The QUATI (Quick X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy for Time and space resolved experiments) beamline will be dedicated to high-quality x-ray absorption spectroscopy experiments, with temporal and spatial resolution on a millisecond scale and in situ conditions: XANES, EXAF and XES. The beam extracted from a bending magnet source (3.2T) is collimated vertically by a cylindrical mirror (bounce up deflecting) located at 15m from the source inside the frontend, passes a double crystal monochromator (24m), and is then focused by a toroidal mirror (bounce down deflecting) located at 30m from the source. Both mirrors have an optical length of 1.2m and are equipped with a mechanical bender. The surface quality of both mirrors in the low spatial frequency range is characterized by the Long Trace Profiler (LTP). Five gravity compensators evenly distributed along the mirror are adjusted manually. With the optics measured in its orientation as in the beamline, a height error of less than 20nm PV for the M1 mirror and less than 40nm PV for the M2 mirror was achieved. The final height error adjusted by the gravity compensators is slightly better than the pure polishing due to the low frequency nature of the deformation caused by gravity. The result attends the project specifications for the QUATI beamline. Additionally, mechanical stability and temporal accommodation of the mirrors in the bending system were investigated.
At 4th-generation synchrotron nanoprobes with optimized photon density, focusing optics systems often require mirrors arrangements with high demagnification factors to achieve diffraction-limited beam sizes (∠ 100 nm) and still high photon flux. All the components’ contributions to the surface error must be at the same level (a few nanometers) and angular stability (lower than 10 nrad RMS) becomes a bottleneck issue. Therefore, the design of ultra-stable mirror mechanics has to follow a systems perspective, where precision engineering, metrology and alignment strategies are considered simultaneously. For the latest design at Sirius/LNLS, an exactly-constrained KB set with minimum number of adjustment degrees for increased stiffness and stability was also bounded by an alignment error budget in the order of tens of microns by construction, pushing metrology limits during alignment and validation phases. This work presents a two-phase strategy for metrology-assisted assembly and figure validation of elliptical mirror sets, starting at a Fizeau Interferometer system (FZI) and finishing at a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). The first phase validates surface quality by scanning mirror position and automatically realigning interferometry fringe patterns, while pixel-level stitching techniques are employed to characterize the surface error over the mirror’s length. The stitching algorithm includes self-calibration of lens errors and uses multiple CPU cores for expedite processing. The second phase consists of fiducializing the elliptical figures of each mirror into their own substrates and assembling both mirrors with regard to each other by using a least-squares fit of the center and rotation angle of each fixed ellipse, obtained from the manufacturer’s documentation, and confirmed at the first phase. This workflow was applied and demonstrated at an ultra-stable exactly-constrained KB system, reaching sufficient alignment accuracy.
The fine alignment of X-ray nano-focusing optics, such as Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirrors, depends strongly on the ability to diagnose the X-ray beam at the focus position. Despite conventional diagnostics techniques (e.g. knife-edge) allowing the measurement of the beam profile with sub-micrometer resolution, they may yield poor accuracy for beams with sizes under 100 nm. With nanometer-resolution phase-recovering techniques like ptychography, information about optical aberrations can be obtained experimentally in the complex-valued wavefront. In this work, we use wave-propagation simulations with Synchrotron Radiation Workshop (SRW) to model the CARNAÚBA beamline at Sirius. The beam phase at the KB mirrors exit pupil is decomposed in terms of Zernike rectangular polynomials. The relevant degrees of freedom (DOF) of the mirrors are scanned, allowing the correlation of the Zernike coefficients with the beam profile at focus. Therefore, the aberrations are classified and quantified for each mirror’s DOF, and alignment tolerances are obtained. We find that each DOF can be described by a unique combination of only three Zernike terms. Additionally, a database with the first 15 Zernike coefficients is created by simulating random alignment states and used to train a simple fully-connected neural network. The neural network was able to determine the alignment states of unknown samples with errors below 3%. The combination of Zernike polynomials and neural networks could potentially lead to single-iteration alignment of KB mirrors using wavefront sensing techniques as a diagnostic tool.
Cylindrical mirrors with sagittal curvature are known for non-ideal focusing due to strong aberrations. However, the small emittance of undulator sources at new upcoming fourth-generation synchrotrons causes the footprint of the beam on a sagittal cylinder to be small enough to permit almost aberration-free focusing. The use of side deflecting sagittal cylinders in the optical design of synchrotron beamlines brings advantages to the beam performance: a) it improves stability, because horizontal plane is less a effected by ground vibrations, b) it keeps the beam height with respect to the floor, c) the beam is less sensitive to slope errors in the sagittal plane. Furthermore, a sagittal cylinder in combination with a meridional cylinder or ellipse allows the change of focal spot size and position. In this work, we present the optical scheme of three beamlines including sagittal cylinders for the fourth-generation synchrotron SIRIUS. In MANACA beamline (protein crystallography) a sagittal cylinder and a meridional ellipse face each other in the horizontal plane. By changing the incidence angle of both mirrors in the same direction beam size at sample can be changed from 10 to 100 μm. In SAGUI beamline (SAXS and XRD) both mirrors face the same direction. Changing the incidence angle in opposite direction enables to change the focus position by tens of meters. In CATERETE beamline (Coherent Diffraction Imaging) the two mirrors face each other to create a highly coherent plane wave with a focal spot of 40 μm. We compare the performance of each beamline with their ideal optics counterpart, using wave propagation simulations (SRW).
Side-deflecting cylindrical mirrors with sagittal curvature horizontally deflect and focus the beam in the vertical direction. This optical scheme applied to fourth-generation synchrotron light source beamlines has potential advantages leading to nearly aberration-free focus and variable beam size or focus position. We characterize the surface quality of sagittal cylinders in the low spatial frequency range with the long trace profiler (LTP) and the Fizeau interferometer (FZI). In the standard LTP, the sagittal curvature of the cylindrical mirror causes the reflected laser beam to diverge, which consequently shifts the focus out of the detector plane, turning a reliable measurement impossible. Therefore, a positive cylinder lens is placed at Cat's eye position to recollimate the beam. In this paper, we describe the alignment procedure and dene the required accuracy of each degree of freedom for both the cylinder lens and the cylindrical mirror to be characterized. Measurements with the FZI are limited to optics with small curvatures when measuring with a flat reference. We show that measuring a sagittal cylinder slightly out-of-focus overcomes this limitation. Measurements with the FZI also allow to characterize the deformations caused by clamping forces due to fixation. We compare the measured deformation with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulation results. We present measured surface height and slope profiles (LTP and FZI) of cylindrical mirrors for SIRIUS beamlines.
A new metrology and assembly facility was constructed at CNPEM and turned recently into operation. The facility includes an assembly area of 100 m2, a high-precision mechanical metrology laboratory and an optical metrology laboratory (OML), both of 50 m2, and provide improved environmental and instrumental conditions. All three laboratories sit on inertial blocks with special foundations originally developed and tested as prototype for the SIRIUS tunnel floor. The inertial blocks perform very well in attenuation of external vibrations. The OML is cleanroom ISO7 and has temperature stability better than ±0.1 K. Measurements of the surface under test (SUT) using NOM, Fizeau- Interferometer (FI), Micro-Interferometer (MI) and AFM as the four instruments inside the OML cover the full required range of spatial frequencies. We report on the performance of the NOM and FI, the first instruments installed in the OML.
The soft X-ray beamline IPE is one of the first phase SIRIUS beamlines at the LNLS, Brazil. Divided into two branches, IPE is designed to perform ambient pressure X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) and high resolution resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) for samples in operando/environmental conditions inside cells and liquid jets. The aim is to maximize the photon flux in the energy range 200-1400 eV generated by an elliptically polarizing undulator source (EPU) and focus it to a 1 μm vertical spot size at the RIXS station and 10 μm at the AP-XPS station. In order to achieve the required resolving power (40.000 at 930 eV) for RIXS both the dispersion properties of the plane grating monochromator (PGM) and the thermal deformation of the optical elements need special attention. The grating parameters were optimized with the REFLEC code to maximize the efficiency at the required resolution. Thermal deformation of the PGM plane mirror limits the possible range of cff parameters depending of the photon energy used. Hence, resolution of the PGM and thermal deformation effects define the boundary conditions of the optical concept and the simulations of the IPE beamline. We compare simulations performed by geometrical ray-tracing (SHADOW) and wave front propagation (SRW) and show that wave front diffraction effects (apertures, optical surface error profiles) has a small effect on the beam spot size and shape.
The design of a synchrotron beamline is supported by various software simulation packages containing source
simulation, characterization of X-ray optics, ray-tracing simulation and others separately. Beamline designers and
operators often require instantly data of the beam parameter, which is only feasible with a unified and more user-friendly
software package. The new developed toolkit is a first step in that direction.
Photon flux, bandwidth, beam size and beam divergence are the chosen parameters used for the beamline design and
optimization. A tool was developed, which allows scanning these parameters by changing any input parameter, for
example the photon energy, the vertical mirror position or the horizontal slit size. A tabular input allows scanning with
arbitrary parameters or even different file names (e.g. filter material, surface profile).
We present two methods of calculating power density profiles on the optical components, one by ray-tracing and the
other by transmission calculation using the DABAX library. The second method only considers flat optics, but is a
good approximation and faster than the method based on ray-tracing.
The validation of the developed tools is shown by a comparison of the simulated beam parameters and the measured
ones, which was performed at the Crystallography Beamline (MX2) recently turned into operation at the Brazilian
Synchrotron Light Source (LNLS). We report also the capability of the parameterized scanning method for the alignment
of the optics during the commissioning phase of the beamlines.
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