Robust watermarking scheme for binary images using a slice-based large-cluster algorithm with a Hamming Code

Wen-Yuan Chen; Chen-Chung Liu

doi:10.1117/1.2150810

1 January 2006 Robust watermarking scheme for binary images using a slice-based large-cluster algorithm with a Hamming Code

Wen-Yuan Chen, Chen-Chung Liu

Author Affiliations +

Optical Engineering, Vol. 45, Issue 1, 017005 (January 2006). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2150810

Abstract

The problems with binary watermarking schemes are that they have only a small amount of embeddable space and are not robust enough. We develop a slice-based large-cluster algorithm (SBLCA) to construct a robust watermarking scheme for binary images. In SBLCA, a small-amount cluster selection (SACS) strategy is used to search for a feasible slice in a large-cluster flappable-pixel decision (LCFPD) method, which is used to search for the best location for concealing a secret bit from a selected slice. This method has four major advantages over the others: (a) SBLCA has a simple and effective decision function to select appropriate concealment locations, (b) SBLCA utilizes a blind watermarking scheme without the original image in the watermark extracting process, (c) SBLCA uses slice-based shuffling capability to transfer the regular image into a hash state without remembering the state before shuffling, and finally, (d) SBLCA has enough embeddable space that every 64 pixels could accommodate a secret bit of the binary image. Furthermore, empirical results on test images reveal that our approach is a robust watermarking scheme for binary images.

©(2006) Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)

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Wen-Yuan Chen and Chen-Chung Liu "Robust watermarking scheme for binary images using a slice-based large-cluster algorithm with a Hamming Code," Optical Engineering 45(1), 017005 (1 January 2006). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.2150810

Published: 1 January 2006

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