Myocardial infarction (MI) is an acute life-threatening disease with a high incidence worldwide. Aim of this study was to test lectin-carbohydrate binding-induced red blood cell (RBC) agglutination as an innovative tool for fast, precise and cost effective diagnosis of MI. Five lectins (Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA), Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA), Artocarpus agglutinin (ArA), Triticum agglutinin (TA)) were tested for ability to differentiate between agglutination characteristics in patients with MI (n = 101) or angina pectoris without MI (AP) (n = 34) and healthy volunteers (HV) as control (n =68) . RBC agglutination was analyzed by light absorbance of a stirred RBC suspension in the green to red light spectrum in an agglutimeter (amtec, Leipzig, Germany) for 15 min after lectin addition. Mean cell count in aggregates was estimated from light absorbance by a mathematical model. Each lectin induced RBC agglutination. RCA led to the strongest RBC agglutination (~500 RBCs/aggregate), while the others induced substantially slower agglutination and lead to smaller aggregate sizes (5-150 RBCs/aggregate). For all analyzed lectins the lectin-induced RBC agglutination of MI or AP patients was generally higher than for HV. However, only PHA induced agglutination that clearly distinguished MI from HV. Variance analysis showed that aggregate size after 15 min. agglutination induced by PHA was significantly higher in the MI group (143 RBCs/ aggregate) than in the HV (29 RBC-s/aggregate, p = 0.000). We hypothesize that pathological changes during MI induce modification of the carbohydrate composition on the RBC membrane and thus modify RBC agglutination. Occurrence of carbohydrate-lectin binding sites on RBC membranes provides evidence about MI. Due to significant difference in the rate of agglutination between MI > HV the differentiation between these groups is possible based on PHA-induced RBC-agglutination. This novel assay could serve as a rapid, cost effective valuable new tool for diagnosis of MI.
Toxicity test of new chemicals belongs to the first steps in the drug screening, using different cultured cell lines. However, primary human cells represent the human organism better than cultured tumor derived cell lines. We developed a very gentle toxicity assay for isolation and incubation of human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and tested it using different bioactive oligopeptides (OP). Effects of different PBL isolation methods (red blood cell lysis; Histopaque isolation among others), different incubation tubes (e.g. FACS tubes), anticoagulants and blood sources on PBL viability were tested using propidium iodide-exclusion as viability measure (incubation time: 60 min, 36°C) and flow cytometry. Toxicity concentration and time-depended effects (10-60 min, 36 °C, 0-100 μg /ml of OP) on human PBL were analyzed. Erythrocyte lysis by hypotonic shock (dH2O) was the fastest PBL isolation method with highest viability (>85%) compared to NH4Cl-Lysis (49%). Density gradient centrifugation led to neutrophil granulocyte cell loss. Heparin anticoagulation resulted in higher viability than EDTA. Conical 1.5 mL and 2 mL micro-reaction tubes (both polypropylene (PP)) had the highest viability (99% and 97%) compared to other tubes, i.e. three types of 5.0 mL round-bottom tubes PP (opaque-60%), PP (blue-62%), Polystyrene (PS-64%). Viability of PBL did not differ between venous and capillary blood. A gentle reproducible preparation and analytical toxicity-assay for human PBL was developed and evaluated. Using our assay toxicity, time-course, dose-dependence and aggregate formation by OP could be clearly differentiated and quantified. This novel assay enables for rapid and cost effective multiparametric toxicological screening and pharmacological testing on primary human PBL and can be adapted to high-throughput-screening.°z
Biomarkers are essential for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. As diverse is the range of diseases the broad is the range of biomarkers and the material used for analysis. Whereas body fluids can be relatively easily obtained and analyzed, the investigation of tissue is in most cases more complicated. The same applies for the screening and the evaluation of new biomarkers and the estimation of the binding of biomarkers found in animal models which need to be transferred into applications in humans. The latter in particular is difficult if it recognizes proteins or cells in tissue. A better way to find suitable cellular biomarkers for immunoscintigraphy or PET analyses may be therefore the in situ analysis of the cells in the respective tissue. In this study we present a method for biomarker validation using Laser Scanning Cytometry which allows the emulation of future in vivo analysis. The biomarker validation is exemplarily shown for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on synovial membrane. Cryosections were scanned and analyzed by phantom contouring. Adequate statistical methods allowed the identification of suitable markers and combinations. The fluorescence analysis of the phantoms allowed the discrimination between synovial membrane of RA patients and non-RA control sections by using median fluorescence intensity and the “affected area”. As intensity and area are relevant parameters of in vivo imaging (e.g. PET scan) too, the presented method allows emulation of a probable outcome of in vivo imaging, i.e. the binding of the target protein and hence, the validation of the potential of the respective biomarker.
To date the flow cytometry (FCM) industry is booming with new generations of commercial clinical
instruments. Long-term clinical studies have the dilemma that moving to new instruments being capable
of more complex cell-analysis makes it difficult to compare new data with those obtained on older
instruments with less complex analysis panels. Since 15 years we conduct follow-up studies on children
with congenital heart diseases. In this period we moved from 2- to
3- and now to 10-color FCM
immunophenotyping panels. Questions arise how to compare and transfer data from lower to higher
level of complexity.
Two comparable antibody panels for leukocyte immunophenotyping
(12-tube 2-colors, and 9-tube 4-colors) were measured on a BD FACScalibur FCM (calibration: Spherotech beads) in 19 blood samples from children with congenital heart disease. This increase of colors was accompanied by moving
antibodies that were in the 2-color panel either FITC or PE labeled to red dyes such as PerCP or APC.
Algorithms were developed for bridging data for quantitative characterization of antigen expression
(mean fluorescence intensity) and frequency of different cell subpopulations in combination with
rainbow bead standard data. This approach worked for the most relevant antibodies (CD3, CD4, CD8
etc.) well, but rendered substantial uncertainty for activation markers (CD69 etc.).
Our techniques are particularly well suited to the analysis in
long-term studies and have the potential to
compare older and recent results in a standardized way.
Introduction: Methylprednisolone (MP) is frequently preoperatively administered in children undergoing open
heart surgery. The aim of this medication is to inhibit overshooting immune responses. Earlier studies
demonstrated cellular and humoral immunological changes in pediatric patients undergoing heart surgeries with
and without MP administration.
Here in a retrospective study we investigated the modulation of the cellular immune response by MP. The aim
was to identify suitable parameters characterizing MP effects by cluster analysis.
Methods: Blood samples were analysed from two aged matched groups with surgical correction of septum defects.
Group without MP treatment consisted of 10 patients; MP was administered on 21 patients (median dose:
11mg/kg) before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). EDTA anticoagulated blood was obtained 24 h preoperatively,
after anesthesia, at CPB begin and end (CPB2), 4h, 24h, 48h after surgery, at discharge and at out-patient followup
(8.2; 3.3-12.2 month after surgery; median and IQR). Flow cytometry showed the biggest MP relevant
changes at CPB2 and 4h postoperatively. They were used for clustering analysis. Classification was made by
discriminant analysis and cluster analysis by means of Genes@work software.
Results & conclusion: 146 parameters were obtained from analysis. Cross-validation revealed several parameters
being able to discriminate between MP groups and to identify immune modulation. MP administration resulted in
a delayed activation of monocytes, increased ratio of neutrophils, reduced T-lymphocytes counts. Cluster analysis
demonstrated that classification of patients is possible based on the identified cytomics parameters. Further
investigation of these parameters might help to understand the MP effects in pediatric open heart surgery.
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an essential part of the innate immune system that serves as a first line of
defense against invading pathogens. Recently, immunomodulatory activities of AMPs have begun to be
appreciated, implying the usefulness of AMPs in the treatment of infectious disease. The aim of this strategy is the
modulation of host immune responses to enhance clearance of infectious agents and reduce tissue damage due to
inflammation. Although AMPs could be used as therapeutic agents, a more detailed understanding of how they
affect host cells is needed. Hence, several AMPs have been investigated for their potential as a new class of
antimicrobial drugs in this study. Synthetic AMPs and AMPs of natural origin were tested on human leukocytes
by flow cytometry. Dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic effects could be observed by propidium iodide staining.
Different leukocyte subtypes seem to be susceptible to AMP treatment while others were not affected, even in
high concentrations. In conclusion, AMPs have an impact on host immune cells. However, their role in
stimulation of chemokine production and enhanced leukocyte recruitment remains a crucial aspect and further
studies are needed.
For description of cellular phenotypes and physiological states new developments are needed. Axetris' impedance
flow cytometer (IFC) (Leister) is a new promising label-free alternative to fluorescence-based flow cytometry (FCM).
IFC measures single cells at various frequencies simultaneously. The frequencies used for signal acquisition range
from 0.1 to 20 MHz. The impedance signal provides information about cell volume (< 1 MHz), membrane capacitance
(~1-4 MHz) and cytoplasmic conductivity (4-10 MHz), parameters directly related to the physiological conditions of
single cells. In MCF-7 cell viability experiments, cells were treated with cytotoxic agents to induce cell death.
Impedance analysis showed discrimination between viable and dead cells. This was clearly visible at 4 MHz
suggesting that differentiation was possible based on cell membrane capacitance. Changes in cell membrane potential
were also analysed by IFC. RN22 cells were loaded with membrane potential sensitive dye (DiBAC4). The cells were
then treated with the ionophore valinomycin. Changes in membrane potential were detectable at the level of cytoplasm
conductivity (>4 MHz) and membrane capacitance (1-4 MHz). Our data indicate that IFC can be a valuable alternative
to conventional FCM for various applications in the field of cell death and physiology. The work will be extended to
address further potential applications of IFC in biotechnology and biomedical cell analysis, as well as in cell sorting.
In imaging and flow cytometry, DNA staining is a common trigger signal for cell identification. Selection of
the proper DNA dye is restricted by the hardware configuration of the instrument. The Zeiss Imaging Solutions
GmbH (München, Germany) introduced a new automated scanning fluorescence microscope - SFM (Axio
Imager.Z1) which combines fluorescence imaging with cytometric parameters measurement. The aim of the
study was to select optimal DNA dyes as trigger signal in leukocyte detection and subsequent cytometric
analysis of double-labeled leukocytes by SFM.
Seven DNA dyes (DAPI, Hoechst 33258, Hoechst 33342, POPO-3, PI,
7-AAD, and TOPRO-3) were tested and
found to be suitable for the implemented filtersets (fs) of the SFM (fs: 49, fs: 44, fs: 20). EDTA blood was
stained after erythrocyte lysis with DNA dye. Cells were transferred on microscopic slides and embedded in
fluorescent mounting medium. Quality of DNA fluorescence signal as well as spillover signals were analyzed
by SFM. CD45-APC and CD3-PE as well as CD4-FITC and CD8-APC were selected for immunophenotyping
and used in combination with Hoechst.
Within the tested DNA dyes DAPI showed relatively low spillover and the best CV value. Due to the low
spillover of UV DNA dyes a triple staining of Hoechst and APC and PE (or APC and FITC, respectively) could
be analyzed without difficulty. These results were confirmed by FCM measurements.
DNA fluorescence is applicable for identifying and triggering leukocytes in SFM analyses. Although some
DNA dyes exhibit strong spillover in other fluorescence channels, it was possible to immunophenotype
leukocytes. DAPI seems to be best suitable for use in the SFM system and will be used in protocol setups as
primary parameter.
Complex immunophenotyping single-cell analysis are essential for systems biology and cytomics.
The application of cytomics in immunology and cardiac research and diagnostics is very broad,
ranging from the better understanding of the cardiovascular cell biology to the identification of heart
function and immune consequences after surgery. TCPC or Fontan-type circulation is an accepted
palliative surgery for patients with a functionally univentricular heart. Protein-losing enteropathy
(PLE), the enteric loss of proteins, is a potential late complication after TCPC surgery. PLE etiology
is poorly understood, but immunological factors seem to play a role. This study was aimed to gain
insight into immune phenotype alterations following post-TCPC PLE. Patients were studied during
routine follow-up up to 5yrs after surgery, blood samples of TCPC patients without (n=21, age
6.8±2.6 years at surgery; mean±SD) and with manifest PLE (n=12, age 12.8± 4.5 years at sampling)
and age matched healthy children (control, n=22, age 8.6±2.5 years) were collected. Routine
laboratory, immune phenotype and serological parameters were determined. Following PLE the
immune phenotype dramatically changed with signs of acute inflammation (increased neutrophil and
monocyte count, CRP, IL-8). In contrast, lymphocyte count (NK-cells, αβTCR+CD4+, αβTCR+CD8+ cells) decreased (p<0.001). The residual T-cells had elevated CD25 and CD69
expression. In PLE-patients unique cell populations with CD3+αβ/γδTCR- and αβTCR+CD4-8-
phenotype were present in increased frequencies. Our studies show dramatically altered leukocyte
phenotype after PLE in TCPC patients. These alterations resemble to changes in autoimmune
diseases. We conclude that autoimmune processes may play a role in etiology and pathophysiology
of PLE.
Multiplexed high-content cytometric analysis of cells is a prerequisite for Cytomics and Systems Biology. Slide
Based Cytometry (SBC) analysis yields quantitative cell related data on various cell constituents. It allows to measure
and identify in high-throughput hundred-thousands of objects and obtain cytometric data on light absorption,
scatter and fluorescence signals. Selected cells of interest can be rescanned and morphologically evaluated. To be
cytometric SBC measurement needs high focal depth in order to acquire the fluorescence of the whole cell. For
tissue analysis section thickness of >30μm is needed to reduce cell sectioning leading in multiple labelled specimens
to an overestimation of multiple stained cells due to stereology, mimicking co-expression or elevated expression
that is in fact due to coincidences in the z-axis direction. By confocal sectioning and 3D-reconstruction these
overlays could be eliminated but confocal 3D imaging is slow and the resulting data are not cytometric. To overcome
this obstacle, we combined SBC analysis with confocal imaging using a Laser Scanning Cytometer (iCys,
Compucyte Corp., MA). Single to triple labelled 30-120μm thick human brain sections were scanned cytometrically
(up to three laser 405nm, 488nm, 633nm) and double and triple labeled cells were identified. In the second
step these objects were relocated, scanned confocally and 3D-reconstructed (Mathematica®, MathGL3d). This
combination of high-throughput SBC and high-resolution confocal imaging enables for unequivocal identification
of multiple labelled objects and is a prerequisite for Cytomic tissue analysis, Tissomics. (Support: HBFG 036/379-1)
In the emerging fields of high-content and high-throughput single cell analysis for Systems Biology and Cytomics
multi- and polychromatic analysis of biological specimens has become increasingly important. Combining
different technologies and staining methods polychromatic analysis (i.e. using 8 or more fluorescent colors at a
time) can be pushed forward to measure anything stainable in a cell, an approach termed hyperchromatic
cytometry. For cytometric cell analysis microscope based Slide Based Cytometry (SBC) technologies are ideal as,
unlike flow cytometry, they are non-consumptive, i.e. the analyzed sample is fixed on the slide. Based on the
feature of relocation identical cells can be subsequently reanalyzed. In this manner data on the single cell level
after manipulation steps can be collected. In this overview various components for hyperchromatic cytometry are
demonstrated for a SBC instrument, the Laser Scanning Cytometer (Compucyte Corp., Cambridge, MA): 1)
polychromatic cytometry, 2) iterative restaining (using the same fluorochrome for restaining and subsequent
reanalysis), 3) differential photobleaching (differentiating fluorochromes by their different photostability), 4)
photoactivation (activating fluorescent nanoparticles or photocaged dyes), and 5) photodestruction (destruction of
FRET dyes). With the intelligent combination of several of these techniques hyperchromatic cytometry allows to
quantify and analyze virtually all components of relevance on the identical cell. The combination of high-throughput
and high-content SBC analysis with high-resolution confocal imaging allows clear verification of
phenotypically distinct subpopulations of cells with structural information. The information gained per specimen
is only limited by the number of available antibodies and by sterical hindrance.
Scanning Fluorescence Microscope (SFM) is a new technique for automated motorized microscopes to measure multiple fluorochrome labeled cells (Bocsi et al. Cytometry 2004, 61A:1). The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ cells is an important in immune diagnostics in immunodeficiency and HIV. Therefor a four-color staining protocol (DNA, CD3, CD4 and CD8) for automated SFM analysis of lymphocytes was developed. EDTA uncoagulated blood was stained with organic and inorganic (Quantum dots) fluorochromes in different combinations. Aliquots of samples were measured by Flow Cytometry (FCM) and SFM. By SFM specimens were scanned and digitized using four fluorescence filter sets. Automated cell detection (based on Hoechst 33342 fluorescence), CD3, CD4 and CD8 detection were performed, CD4/CD8 ratio was calculated. Fluorescence signals were well separable on SFM and FCM. Passing and Bablok regression of all CD4/CD8 ratios obtained by FCM and SFM (F(X)=0.0577+0.9378x) are in the 95% confidence interval. Cusum test did not show significant deviation from linearity (P>0.10). This comparison indicates that there is no systemic bias between the two different methods. In SFM analyses the inorganic Quantum dot staining was very stable in PBS in contrast to the organic fluorescent dyes, but bleached shortly after mounting with antioxidant and free radical scavenger mounting media. This shows the difficulty of combinations of organic dyes and Quantum dots. Slide based multi-fluorescence labeling system and automated SFM are applicable tools for the CD4/CD8 ratio determination in peripheral blood samples. Quantum Dots are stable inorganic fluorescence labels that may be used as reliable high resolution dyes for cell labeling.
The goal of predictive medicine is the detection of changes in patient's state prior to the clinical manifestation of the deterioration of the patients current status. Therefore, both the diagnostic of diseases like cancer, coronary atherosclerosis or congenital heart failure and the prognosis of the effect specific therapeutics on patients outcome are the main fields of predictive medicine. Clinical Cytomcs is based on the analysis of specimens from the patient by Cytomic technologies that are mainly imaging based techniques and their combinations with other assays. Predictive medicine aims at the recognition of the "fate" of each individual patients in order to yield unequivocal indications for decision making (i.e. how does the patient respond to therapy, react to medication etc.). This individualized prediction is based on the Predictive Medicine by Clinical Cytomics concept. These considerations have recently stimulated the idea of the Human Cytome Project. A major focus of the Human Cytome Project is multiplexed cy-tomic analysis of individual cells of the patient, extraction of predictive information and individual prediction that merges into individualized therapy. Although still at the beginning, Clinical Cytomics is a promising new field that may change therapy in the near future for the benefit of the patients.
Aim: In patients, e.g. with congenital heart diseases, a differential blood count is needed for diagnosis. To this end by standard automatic analyzers 500 μl of blood is required from the patients. In case of newborns and infants this is a substantial volume, especially after operations associated with blood loss. Therefore, aim of this study was to develop a method to determine a differential blood picture with a substantially reduced specimen volume.
Methods: To generate a differential blood picture 10 μl EDTA blood were mixed with 10 μl of a DRAQ5 solution (500μM, Biostatus) and 10 μl of an antibody mixture (CD45-FITC, CD14-PE, diluted with PBS). 20 μl of this cell suspension was filled into a Neubauer counting chamber. Due to the defined volume of the chamber it is possible to determine the cell count per volume. The trigger for leukocyte counting was set on DRAQ5 signal in order to be able to distinguish nucleated white blood cells from erythrocytes. Different leukocyte subsets could be distinguished due to the used fluorescence labeled antibodies. For erythrocyte counting cell suspension was diluted another 150 times. 20 μl of this dilution was analyzed in a microchamber by LSC with trigger set on forward scatter signal.
Results: This method allows a substantial decrease of blood sample volume for generation of a differential blood picture (10 μl instead of 500μl). There was a high correlation between our method and the results of routine laboratory (r2=0.96, p<0.0001; n=40). For all parameters intra-assay variance was less than 7 %.
Conclusions: In patients with low blood volume such as neonates and in critically ill infants every effort has to be taken to reduce the blood volume needed for diagnostics. With this method only 2% of standard sample volume is needed to generate a differential blood picture. Costs are below that of routine laboratory. We suggest this method to be established in paediatric cardiology for routine diagnostics and for resource poor settings.
Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) is performed by flow cytometry (FCM) as the golden standard. Slide based cytometry systems for example laser scanning cytometer (LSC) can give additional information (repeated staining and scanning, morphology). In order to adequately judge on the clinical usefulness of immunophenotyping by LSC it is obligatory to compare it with the long established FCM assays. We performed this study to systematically compare the two methods, FCM and LSC for immunophenotyping and to test the correlation of the results. Leucocytes were stained with directly labeled monoclonal antibodies with whole blood staining method. Aliquots of the same paraformaldehyde fixed specimens were analyzed in a FACScan (BD-Biosciences) using standard protocols and parallel with LSC (CompuCyte) after placing to glass slide, drying and fixation by aceton and 7-AAD staining. Calculating the percentage distribution of PBLs obtained by LSC and by FCM shows very good correlation with regression coefficients close to 1.0 for the major populations (neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes), as well as for the lymphocyte sub-populations (T-helper-, T-cytotoxic-, B-, NK-cells). LSC can be recommended for immunophenotyping of PBLs especially in cases where only very limited sample volumes are available or where additional analysis of the cells’ morphology is important. There are limitations in the detection of rare leucocytes or weak antigens where appropriate amplification steps for immunofluorescence should be engaged.
Automated quantitative (i.e. stochiometric) analysis of tissues is of eminent importance in the understanding of all interactions between cells in their natural environment. In tissue cytometry a solid trigger is necessary in order to unequivocally differentiate between cellular and non-cellular events. This can be best performed by nuclear staining. Aim of this study was to analyze a brain tissue section by laser scanning cytometry (LSC) in order to depict the threedimensional distribution of nuclei in the tissue. To this end the section was measured in several foci and different nuclei detected in several depths of the tissue were assigned to the respective layer. Frozen sections of formalin-fixed rat or human brain tissue (120μm thickness) were incubated with propidiumiodide (PI) (50μg/ml) and covered on slides. For analysis by the LSC propidiumiodide was used as trigger. After a first analysis focussed on the top of the tissue, the focus was adjusted in 30μm steps deeper into the tissue. Per analysis data of at least 50,000 cells were acquired. After finishing measurements from all depths of the field were merged, i.e. data were combined into a composite data file.
With the special features of the LSC it was possible to develop a method depicting the threedimensional distribution of the nuclei in solid tissue sections. LSC can be useful tool for this relatively new field of solid tissue cytometry termed tissomics. After evaluation of methods like this, so far not available data can be analysed for diagnostic purposes. By these studies we intend to demonstrate the power of the LSC for the routine pathological use. This should add up to the bright versatility of applications for the LSC as a cytometric instrument suitable for high throughput and high content analysis.
For immunophenotypic analysis more measurable parameters for the discrimination of leukocyte subsets are necessary. With a single scan six fluorochromes can be distinguished with the Laser Scanning Cytometer (LSC). Due to the number of PMTs the amount of simultaneously measurable fluorescences per scan is limited. Nevertheless, the amount of measurable colors can be improved to eight by appropriate change of the filter settings and two scans per specimen. Aim of this study was to use the special features of Slide based Cytometry (SBC) beyond filter change, remeasurement and merging to distinguish fluorochromes with similar emission spectra. The photosensitivity of fluorochromes that are excited and emit in a similar wavelength range may be very different. The number of measurable parameters per PMT was increased using photosensitivity of different fluorochromes as additional criteria. Peripheral blood leukocytes were stained with antibodies conjugated to the fluorochromes APC, APC-Cy5.5 and Alexa-Fluor 633 and mounted on conventional uncoated glass slides with Fluorescence mounting medium. Specimens were excited in the LSC with the HeNe (633nm) Laser and measured at different filter settings (670/20nm-filter for APC/ALEXA 633 and 710/20nm-filter for APC-Cy5.5). At this point, APC-Cy5.5 and APC/ALEXA633 were already distinguishable. In order to differentiate between APC and ALEXA633 photobleaching was performed by repeated excitation with the laser at 633nm. Control measurements proved that APC is much more sensitive against laser excitation, i.e. looses much more fluorescence intensity than ALEXA633. The separate measurements (before/after filter change and before/after bleaching) were merged into one file. The photostability of Alexa-Fluor 633 (1.02% bleach per scan) and APC (5.74% bleach per scan) are substantially different. Therefore, after bleaching and merging both fluorochromes can be distinguished and are regarded by the software as separate parameters. The fluorochromes APC/ALEXA633 and APC-Cy5.5 can be discriminated by changing the emission filters before bleach. By sequential photobleaching, change of filters and subsequent merging of the data the number of simultaneously measurable “colors” is substantially increased.
Background: Slide based cytometry (SBC) is a technology for the rapid stoichiometric analysis of cells fixed to surfaces. Its applications are highly versatile and ranges from the clinics to high throughput drug discovery. SBC is realized in different instruments such as the Laser Scanning Cytometer (LSC) and Scanning Fluorescent Microscope (SFM) and the novel inverted microscope based iCyte image cytometer (Compucyte Corp.). Methods: Fluorochrome labeled specimens were immobilized on microscopic slides. They were placed on a conventional fluorescence microscope and analyzed by photomultiplayers or digital camera. Data comparable to flow cytometry were generated. In addition, each individual event could be visualized. Applications: The major advantage of instruments is the combination of two features: a) the minimal sample volume needed, and b) the connection of fluorescence data and morphological information. Rare cells were detected, frequency of apoptosis by myricetin formaldehyde and H2O2 mixtures was determined;. Conclusion: LSC, SFM and the novel iCyte have a wide spectrum of applicability in SBC and can be introduced as a standard technology for multiple settings. In addition, the iCyte and SFM instrument is suited for high throughput screening by automation and may be in future adapted to telepathology due to their high quality images. (This study was supported by the IZKF-Leipzig, Germany and T 034245 OTKA, Hungary)
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