SignificanceFor microscopic polarization imaging of tissue slices, two types of samples are often prepared: one unstained tissue section for polarization imaging to avoid possible influence from staining dyes quantitatively and one hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) stained adjacent tissue section for histological diagnosis and structural feature identification. However, this sample preparation strategy requires high-quality adjacent tissue sections, and labeling the structural features on unstained tissue sections is impossible. With the fast development of data driven-based polarimetric analysis, which requires a large amount of pixel labeled images, a possible method is to directly use H&E stained slices, which are standard samples archived in clinical hospitals for polarization measurement.AimWe aim to study the influence of hematoxylin and eosin staining on the linear birefringence measurement of fibrous tissue structures.ApproachWe examine the linear birefringence properties of four pieces of adjacent bone tissue slices with abundant collagen fibers that are unstained, H&E stained, hematoxylin (H) stained, and eosin (E) stained. After obtaining the spatial maps of linear retardance values for the four tissue samples, we carry out a comparative study using a frequency distribution histogram and similarity analysis based on the Bhattacharyya coefficient to investigate how H&E staining affects the linear birefringence measurement of bone tissues.ResultsLinear retardance increased after H&E, H, or E staining (41.7%, 40.8%, and 72.5% increase, respectively). However, there is no significant change in the imaging contrast of linear retardance in bone tissues.ConclusionsThe linear retardance values induced by birefringent collagen fibers can be enhanced after H&E, H, or E staining. However, the structural imaging contrasts based on linear retardance did not change significantly or the staining did not generate linear birefringence on the sample area without collagen. Therefore, it can be acceptable to prepare H&E stained slices for clinical applications of polarimetry based on such a mapping relationship.
SignificanceAmong the available polarimetric techniques, backscattering Mueller matrix (MM) polarimetry provides a promising non-contact and quantitative tool for in vivo tissue detection and clinical diagnosis. To eliminate the surface reflection from the sample cost-effectively, the non-collinear backscattering MM imaging setup always has an oblique incidence. Meanwhile, for practical organ cavities imaged using polarimetric gastrointestinal endoscopy, the uneven tissue surfaces can induce various relative oblique incidences inevitably, which can affect the polarimetry in a complicated manner and needs to be considered for detailed study.AimThe purpose of this study is to systematically analyze the influence of oblique incidence on backscattering tissue polarimetry.ApproachWe measured the MMs of experimental phantom and ex vivo tissues with different incident angles and adopted a Monte Carlo simulation program based on cylindrical scattering model for further verification and analysis. Meanwhile, the results were quantitatively evaluated using the Fourier transform, basic statistics, and frequency distribution histograms.ResultsOblique incidence can induce different changes on non-periodic, two-periodic, and four-periodic MM elements, leading to false-positive and false-negative polarization information for tissue polarimetry. Moreover, a prominent oblique incidence can bring more dramatic signal variations, such as phase retardance and element transposition.ConclusionsThe findings presented in this study give some crucial criterions of appropriate incident angle selections for in vivo polarimetric endoscopy and other applications and can also be valuable references for studying how to minimize the influence further.
For pathological diagnosis using optical microscopes, imaging speed and resolution are two important considerations. Usually, the improvement of imaging resolution will reduce the field of view and greatly extend the imaging time. Recently, studies have shown that some polarization information obtained from Mueller matrix connecting with structural features can be preserved under relatively low imaging resolution. Here, to systematically investigate the influence of imaging resolution on polarization properties derived from Mueller matrix, we first perform transmission Mueller matrix microscopic imaging on the unstained rat dorsal skin tissue samples, which have rich fibrous structures. Then, we carry out quantitative analysis using the statistics and the image texture feature parameters to compare the Mueller matrix polarimetric parameters images at different resolutions. The results show that, compared with the traditional non-polarized microscopic images, the Mueller matrix polarimetric parameters, which can characterize the fiber density information of the sample, are less sensitive to the imaging resolution, while other polarimetric parameters derived from the Mueller matrix related to the particle sizes still need high resolution to provide accurate structural information. This study demonstrates that it is possible to consider both imaging resolution and speed when using Mueller matrix polarimetry for tissue detection, and proposes relevant criteria to meet the above requirements, which is of great significance for application scenarios that need accurate and highspeed optical measurement.
Mueller matrix imaging contains abundant microstructural information of the sample and provides quantitative characterization of anisotropic structures. In contrast to non-polarized microscopic imaging, Mueller matrix imaging can obtain basic structural information of the sample, such as fiber orientation and density, from polarization parameter images at low resolution. To analyze the combined effect of imaging resolution on Mueller matrix polarization properties, we first measured Mueller matrix images of unstained collagen fiber-rich rat dorsal skin sections using a range of objective magnification or numerical aperture (NA) values. Quantitative analysis of first-order moments and image texture parameters were then compared in conjunction with polarimetry basis parameters images. The results show that the polarimetry basis parameter images preserve most of the structural information of the sample and can provide fast imaging speed. This study provides a criterion to determine which structural information can be accurately and rapidly obtained by transmission Mueller matrix microscopy with low NA targets to aid in pathological diagnosis and other applications.
Water content of stratum corneum has one of the most important biological effects on the physiological function of the skin. Measuring and adjusting the water content can be helpful to understand the physiological state of skin and delay skin aging. However, most existing skin water content analyzers have to contact the skin and the results may be affected by personal usage habits prominently. Mueller matrix polarimetry is sensitive to structural features of tissues. Parameters derived from Mueller matrix can provide the microstructural information quantitatively, such as the sizes of scatterers, the distribution of collagen fibers and so on. In this study, we demonstrate a novel, quantitative, non-contact and in situ technique based on Mueller matrix polarimetry for monitoring the microstructural changes of skin tissues during the process of skin water content reduction. We measure the Mueller matrices of rat skin samples and porcine abdominal skin samples, then analyze the Mueller matrix derived parameters to indicate microstructural changes during the skin water content reduction processes. Comparison between the rat skin samples applied with and without moisturizing cream show that the Mueller matrix derived parameters are potential indicators to reflect the water content of the skin quantitatively. This technique can provide a non-contact detection method and be used to evaluate the change of skin water content when different skin-care cosmetics are used on the skin.
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