Mr. Cesare Graziolie Profile

Cesare Graziolie

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Proceedings Article | 8 July 2021 Open Access

Hydrogen induced trap states in TiO2 probed by resonant X-ray photoemission

Emanuel Billeter, Andrea Sterzi, Abdessalem Aribia, Cesare Graziolie, Marcello Coreno, Davide Bleiner, Andreas Borgschulte

Proceedings Volume 11886, 118860W (2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2591982

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The standard approach to surface analysis is X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which is used to follow electronic structure changes of the catalyst material TiO₂ upon hydrogenation, however, without conclusion whether the effect can be traced back to the hydrogen treatment. Resonant photoemission experiments using a tunable synchrotron X-ray source yields further insights. The integration of the electron yield over all kinetic energies results in X-ray absorption spectra (XAS). Furthermore, in resonant conditions, electrons are excited from a core level to the conduction band and can subsequently be trapped by specific defect states. From this, the observed shallow trap states can be identified as Ti³⁺ states. We quantify the Ti³⁺/Ti⁴⁺ ratio both from XPS and XAS and the oxygen to titanium elemental ratio. The correlation of the results from resonant and non-resonant photoemission reveals that hydrogen defects serve as trap centers, while defects associated with oxygen vacancies serve as recombination centers suppressing trap state emission. The main effect of hydrogen in TiO₂ is the increased disorder in the material.

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