The optical scheme of a multispectral thermal imager (MSTI) is reviewed on the basis of a staring
thermal imager and interferometers set at the Brewster angle to the optical axis of the device. The
calculations of a usable sensitivity, resolving power and other parameters of this device are carried
out.
Parameter calculations were carried of filtering devices in one of which the phenomenon of the total internal reflection
was used. It is expected that these devices may be suitable for imagery of objects in the given narrow spectral bands -
spectral imaging (SI) and for obtaining the spectral maps of fast flowing past processes.
The filtering device on the basis multiplex the Fabry-Perot interferometers and imaging spectrometer keeping this
device and a matric thermal imager is offered. The calculations of parameters of this filtering device and imaging
spectrometer are conducted. It is expected that the similar devices can be suitable for imagery of objects in given
narrow spectral ranges.
The calculations of ultimate thresholds of receiving devices with CO2-quantum amplifiers (RD with QA)
intended for lidars and active systems of vision are conducted.
The optical scheme of a multispectral thermal imaging (MSTI) is reviewed on the basis of a staring thermal imaging and
interferometers established bevel way of a Brewster to an axis of sighting of the device. The calculations of a usable
sensitivity, resolving power and other parameters of this device are conducted.
In the report the works devoted to methods and technique of a spectral thermal imaging are considered. For deriving the
spectral images of objects are used as methods of an immediate optical filtration with the help of tunable spectral filters
of different types (optical-acoustic, interference, interferential - polarization, filters on the basis of total interior reflection
and other), and methods of selection of the spectral images grounded on mathematical handling of optical fields,
recorded by a matrix photodetector (for example, after a Fourier-interferometer, holograms and other). The principles of
spectral selection of the images and paths of build-up spectral thermal imagers are analyzed.
Parameter calculations were carried out for two types of filtering devices in one of which the phenomenon of the total internal reflection was used and in the other the multibeam interference was used for the optical radiation filtering. It is expected that these devices may be suitable for imagery of objects in the given narrow spectral bands - spectral imaging (SI).
Methods of measuring relative spectral responsivity of an exemplary photodetector in 2-14 μm spectral range with the help of an absolutely black body and spectral filters are discussed.
Possibility of the use of thermal radiation ofthe mouth cavity ofthe operator for calibration of infrared pyrometers in field conditions is discussed. On the basis ofexperimental results errors of such method ofcalibration are evaluated.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Temperature metrology, Black bodies, Modulation, Signal detection, Calibration, Error analysis, Power supplies, Switches, Distance measurement
A comparative analysis of methods of determination of irradiance values in the plane of location of sensitive elements (SE) of detectors in measuring installations containing an absolutely black body (ABB) was carried out.
A mathematical model of an ideal observation thermal imager (TI) is developed. At designing of model it was supposed: (1) The main noise source is a shot noise of photons irradiating a photosensitive element (PSE) of TI. (2) Temperature and reflection coefficients of objects under observation differ a little from the corresponding performances of the scence (background radiation). (3) Luminescence of the image of a local object area (LA) on a display screen of TI (useful signal) is determined by the difference between the electric charge accumulated in the canal PSE (optically conjugate with this local sites) and electric charge, accumulated in PSE canal, optically conjugated with the science. It was taken into account in the model: quantum efficiency of PSE, accumulation time in the PSE canal, the format of the array and PSE, parameters of a lens, losses in optical elements, mean temperatures and reflection (radiance) coefficients of the scene, temperatures and reflection (radiance)LA, counterradiation of the environment. Calculations (with consideration of counterradiation, angular sizes of objects, performances of objects and the scene) of utmost signal-noise ratio's; radiation noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD); radiation noise equivalent of reflection coefficients difference (NERD) for two spectral ranges: 3-5 μm and 8-14 μm. The quantitative evaluations of the influence of performances of environment on the listed above utmost parameters of TI for observation are obtained.
An active vision system (AVS) based on a non scanning thermal imager (TI) and CO2 - quantum amplifier of the image is offered. AVS mathematical model within which investigation of utmost signal / noise values and other system parameters depending on the distances to the scene - the area of observation (AO), an illumination impulse energy (W), an amplification factor (K) of a quantum amplifier, objective lens characteristics, spectral band width of a cooled filter of the thermal imager as well as object and scene characteristics is developed. Calculations were carried out for the following possible operating modes of a discussed vision system: - an active mode of a thermal imager with a cooled wideband filter; an active mode of a thermal imager with a cooled narrowband filter; - passive mode (W = 0, K = 1) of a thermal imager with a cooled wideband filter. As a result of carried out researches the opportunity and expediency of designing AVS, having a nonscanning thermal imager, impulse CO2 - quantum image amplifier and impulse CO2 - illumination laser are shown. It is shown that AVS have advantages over thermal imaging at observation of objects, temperature and reflection factors of which differ slightly from similar parameters of the scene. AVS depending on the W-K product can detect at a distance of up to 3000..5000m practically any local changes (you are interested in ) of a reflection factor. AVS not replacing the thermal imaging allow to receive additional information about observation objects. The images obtained with the help of AVS are more natural and more easy identified than thermal images received at the expense of the object own radiation. For quantitative determination of utmost values of AVS sensitivity it is offered to introduce a new parameter - NERD - 'radiation nose equivalent reflection factors difference'. IR active vision systems of vision, as well as a human vision and vision systems in the near IR - range on the basis image intensifiers provide obtaining the scene image having been irradiated with a source of illumination only at the expense of local differences in reflective properties. Such images are more natural and more easy identified than thermal images obtained at the expense of the scene own radiation.
The method of remote detection (MRD) of zones of increased concentration ('clouds') of impurity gases and vapors in the air is based on absorption by these gases of ultra-violet (UV) radiation or infrared (IR) radiation of the scene (topographical targets, i.e. any objects in the field of vision of the device including the Earth surface, the sky, etc.). The method is recording of the images of the scene in very narrow spectral ranges coinciding witch spectral bands of absorption of these impurities. MRD can be realized with the help of two types of devices: 1. Devices on the basis of thermal imagers, recording impurity absorption on vibrational-rotationel transitions in the infrared (IR) spectral region. 2. Devices on the basis of electron-optical image intensifiers (II) recording impurity absorption on electron - vibrational transitions in the ultra-violet (UV) spectral region. In the report the calculations of utmost sensitivity capabilities MRD with reference to each of devices, implementing it are carried.
The calculations (for two spectral ranges, used in thermal imagines: 3...5 μm and 8...14 μm of thermal contrasts and potentials of the infrared images of objects of observation (OO), were carried out both availability the counterradiation of the environment, and in the absence of the counterradiation. (The counterradiation is a radiation, falling on OO, from the sky, from the surface of the Earth and from surface of the Earth surface). Is shown that in the infrared image in viewed spectral ranges (unlike the images of these OO in a visual spectral range) always (both at availability of and in its absence the counterradiation disappearance of some local areas (LA) - OO areas which temperature or (and) numerical coefficient γi the quantity of which is determined by is temperature, reflection factor and average for OO values of these quantities. The calculations of numerical quantities of coefficients of disappearing LA on the temperature of the environment were carried out. It is shown that the availability of a counterradiation alongside with the decrease diminution of the image contrast can (under certain conditions) result in inversion, i.e. that LA with smaller coefficients of radiation acquire more brightness, than LA with larger coefficients of radiation.
A mathematical model of an ideal observing thermal imager is developed. It was supposed at designing a model that: -the main noise source is a shot noise of photons irradiating photosensitive element (PSE); -temperatures and reflection factors of observed objects differ a little from corresponding scene characteristics; -image light brightness of i -th local object area on the indicator screen of the thermal imager (useful signal) is determined by the difference between on electric charge accumulated in PSE channel optically conjugated with this local area an electric charge accumulated in PSE channel optically conjugated with the scene. It is shown that detection possibility of i -th local object area on the thermal imager screen is determined unequivocally by its numerical index γi [equation] were Rep - the scene factor, t and r, correspondingly, are relations of temperatures and reflection factors of i-th local area and the scene. Calculations are carried of utmost signal / noise relations (for two spectral ranges used in thermal imaging : 3 - 5 μm and 8-14 μm) taking into account counterradiation, angular sizes of objects, characteristics of objects and the scene.
The utmost parameters of ideal thermal imagers are analyzed at observation of conventionally point emitters, (emitters which angular sizes do not exceed a field of view angle of a separate photosensitive element of a thermal imager -PSE). The carrying out of such analysis has required: the account of a background radiation, an application of a mode model for calculation of radiative fields, in which the decomposition of radiation flows from a point source and background into spectral-spatial modes, an account of a lens diffraction and aberrations. The fundamental restrictions of responsivity and information capacity stipulated by a shot photon noise, irradiation PSE, were considered only. The mathematical models for calculations of a utmost sensitivity, dynamic range, thermal contrast and other utmost performances of an ideal thermal imager were designed.
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