For a number of decades, among the most prevalent training media in the military has been Tactical Engagement
Simulation (TES) training. TES has allowed troops to train for practical missions in highly realistic combat
environments without the associated risks involved with live weaponry and munitions. This has been possible because
current TES has relied largely upon the Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES) and similar systems for
a number of years for direct-fire weapons, using a laser to pair the shooter to the potential target(s). Emerging systems,
on the other hand, will use a pairing method called geometric pairing (geo-pairing), which uses a set of data about both
the shooter and target, such as locations, weapon orientations, velocities, and weapon projectile velocities, nearby terrain
to resolve an engagement. A previous paper [1] introduces various potential sources of error for a geo-pairing solution.
This paper goes into greater depth regarding the impact of errors that originate within initial velocity errors, beginning
with a short introduction into the TES system (TESS). The next section will explain the modeling characteristics of the
projectile motion followed by a mathematical analysis illustrating the impacts of errors related to those characteristics.
A summary and conclusion containing recommendations will close this paper.
The ability to make correct decisions while operating in a combat zone enables American and Coalition warfighters to better respond to any threats they may encounter due to the minimization of negative training the warfighter encountered during their live, virtual, and constructive (LVC) training exercises. By increasing the physical effects encountered by one's senses during combat scenarios, combat realism is able to be increased, which is a key component in the reduction in negative training. The use of LVC simulations for training and testing augmentation purposes depends on a number of factors, not the least of which is the accurate representation of the training environment. This is particularly true in the realm of tactical engagement training through the use of Tactical Engagement Simulation Systems (TESS). The training environment is perceived through human senses, most notably sight and hearing. As with other haptic devices, the sense of touch is gaining traction as a viable medium through which to express the effects of combat battle damage from the synthetic training environment to participants within a simulated training exercise. New developments in this field are promoting the safe use of an electronic stun device to indicate to a trainee that they have been hit by a projectile, from either direct or indirect fire, through the course of simulated combat. A growing number of examples suggest that this added output medium can greatly enhance the realism of a training exercise and, thus, improve the training value. This paper serves as a literature survey of this concept, beginning with an explanation of TESS. It will then focus on how the electronic stun effect may be employed within a TESS and then detail some of the noted pros and cons of such an approach. The paper will conclude with a description of potential directions and work.
The concept of fidelity in a simulation model has become one of great contention among simulation researchers. While there is some agreement regarding the definition of fidelity in a model, there appears to be little accord about how the fidelity of a model might be measured - or even whether it is measurable at all. Because of the abstract nature of both reality and the representations of reality used for simulation systems, some argue that fidelity is also abstract in nature and can not be measured. Research conducted at IST, however, has yielded a method not only for measuring fidelity in a model, but also comparing the fidelity of different models to be used in a simulation. This ability to compare the fidelity of different models can be used in a practical manner to decide which models would be most appropriate for a new application. Further research at IST has explored the idea of using this ability to compare the fidelity of models to give a simulation system the ability to select the models that it should use based on outside factors such as the computational load on the system. This concept is called Selective-Fidelity Simulation, and is documented in this paper.
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