. Compared with the traditional flexible hinge structure, the new structure is simpler and has less influence on the surface figure accuracy of mirror. By using the finite element analysis method, the static and dynamic characteristics as well as the thermal characteristics of the mirror system are analyzed. Analysis results show that the maximum PV value is 37 nm and the maximum RMS value is 10.4 nm when gravity load is applied. Furthermore, the maximum PV value is 46 nm and the maximum RMS value is 10.5 nm under the load case of gravity coupled with 4℃ uniform temperature rise. The results satisfy the index of optical design. The first order natural frequency of the mirror component is 130 Hz according to the conclusion obtained by modal analytical solution, so the mirror structure has high enough fundamental frequency. And, the structural strength can meet the demand under the overload and the random vibration environment respectively. It indicates that the mirror component structure has enough dynamic, static stiffness and thermal stability, meeting the design requirements.

A new prototype of two-dimensional photon-counting imaging detector with a bare microchannel plate (MCP) stack and induced charge wedge-strip anode in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) region has been developed, which will be applied to a moon-based EUV camera. The detector mainly is composed of a MCP stack operating in pulse-counting mode, induced charge wedge-strip anode (WSA) and correlative analog and data processing circuit. A three electrode wedge-strip position-sensitive anode with 1.5 mm period and 48 mm diameter active area was fabricated by picosecond laser processing technology, and front-end analog and data circuit with maximum rate 300kHz also been developed. Operating characteristics of the prototype of MCP detector including background rate, pulse height distribution, gain, image linearity and spatial resolution were measured. The measured results show that the spatial resolution can arrive at 5linepair/mm, this responds to 0.2 mm, background rate is less than 1counts/cm²•s. These specifications can completely satisfy the requirement of moon-based EUV camera on the spatial resolution and background rate.

This paper uses a pseudo-cassegrain system as the initial structure, whose full field of view and F number are 5.6°and 1.63, respectively. Then the authors make further improvements and optimization in large weights and serious central obscuration. The final system is designed with preference of smaller central obscuration, lower manufacturing difficulty, lighter, simpler configuration and lower cost compared with the initial pseudo-cassegrain optical system. In addition, what is different from the previous modified cassegrain system is that secondary mirror of the final system is a plane mirror which is easier to fabricate and install. At the same time, the final system has three significant characteristics of these three systems: cassegrain, maksutov and schmidt. At last, the dissertation certificates the feasibility of the new system in the angle of aberration analysis, spot diagram analysis and energy analysis. It also provides a new design method for the optical system of moderate field, large relative aperture and wide spectral.

The high portability of small Unmanned Aircraft Vehicles (UAVs) makes them play an important role in surveillance and reconnaissance tasks, so the military and civilian desires for UAVs are constantly growing. Recently, we have developed a real-time video exploitation system for our small UAV which is mainly used in forest patrol tasks. Our system consists of six key models, including image contrast enhancement, video stabilization, mosaicing, salient target indication, moving target indication, and display of the footprint and flight path on map. Extensive testing on the system has been implemented and the result shows our system performed well.

In this paper we present a programmable computational image sensor for high-speed vision. This computational image sensor contains four main blocks: an image pixel array, a massively parallel processing element (PE) array, a row processor (RP) array and a RISC core. The pixel-parallel PE is responsible for transferring, storing and processing image raw data in a SIMD fashion with its own programming language. The RPs are one dimensional array of simplified RISC cores, it can carry out complex arithmetic and logic operations. The PE array and RP array can finish great amount of computation with few instruction cycles and therefore satisfy the low- and middle-level high-speed image processing requirement. The RISC core controls the whole system operation and finishes some high-level image processing algorithms. We utilize a simplified AHB bus as the system bus to connect our major components. Programming language and corresponding tool chain for this computational image sensor are also developed.

The method of knife-edge scanning is always adopted in testing the MTF of infrared focal plane array (IRFPA), and accurate focusing is one of the most important preconditions in the measurement procedure, because the measurement accuracy of MTF is ensured only when IRFPA is placed in the focal plane of the knife-edge imaging optical system. In this paper, a focusing method based on the area value under normalized MTF curve is proposed. Firstly, we analyzed MTF calculation model, which contained derivation of edge spread function (ESF) and then Fourier transformation. In this way, the issue of larger area under normalized MTF curve meant better focusing degree of the measurement system was proved. Next, the quasi-focal plane position of knife-edge optical system was determined according to the output voltage values of pixels of IRFPA. Then a series of MTF curves were measured when IRFPA was placed at different positions located in the optical axis beside the determined quasi-focal plane at an increment of 60 μm. Subsequently, the area under each normalized MTF curve was calculated, and the result showed the area values presented a perfect Lorentzian distribution against the positions of IRFPA. It was concluded the peak position of the fitted Lorentzian curve corresponded to the position of focal plane of knife-edge optical system. With this method, the focal plane position of knife-edge optical system was determined. The method presented here can be used to focus the MTF testing system with a high accuracy, which is good for the following MTF measurement.

The earth sensors are currently used in spacecrafts. Most of them with a single field of view (FOV) for earth observation are not applied to aircrafts in the atmosphere. For the use of the aircraft at 70 ~ 100km in the atmosphere, this paper proposes a separate triple-FOV earth sensor based on infrared detectors. By sensing the earth-horizon, the triple-FOV earth sensor obtains the geocentric vector, and calculates the altitude of the aircraft at the same time. The earth sensor uses three pieces of infrared detectors at 14 ~ 16μm. To sense the infrared light could ensure that the earth sensor does the same operation at night and day regardless of the weather and the light impact of the sun and the moon. The optical axes of the three fields of view are positioned at 120° from each other in the horizontal plane, and the angle between the optical axes and the vertical direction is 82.86°. Considering the model of the surface of the earth’s atmosphere, the earth's radius and so on, the mathematical model of the triple-FOV earth sensor is established. From 70km to 100km, the result of simulation shows that the altitude measurement accuracy is better than 100m and the angle measurement error is 3.8". The earth sensor can provide high-precision position information, and make data fusion with additional sensors to achieve autonomous navigation of aircrafts.

In order to establish measurement basis in non-cooperative environment, this paper proposes an autonomous position and posture servo tracking method based on laser light guided monocular vision. The light of a linear laser projected on a plane was simulated as horizon basis, while the laser light modulated by the projection in the reference plane was taken as servo target. The modulated position and posture change information of laser light was obtained by monocular vision system, information from which the attitude angle of the laser light could be calculated. The attitude angle was transmitted to parallel tracking platform in real time and controlled the movement of the platform according to the laser light. The tracking angle parameters of parallel tracking platform under different position and posture were verified using an inclinometer, which proved the validity and effectiveness of this method. As to the existing measurement errors, this paper analyzed possible causes and provided with feasible suggestions to further improve the precision of the system.

The technology of eye tracker has become the main methods of analyzing the recognition issues in human-computer interaction. Human eye image capture is the key problem of the eye tracking. Based on further research, a new human-computer interaction method introduced to enrich the form of speech synthetic. We propose a method of Implicit Prosody mining based on the human eye image capture technology to extract the parameters from the image of human eyes when reading, control and drive prosody generation in speech synthesis, and establish prosodic model with high simulation accuracy. Duration model is key issues for prosody generation. For the duration model, this paper put forward a new idea for obtaining gaze duration of eyes when reading based on the eye image capture technology, and synchronous controlling this duration and pronunciation duration in speech synthesis. The movement of human eyes during reading is a comprehensive multi-factor interactive process, such as gaze, twitching and backsight. Therefore, how to extract the appropriate information from the image of human eyes need to be considered and the gaze regularity of eyes need to be obtained as references of modeling. Based on the analysis of current three kinds of eye movement control model and the characteristics of the Implicit Prosody reading, relative independence between speech processing system of text and eye movement control system was discussed. It was proved that under the same text familiarity condition, gaze duration of eyes when reading and internal voice pronunciation duration are synchronous. The eye gaze duration model based on the Chinese language level prosodic structure was presented to change previous methods of machine learning and probability forecasting, obtain readers’ real internal reading rhythm and to synthesize voice with personalized rhythm. This research will enrich human-computer interactive form, and will be practical significance and application prospect in terms of disabled assisted speech interaction. Experiments show that Implicit Prosody mining based on the human eye image capture technology makes the synthesized speech has more flexible expressions.

Avalanche photodiodes(APDs) have attracted more and more attention due to their single photon detection ability. However, low dark current is a prerequisite for APDs which are used as single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs).In this work,Planar-type Separate Absorption Grading Charge Multiplication(SAGCM) InP/InGaAs APD are fabricated and simulated with ISE-TCAD. We present a detailed analysis of dark current and gain experimentally and theoretically. The effect of the generation-recombination process,the tunneling process,the surface leakage process and the multiplication process on the total dark current are discussed.The dark current gain ratio (Id/M) is used to demonstrate the tunneling current. Simulation results indicate that the thickness of multiplication and trap-assisted tunneling effect have a great influence on the tunneling current:thin multiplication layer and traps will lead to a substantial increase in the tunneling current component, therefore appropriate multiplication layer thickness and low traps are necessary to obtain good APDs with low dark current. Compared with the simulation results,it shows that our APDs have low tunneling current even at breakdown point.In addition, the distinctions between different process of dark current provide a good guidance for the optimization of the APD.

An improved calibration method for digital Abbe refractometer is proposed. Based on Fresnel reflection theory, digital Abbe refractometer measures the index of refraction by processing bright-dark pattern images. For extreme environment applications, our team has developed a digital Abbe refractometer. By analyzing bright-dark pattern images, it shows optical aberration may reduce positioning accuracy on critical angle. The main work of this paper is to propose a new calibrate method for digital Abbe refractometer. An optical system is built to simulate the refractometer. A motorized micropositioning stage is inserted to precisely control the position of bright-dark boundary. An area CCD captures an image each time boundary displaced. Get the boundary through entire measuring range to form an image database. The database indicates the corresponding relations between bright-dark pattern image acquired by CCD camera and boundary position read by motorized stage. When measuring the refractive index of liquid, match its bright-dark pattern image to images in database, and get the boundary position from the nearest match. Compared to the former method of computing boundary position from images with aberration, the proposed method calibrate refractometer by large amount of experimental data, thus improve stability of the measurement.

Camera and system parameters calibration is an essential process for a distance measuring system using binocular stereo vision. In usual ways of calibration, brightly colored objects are put at the center of the area of surveillance to avoid big errors in measurement as targets are far away from the center. When calibration objects are not allowed to be put in the sensing area of interest, they should be placed somewhere else outside. A scheme of calibration is proposed for system parameters correction in super-size two dimensional scale events sensing and positioning system using binocular stereo vision. The location of a reference point is specified at the center of the surveillance area of about 200,000 meters square, and the coordinate of the center is known in the physical world. Coordinates of cameras and calibration objects outside the surveillance area are measured in physical world coordinates system. It is convenient to compute the angle between the side connecting camera with the calibration object and the one connecting the same camera with the reference point using the longitude and altitude values measured. When calibration is performed, orientation of the camera is obtained and position of the object on the imaging plane is read out in pixels. Rotating the camera with the angle computed above, the reference point would be on the optical axis of the camera in the ideal case. The accuracy of the device for measuring the angle contributes to the error in aligning the optical axis passing through the reference point. In the experiment, when putting a calibration object at the reference point, the position of the object on an imaging plane could be read out in pixels. Comparing the difference of pixels between the two orientations of the camera, errors caused by rotating the camera can be determined. When another camera is configured to form a binocular stereo vision system, parameters are calibrated in the same way. Theoretical analysis shows that the error caused by adjusting two cameras is limited by a shape that approximates a quadrilateral. The area of the quadrilateral is determined by both the accuracy of the angle measuring device and the distances between the cameras and the reference point. Comparison of theoretical with experimental results is made, indicating the effectiveness of this scheme.

Measuring the three-dimension (3D) orientation parameters of the axis symmetry objects, such as missile and rocket, plays an important role of optimization design and malfunction analysis of the targets in shooting range experimentations. If the target is clear-cut, there are already many ways to extract the axis precisely, and get the three-dimension orientation parameters by triangulation method. But in practical experimentations, we sometimes face the problem that the target is illuminated by intense sunlight, which with the background of sky will cause the imprecision of axis extraction and the increasing of measurement error. To solve the problem, this paper presents an accurate method to extract the target’s axis. The method build a point set, and try to put all the target’s points into it by using the priori-knowledge, such as the symmetry target’s characteristic under unilateral illumination condition, then calculate the regional minimum inertia axis of the set’s points and get the target’s axis. Experimental results show that this method is efficient and robust to noise, which can meet the requirement of unilaterally illuminated target 3D pose interpretation in shooting range.

A reflectance colorimetry measurement system is constructed using scanning spectrometer with array detector, and the color measurement can be achieved under 45:0 and 0:45 geometry conditions. Typically, there are two types of spectrometer for colorimetry measurement: the scanning spectrometer with single-channel detector requires point-by-point spectral reading, and the measurement is time consuming; array sensor spectrometer (multichannel spectrometer) can completes the measurement in a few milliseconds, but its spectral resolution and range are limited by the array sensor and the optical elements. This colorimetry measurement system is designed for color calibration service, it using a scanning spectrometer with array detector, which divides the board spectral measurement range into sections, and uses the array detector to measure each section respectively, thus achieving the rapid measurement of spectral data with high resolution and wide wavelength range, so as to realized fast color measurement with high precision. The array sensor of the system using a photo diode array (PDA) with 1024 pixel, having a larger dynamic range and better linearity compared to CCD. The grating is rotated with a precision rotation stage, and the rotation angle is calculated basing the parameters of grating and collimator lens, so as to stitch the spectral data of each measurement section., the measurement signal is mutated at the junction point between measurement sections, due to the rotation angle and the shape of grating efficiency curve. The theoretical analysis and experiment shows that the signal mutation at the junction point can be eliminated by comparison measurement of reflectance.

High-resolution earth observation from geostationary orbit (GEO) is a good way to satisfy the increased time resolution for resource, environment and disaster monitor. Earth observation from geostationary orbit will require optical remote sensor with ultra-large aperture. Given size, weight and launch ability constraints, as well as cost consideration, the traditional monolithic aperture optical system couldn’t satisfy the need. This paper gives a new method, the diffractive imaging system. Diffract ive imaging system is a feasible way to realize high-resolution earth observation from geostationary orbit. The principle of diffract ive imaging system is introduced firstly, then, the primary design of remote sensor with 1m resolution from geostationary orbit using diffractive imaging system is analyzed. Finally, the key technologies are analyzed and feasible solutions are given.

In this paper, two different SPAD structures are designed and fabricated by 0.13μm CMOS technology. For the structure-1, a guard ring with low implanted p-well is used at the edge of p⁺ region, which prevents the periphery region breakdown while for the structure-2 a “virtual” guard ring structure with a p^- well under the whole P⁺ region is designed. The first structure exhibits a maximum photon detection probability of 15% and a typical dark count rate of 18 kHz at room temperature while the second structure exhibits a maximum of photon detection probability of 28% and a dark count rate of 23 kHz. These results would give a help for further advanced SPAD design.

Compared with traditional optical intensity image processing, polarization images processing has two main problems. One is that the amount of data is larger. The other is that processing tasks is more complex. To resolve these problems, the parallel processing system of multi-channel polarization images is designed by the multi-DSP technique. It contains a communication control unit (CCU) and a data processing array (DPA). CCU controls communications inside and outside the system. Its logics are designed by a FPGA chip. DPA is made up of four Digital Signal Processor (DSP) chips, which are interlinked by the loose coupling method. DPA implements processing tasks including images registration and images synthesis by parallel processing methods. The polarization images parallel processing model is designed on multi levels including the system task, the algorithm and the operation. Its program is designed by the assemble language. While the polarization image resolution is 782x582 pixels, the pixel data length is 12 bits in the experiment. After it received 3 channels of polarization image simultaneously, this system implements parallel task to acquire the target polarization characteristics. Experimental results show that this system has good real-time and reliability. The processing time of images registration is 293.343ms while the registration accuracy achieves 0.5 pixel. The processing time of images synthesis is 3.199ms.

This paper presents a new depth measuring method for the dual-view stereo camera based on the converted relative extrinsic parameters. The relative extrinsic parameters between left and right cameras, which obtained by the stereo camera calibration, can indicate the geometric relationships among the left principle point, right principle point and convergent point. Furthermore, the geometry which consists of the corresponding points and the object can be obtained by making conversion between the corresponding points and principle points. Therefore, the depth of the object can be calculated based on the obtained geometry. The correctness of the proposed method has been proved in 3ds Max, and the validity of the method has been verified on the binocular stereo system of flea2 cameras. We compared our experimental results with the popular RGB-D camera (e.g. Kinect). The comparison results show that our method is reliable and efficient, without epipolar rectification.

In the imaging optical facility, the light source, the spectroradiometer and the optical path are the three fundamental elements. Most of time the light source is not a dot source and the radiation flux received by the spectroradiometer doesn’t only obey the rule of the geometry optics. Experiment shows that the spectral irradiance does not obey the law of the inverse squares with the variation of the diameter of entrance aperture. Compared to the radiation flux calculated using geometry optics, there is diffraction loss due to diffraction. First, the spectroradiometer is calibrated at a fixed distance and diameter. After the calibration, the spectral irradiance is measured with the change of the two parameters. With a spectral irradiance standard lamp and spectroradiometer with double monochromator setup, the consistence of the spectral irradiance at the same condition can be higher than 0.1% easily, which makes the comparison between the experiment and the calculation feasible. From the experiment, it can be seen than diffraction effect does affect the measurement result.

Camera calibration is one of the most basic and important processes in optical measuring field. Generally, the objective of camera calibration is to estimate the internal and external parameters of object cameras, while the orientation error of optical axis is not included yet. Orientation error of optical axis is a important factor, which seriously affects measuring precision in high-precision measurement field, especially for those distant aerospace measurement in which object distance is much longer than focal length, that lead to magnifying the orientation errors to thousands times. In order to eliminate the influence of orientation error of camera optical axis, the imaging model of camera is analysed and established in this paper, and the calibration method is also introduced: Firstly, we analyse the reasons that cause optical axis error and its influence. Then, we find the model of optical axis orientation error and imaging model of camera basing on it’s practical physical meaning. Furthermore, we derive the bundle adjustment algorithm which could compute the internal and external camera parameters and absolute orientation of camera optical axis simultaneously at high precision. In numeric simulation, we solve the camera parameters by using bundle adjustment optimization algorithm, then we correct the image points by calibration results according to the model of optical axis error, and the simulation result shows that our calibration model is reliable, effective and precise.

Full-Stokes imaging polarimetry has been a research hotspot in the past ten years because it can provide us the full-Stokes parameters, from which we can reconstruct the complete polarization information. In this paper we describe a direct method to obtain the full-Stokes parameters. A polarization modulator, composed of a retarder and a polarizer, is installed before an imaging system. Four different angle combinations of the retarder and polarizer are used to create four different polarization states to calculate the Stokes parameters. The principle of the method is outlined first. Then we present different architectures of the system with their advantages and disadvantages including a novel structure using aperture division with micro-optics element. Besides, the method can be incorporated into the Fourier transform spectrometer to obtain the spectropolarimetric information.

We present an integrated polarization image sensing architecture, which can be used for measuring all the Stokes parameters, and then regulating the polarization state of light beam according to the polarization state we have known, by changing the voltage amplitude applied over the patterned electrodes. The architecture contains a liquid crystal (LC) device and an uncooled photo detector. We can calculate the polarization state of the polarized light beam by the intensities of the light passing through the different area of the LC device, and then modulate the polarization state of the light beam to other polarization state which we want by only varying the voltage amplitude of the driving signal in sub-millisecond. In this paper, we will give the simulating results of the polarimeter architecture we designed.

In space applications, sensors work in very harsh space environment. Thus the reliability design must be carefully considered. This paper addresses the techniques which effectively increase the reliability of CMOS image sensors. A radiation tolerant pixel design which is implemented in a sun tracker sensor is presented. Measurement results of total dose radiation, SEL, SEU, etc prove the radiation immunity of the sensor.

Here we report an ultrafast x-ray imaging sensor based on optical measurement of the effects of x-ray absorption and electron hole pair creation in a direct band-gap semiconductor. Our results indicate that this technology can be used to provide a new approach for x-ray detectors and x-ray imaging systems with picosecond temporal resolution at x-ray energies ~10 keV. The x-ray absorption in GaAs produces a transient, non-equilibrium, electron-hole pair distribution which is then sensed by the phase modulation of the optical probe beam. The basic physics of the detector, implementation considerations, and preliminary experimental data are presented and discussed. Through further development, this x-ray imaging sensor could provide insight into previously unmeasurable phenomena in many fields.

In 3D imaging application, large scale of SPAD arrays, low power consumption, compact and high accuracy quenching circuit is necessary. In this paper we developed a simple and fast pulse sensing circuit with negligible static power dissipation, and the afterpulsing effects are also significantly reduced by fast quenching process. The gated mode is used and it can precisely set the turn-off time of each frame. Ensure SPAD is more reliable. Compare to other active quenching circuits (AQC) for SPADs, the proposed circuit is ultra fast in signal pulse sensing and accurate in time resolution with a low threshold, and it can be easily utilized in SPAD-array detectors for photon-flight-time measurement with sub-nanosecond precision. The quenching circuit implemented by CSMC 0.5-μm CMOS technology is optimal designed by using SPICE simulator, where an accurate SPICE model we established for InGaAs SPAD is embedded. The simulation result shows that the proposed AQC can operate properly in all the static and transient states, and the rising time of the sensed voltage pulse can be caught in 1ns, and its quenching time is less than 5ns. This is much suitable for picosecond precision infrared sensing system.

This paper presents a 10-bit low-power column-parallel cyclic analog-to-digital converter (ADC) used for high-speed CMOS image sensor (CIS). An opamp sharing technique is used to save power and area. Correlated double sampling (CDS) circuit and programmable gain amplifier (PGA) are integrated in the ADC, which avoids stand-alone circuit blocks. An offset cancellation technique is also introduced, which reduces the column fixed-pattern noise (FPN) effectively. One single channel ADC with an area less than 0.03mm² was implemented in a 0.18μm 1P4M CMOS image sensor process. The resolution of the proposed ADC is 10-bit, and the conversion rate is 2MS/s. The measured differential nonlinearity (DNL) and integral nonlinearity (INL) are 0.62 LSB and 2.1 LSB together with CDS, respectively. The power consumption from 1.8V supply is only 0.36mW.

Ship detection is of great significance lowing to its wide applications. In most existing approaches, some predetection methods are often used to extract ship candidates since applying an accurate algorithm throughout the whole image will be time-consuming and could even cause a lot of false alarms. In addition, most related work focuses on panchromatic imagery but only a little attention has been paid to color imagery. Color images contain more discriminative information of ships than panchromatic images, so it will be easier to extract ships in color images. Further, more information also means more potential to implement image enhancement techniques to solve the problem caused by poor illumination, which is very common in optical images. In this paper, with respect to optical color imagery, we propose a new predetection approach to extract ship candidates preliminarily and rapidly using color information. Firstly, an image enhancement algorithm is employed to improve the quality of input images. Then, we regard the color image as a hyperspectral image and extract ship candidates using a hyperspectral algorithm based on spectral signature model. This hyperspectral algorithm, in essence, utilizes the color information of ships, but the color information is processed in a hyperspectral manner. Unlike the commonly used color segment algorithms which focus on the thresholds in color space, this hyperspectral algorithm concerns more on the patterns of color vectors. Experimental results on real dataset indicate that this image enhancement algorithm is quite suitable for remote sensing images and its performance is better than histogram equalization based techniques. In addition, the hyperspectral algorithm also shows good performance in extracting ship candidates in color images, especially for small ships. As a whole, large areas of background can be removed and most ships can be detected. Although some false alarms still remain, the mount of false alarms is decreased greatly.

Large size photodiode used in high speed CMOS image sensor pixel suffers from slow signal charges transfer speed and large image lag. To solve these problems, in this paper, we present a new device structure for high speed CMOS image sensor pixel with lateral graded-doping profile pinned photodiode and non-uniform doped channel transfer gate. Theory analysis and TCAD simulation results indicate that the proposed pixel can increase the signal charges transfer speed and reduce the image lag effectively. The measurement results show that, the proposed pixel is able to achieve 40ns readout time and 0.44% image lag. Compare to conventional pixels, 64 times higher readout speed enhancement and five times lower image lag were achieved.

An improved online long-term visual tracking algorithm, named adaptive and accelerated TLD (AA-TLD) based on Tracking-Learning-Detection (TLD) which is a novel tracking framework has been introduced in this paper. The improvement focuses on two aspects, one is adaption, which makes the algorithm not dependent on the pre-defined scanning grids by online generating scale space, and the other is efficiency, which uses not only algorithm-level acceleration like scale prediction that employs auto-regression and moving average (ARMA) model to learn the object motion to lessen the detector’s searching range and the fixed number of positive and negative samples that ensures a constant retrieving time, but also CPU and GPU parallel technology to achieve hardware acceleration. In addition, in order to obtain a better effect, some TLD’s details are redesigned, which uses a weight including both normalized correlation coefficient and scale size to integrate results, and adjusts distance metric thresholds online. A contrastive experiment on success rate, center location error and execution time, is carried out to show a performance and efficiency upgrade over state-of-the-art TLD with partial TLD datasets and Shenzhou IX return capsule image sequences. The algorithm can be used in the field of video surveillance to meet the need of real-time video tracking.

This paper presents the design and the simulation of pixel for real time three dimensional (3D) measurements based on Time of Flight (TOF) technique. The pixel is designed to detect the time delay between transmitted and reflected light. Based on 4T active pixel, A TXD transfer gate is added to realize TOF function. In order to enhance lateral drift field, the pixel adopts a split device structure. The implant energy and dose of photodiode are simulated in 2D carefully with simulation tool TCAD. 3D simulation is presented to verify the 3D measurement function of the pixel. The simulation results show that proposed pixel can achieve 10ns transfer time and meet the requirement for TOF.

To increase probability on found, and decrease the speed to information process, and to extract and recognize target intelligently and rapidly, the background and mechanism of quantum cryptography, and the domestic and international recent research is introduced, and the relative evaluation merits and development of single photon detectors have been analyzed, while the special operation principle and several kinds of work patterns in single photon detection are studied.

This paper proposed a smoke detection method suitable for constant speed rotating platform. The movements of long range scenes in images acquired by camera on rotating surveillance platform is approximate translation, the proposed method uses a grid point based image patch matching to obtain the parameters of the translation, and compensates the movements of scenes to generate short-time stable scenes for smoke detection. After the movement compensation of the video, the smoke candidate regions are selected by two-stage background difference, color judgment and shadow judgment. The two-stage background difference which takes advantage of fast background updating and slow background updating is performed to detect slowly changing regions. The color judgment is applied to filter out non-smoke color regions, for smoke always takes on gray colors. And the shadow judgment is to carry out by the light color feature and the no texture changing feature of shadows. An image buffer pool is established for smoke diffusion analysis where forward region trajectories and corresponding backward region trajectories are obtained. Those regions’ moving trajectories are obtained by a consecutive frame region matching method based on their corresponding position distance and are filtered by a consistency constraint, after which, the translation, expanding, shrinking features of remaining smoke candidate regions are attained, which are used for movements and diffusion judgments. The smoke candidate regions passing all of above judgments are considered smoke regions. Experimental results show the proposed method is prominent for forest smoke detection.

Spacecrafts rendezvous and docking (RVD) by human or autonomous control is a complicated and difficult problem especially in the final approach stage. Present control methods have their key technology weakness. It is a necessary, important and difficult step for RVD through human’s aiming chaser spacecraft at target spacecraft in a coaxial line by a three-dimension bulge cross target. At present, there is no technology to quantify the alignment in image recognition direction. We present a new practical autonomous method to improve the accuracy and efficiency of RVD control by adding image recognition algorithm instead of human aiming and control. Target spacecraft has a bulge cross target which is designed for chaser spacecraft’s aiming accurately and have two center points, one is a plate surface center point(PSCP), another is a bulge cross center point(BCCP), while chaser spacecraft has a monitoring ruler cross center point(RCCP) of the video telescope optical system for aiming . If the three center points are coincident at the monitoring image, the two spacecrafts keep aligning which is suitable for closing to docking. Using the trace spacecraft’s video telescope optical system to acquire the real-time monitoring image of the target spacecraft’s bulge cross target. Appling image processing and intelligent recognition algorithm to get rid of interference source to compute the three center points’ coordinate and exact digital offset of two spacecrafts’ relative position and attitude real-timely, which is used to control the chaser spacecraft pneumatic driving system to change the spacecraft attitude in six direction: up, down, front, back, left, right, pitch, drift and roll precisely. This way is also practical and economical because it needs not adding any hardware, only adding the real-time image recognition software into spacecrafts’ present video system. It is suitable for autonomous control and human control.

Currently simulating on laser propagation in atmosphere usually need to deal with beam in strong turbulence, which may lose a part of information via Fourier Transform to simulate the transmission, makes the phase of beam as a 2-D array wrap by 2π . An effective unwrapping algorithm is needed for continuing result and faster calculation. The unwrapping algorithms in atmospheric propagation are similar to the unwrapping algorithm in radar or 3-D surface rebuilding, but not the same. In this article, three classic unwrapping algorithms: the block least squares (BLS), mask-cut (MCUT), and the Flynn’s minimal discontinuity algorithm (FMD) are tried in wave-front reconstruction simulation. Each of those algorithms are tested 100 times in 6 same conditions, including low(64x64), medium(128x128), and high(256x256) resolution phase array, with and without noises. Compared the results, the conclusions are delivered as follows. The BLS-based algorithm is the fastest, and the result is acceptable in low resolution environment without noise. The MCUT are higher in accuracy, though they are slower with the array resolution increased, and it is sensitive to noise, resulted in large area errors. Flynn’s algorithm has the better accuracy, and it occupies large memory in calculation. After all, the article delivered a new algorithm that based on Active on Vertex (AOV) Network, to build a logical graph to cut the search space then find minimal discontinuity solution. The AOV is faster than MCUT in dealing with high resolution phase arrays, and better accuracy as FMD that has been tested.

We recently proposed a negative-feedback reset as a noise cancellation technique and showed that it can obtain intermediate image data during the charge-accumulation process. As an application, dynamic range compression is achieved by individually selecting pixels and by setting an intermediate voltage or performing quasi-holding with respect to each pixel. Additionally, we achieved dynamic range extending using multi-intermediate image readout. Since obtained images have global characteristics in their tone curves, local contrasts are degraded with simple HDR compression. Therefore local adaptive HDR compression is required. We propose an approach to generating a tone mapping function by using composite multiple gamma functions derived from local histograms. The multiple gamma functions represent the shadow, middle, and high-light tones of local-image areas. We can intuitively control the parameters of these three tones and suppress over-enhancement of images with LHE by using these multiple gamma functions. Moreover, we achieved two million pixels per 0.3 sec of operation and real-time movie correction (resolution: VGA, frame rate of 30fps) without the need for dedicated instructions or additional hardware by calculating the local histogram independent of the pixel-box size and using a look-up table for functions.

In clinical practice, laser ablation usually works under liquid environment such as water, blood or their mixture. Laser-induced vapor bubble or bubble formation and its consequent dynamics were believed to have important influence on tissue ablation. In the paper, the dynamic process of vapor bubble formation and consequently collapse induced by pulsed Ho:YAG laser in static water was investigated by using high-speed camera. The results showed that vapor channel / bubble can be produced with pulsed Ho:YAG laser, and the whole dynamic process of vapor bubble formation, pulsation and consequently collapse can be monitored by using high-speed camera. The dynamic characteristics of vapor bubble, such as pulsation period, the maximum depth and width were determined. The dependence of above dynamic parameters on incident radiant exposure was also presented. Based on which, the influence of vapor bubble on hard tissue ablation was discussed.

We have grown InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) by droplet epitaxy for application in single photon sources. This growth method enables the formation of QDs without strain, with emission wavelengths of around 1.3μm within the optimal detection range of cost effective silicon detector, and with reduced surface density of several tens to a few QDs per μm2 for easier isolation of single QDs. The optical properties of QDs were envisaged by exciton and biexciton emission peaks identified from power dependent and time-resolved micro-photoluminescence (μ-PL) measurements.

The imaging plane’s illumination nonuniformity is an important parameter for wide FOV and short-focus optical imaging system.But now the imaging plane’s illumination nonuniformity measurement device can not meet the requirements of wide FOV, high uniformity and wide dynamic range.A new device combined with assymmetric double-hemisphere technology was set up. It was composed of the special integrating sphere, CCD camera, precision displacement mechanism, image acquisition, and testing software.The CCD was pre-calibrated and the testing software realized a auto-correction,image acquisition, display and the illumination nonuniformity calulation.The light source was calibrated by the national standard color temperature lamp.The device can provide a Lambert object surface .The advantages of the device were that the FOV was as largely as 100°,and a wide illumination range of (10-3~103)Lx was achieved. An optimal simulation of assymmetric double-hemisphere was calculated by LightTools,it was proved that the illuminace nonuniformity at the outlet was better than 1.7%.Finally, the illumination nonuniformity of the integrating sphere and a wide FOV and short-focus lens were respectively measured.The results show that, the illumination uniformity of the integrating sphere is less than or equal to 1.49%,and the imaging plane’s illumination nonuniformity of the lens is 10.24%.

TH-1 satellite’s administer sends RPC to the users as the main assist data so as to hide the sensor’s technique parameters. This paper introduces the methods of stereo positioning based on the RPC model, and analyses the key problem of the obvious systematic error, and then through adding an affine transformation in image space to compensate the systematic error. Experiment is made through two TH-1 satellite three-line images based on RPC model. The test result shows that few ground control points can improve the positioning precision of bias compensated RPC model greatly, and demonstrates the correctness and effectiveness of the RPC model.