We propose a novel hemoglobin fiber-optic sensor which is based on the evanescent field of side-polished fiber. It is functionalized with a thin-layer of a hemoglobin-sensitive graphene oxide (GO) coating on a side polished optical fiber. The trace of hemoglobin concentration was measured by the variations in transmitted light intensity and the optical properties of graphene oxide. The sensor output was obtained successfully in response to hemoglobin concentration and sucrose concentrations. The side-polished fiber with GO film exhibited real- time and remote measurement of hemoglobin concentration with high precision.
We propose a fiber-optic sensor structure for simultaneous strain and temperature monitoring in cryogenic conditions. The polymer coated fiber Bragg grating sensor makes it a suitable candidate for cryogenic temperature measurement. FBG have been shown to have an enhanced sensitivity of 48 pm °C-1 from -185 to 25 °C. The cross-sensitivity problem has been solved by introducing a glass capillary tube to encapsulate the coated FBG. The thermal expansion of capillary material was compensated by cleaving the one end of FBG free and the other end with the temperature resistant epoxy resins. Experiments results validate the proposed method can successfully monitor the strain and temperatures at cryogenic temperatures.
We propose a novel aqueous ethanol fiber-optic sensor which is based on Fresnel reflection. It is functionalized with a thin-layer of an ethanol-sensitive graphene oxide (GO) coating on a single mode optical fiber end. The trace of ethanol concentration was measured by the variations in Fresnel reflection intensity and the optical properties of graphene oxide. The sensor output was obtained successfully in response to aqueous ethanol concentration from 20% to 100%. The fiber end with GO film exhibited real- time and remote measurement of ethanol concentration with high precision.
Icing causes substantial problems in the integrity of large-scale wind turbines. In this work, a fiber-optic sensor system for detection of icing with an arrayed waveguide grating is presented. The sensor system detects Fresnel reflections from the ends of the fibers. The transition in Fresnel reflection due to icing gives peculiar intensity variations, which categorizes the ice, the water, and the air medium on the wind turbine blades. From the experimental results, with the proposed sensor system, the formation of icing conditions and thickness of ice were identified successfully in real time.
Low thermal sensitivity and cross sensitivity of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) towards the applied strain, temperature make FBG implementation complicated in composite materials at cryogenic conditions. In order to alleviate this problem, our work focuses on simultaneous strain and temperature monitoring inside the composite material at cryogenic temperatures. The temperature sensitive polymer coating on an FBG sensor makes it a suitable candidate for cryogenic temperature measurement. The average temperature sensitivity of 48 pm °C-1 was obtained in -180 ~ 25 °C. In addition, the cross sensitivity problem has been adjusted by introducing a glass capillary tube to encapsulate the FBG. The thermal expansion of capillary material was compensated by cleaving the one end of FBG free and the other end with the temperature resistant epoxy resins. Experiments results validate that the proposed method can successfully monitor the strain and temperature factors that can be applied to composite material at cryogenic temperatures.
A fiber-optic multi-stress monitoring system which uses 4 FBG sensors and a fiber-optic mandrel acoustic emission sensor is proposed. FBG sensors and a mandrel sensor measure different types of stresses occurring in electrical power transformer, such as temperature and acoustic signals. The sensor system uses single broadband light source to address the outputs of both sensors using single fiber-optic circuitry. An athermal-packaged FBG is used to supply quasi-coherent light for the Sagnac interferometer demodulation which processes the mandrel sensor output. The proposed sensor system could simplify the optical circuit for the multi-stress measurements and enhance the cost-effectiveness of the sensor system.
In this paper, Fresnel reflection based fiber-optic sensor for the real-time monitoring of cryogenic temperature is presented. The proposed sensor system utilizes a linear thermo-optic coefficient of polymer and Fresnel reflection of the fiber end. Epoxy resin and poly methyl metha acrylate (PMMA) are used as sensor head material. The designed sensor head measures the temperature ranging from -180°C to 25°C with an average sensitivity of 0.039dB/°C for epoxy resin and 0.029dB/°C for PMMA. Experimental results have proven the stability and the effectiveness of the proposed sensor system to measure the applied cryogenic temperatures.
A fiber-optic epoxy cure monitoring technique for efficient wind turbine blade manufacturing and monitoring is presented. To optimize manufacturing cycle, fiber-optic sensors are embedded in composite materials of wind turbine blades. The reflection spectra of the sensors indicate the onset of gelification and the completion of epoxy curing. After manufacturing process, the same sensors are utilized for in-field condition monitoring. Because of residual stresses and strain gradients from the curing process, the embedded sensors may experience distortions in reflection spectra, resulting in measurement errors. We applied a Gaussian curve-fitting algorithm to the distorted spectra, which substantially improved the measurement accuracy.
An epoxy cure monitoring system has been constructed by combining fiber grating sensors and Fresnel reflection monitoring. The sensors measure strain and refractive index variations during the curing process, indicating the onset of gelification, the progress, and the end of curing. We used a wavelength-swept laser source to address both types of sensors. The signals from different sensors could be easily separated, resulting in simple optical setup and increased efficiency. The fiber grating sensors are demodulated by a spectrometer. The output fluctuation in the Fresnel reflection was compensated by referencing it with the tapped output of light source.
A hybrid fiber-optic sensor system which combines fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors and a Michelson interferometer is suggested for condition monitoring uses of large scale wind turbine blades. The system uses single broadband light source to address both sensors, which simplifies the optical setup and enhances the cost-effectiveness of condition monitoring system. An athermal-packaged FBG is used to supply quasi-coherent light for the Michelson interferometer demodulation. For the feasibility test, different profiles of test strain, temperature and vibration have been applied to test structures, and successfully reconstructed with the proposed sensor system.
We propose a fiber Bragg grating laser sensor system for possible uses in large scale wind turbine blades’ condition monitoring. The measurement instability due to the sensitive multi-wavelength lasing has been greatly improved by employing a polarization scrambling in the lasing cavity and a spectrometer demodulator. With suggested technique, we obtained 100% of data acquisition rate from all the 4 FBG laser sensors along single fiber-optic cable. Also the noise characteristics of the sensor outputs have improved 4 times more than the previous system.
We propose a laser sensor system which uses fiber Bragg gratings as laser cavity mirrors as well as sensors. With a spectrometer demodulation, a low-cost, more robust, and faster sensor functions have been demonstrated compared with the conventional wavelength-swept laser demodulation. Some of the multiple FBG sensors showed unstable lasing characteristics, leading to missing measurands. Polarization scrambling has been used to alleviate the problem. With fast polarization disturbances in the fiber-optic laser cavity, more FBG sensor outputs could be generated consistently and data acquisition rate has increased more than 5 times.
A fiber grating sensor system for use in condition monitoring of wind turbine blades is constructed. A rotary optical
joint was used to connect the fiber grating sensors to the non-rotating signal processing unit with moderate insertion loss.
The Bragg wavelengths were interrogated by a spectrometer demodulator which consisted of a volume phase grating and
a 512-pixel photo-detector array. Using the constructed sensor system, various strain/temperature measuring experiments
have been performed. We applied fiber grating sensors at different locations on the wind turbine blade. Different types of
strain, stroke, and temperature variations were applied to the sensors and the results were analyzed according to the
sensor locations and the blade's rotary speed.
We used a bimetallic strip to increase the sensitivity of a fiber Bragg grating temperature sensor. The temperatureinduced
deflection of the strip strained the FBG sensor, increasing the Bragg wavelength shift in addition to the
temperature-induced one. The total Bragg wavelength shift is about 4 times larger than that of the intrinsic FBG
temperature sensor. With experiments in various conditions, the sensitivity characteristics according to the bimetal
parameters were analyzed and the feasibility of the suggested sensor has been shown
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