Anamorphic lenses entered the world of photography and cinematography quite a century ago. Since then, the propose of anamorphic lenses changed from increasing the field of view without increasing the image format on film material, to the creation of the most exciting images ever seen. Specific for anamorphic lenses is the different focal length in two perpendicular planes inside the lens system. This implies the use of asymmetric and rotational symmetric optical elements together in the same lens system. The design process becomes more difficult and time consuming than that for designing rotational symmetric lenses because in order to cover all aspects of lens performance within the optimization process, more rays have to be traced. Therefor it is mandatory for the lens designer to know what design means and techniques are to be used for accelerating the design process. This paper describes all development directions of anamorphic prime and zoom lenses since their invention. Different types of anamorphic solutions are evaluated, showing advantages and disadvantages and optimal structures and power distributions inside the lens system. This gives the designer the best options for designing this type of lenses.
After more than a century from the introduction of zoom lenses, the selection of the right zoom lens type for a
given specification is still a challenge for the optical designer. In the process of lens design, the optical designer is
permanently searching for the best zoom lens structure in order to fulfill the complex balance between weight,
cost and optical performance. This is a continuous optimization process and the result is a global optimum. The
most important factors influencing zoom lens cost are: the number of spherical and aspherical lenses, the number
of moving groups and lenses and finally the group sensitivity to displacement and tilt. Every lens group whether
moving or not inside the zoom lens, has a specific complexity and sensitivity behavior dependent on the zoom
lens type. It is not obvious which type of zoom lens will optimally satisfy the required specification. This paper
describes the selection process exemplary for a zoom lens with a medium focal length range from 28mm to 80mm
and a quasi constant f-number (FNO) during zooming. The lens is used mainly for cinematographic applications
and must be able to maintain best image position for the entire range of object positions during zooming.
Alternative solutions with their advantages and disadvantages are shown, analyzed and evaluated.
Significant advances have been made in recent years in the development of lithography optics. The resolution of
structures smaller than 45 nm demanded a new class of catadioptric objective lenses whose design and construction is the
result of decades of development in lithography optics. This article describes the best-performing lens types and design
principles of the catadioptric concept of these lenses.
Recently, the development of high NA lenses for immersion lithography turned from dioptric concepts to catadioptric design forms. The introduction of mirrors involves the new challenge to deal with the inevitable obscuration of either field or pupil. We review the strategies used in this regard for microlithography, while focussing on the two most favored ones, folded and inline concepts. Although the vignetting situation is more complicated for inline systems, we report progress in this field of optical design yielding similar system performance for inline and folded designs. Since inline optical systems are much easier to realize, these are the concept of choice.
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