In this paper, we present and analyze the most fundamental constraint of RFID systems, power rectification. This issue plays an important role in development of long-range RFID systems. Rectifiers are the key components in power rectifications and efficiency of an RFID system. Therefore this paper is concentrated in investigating this major issue. To tackle this problem a novel Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD) has been proposed. The proposed SBD provides good power conversion rate and switching properties.
Passive radio frequency identification (RFID) systems deployment efforts are revolutionizing supply chain logistics by providing unprecedented supply chain visibility. The widely used bandwidth of operation in modern systems is the UHF ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) band. The performance of UHF RFID systems are largely reliant on low power CMOS circuits, efficient power rectification and the ability of RFID label antennas to match to the input impedance of the RFID label IC. This paper examines a new rectifying structure and considers it for its merits in RFID applications while analysing contribution of the rectifying structure to the input impedance of RFID chips as this is an important consideration in impedance matching to an external antenna.
The evolution of RFID Systems has lead to the development of a class hierarchy in which the battery powered labels are a set of higher class labels referred to as active labels. The battery powering active transponders must last for an acceptable time, so the electronics of the label must have very low current consumption in order to prolong the life of the battery. However due to circuit complexity or the desired operating range the electronics may drain the battery more rapidly than desired but use of a turn-on circuit allows the battery to be connected only when communication is needed, thus lengthening the life of the battery.
Two solutions available for the development of a turn on circuit use resonance in a label rectification circuit to provide a high sensitivity result. This paper presents the results of experiments conducted to evaluate resonance in a label rectification circuit and the designs of fully integrable turn-on circuits. We have also presented test results showing a successful practical implementation of one of the turn on circuit designs.
In the proliferation of RFID technology anti-theft labels are continuing to evolve. In the functional hierarchy of RFID
labels the battery-powered labels are a set of higher class labels referred to as active labels. Often these labels are
employed for the tagging of expensive goods, with aim of both tracking and preventing the theft of the item. The battery
powering such active labels must have very low internal and external current drain in order to prolong the life of the
battery while being in a state of functionality to signal a theft of the labelled item. However due to circuit complexity or
the desired operating range the electronics may drain the battery more rapidly than desired and the label may not last the
shelf life of the product.
The theft detection mechanism presented in this paper conserves power and thus prolongs the battery life of an active
anti-theft label. A solution available for the development of such a theft detection circuit uses electroacoustic energy
conversion using a MEMS device on a label IC to provide a high sensitivity result. This paper presents the results of an
analysis conducted to evaluate the performance and the capabilities of such a theft detection circuit.
While pseudo random number generators based on computational complexity are widely used for most of cryptographic applications and probabilistic simulations, the generation of true random numbers based on physical randomness is required to guarantee the advanced security of cryptographic systems. In this paper we present a method to exploit manufacturing variations, metastablity, and thermal noise in integrated circuits to generate random numbers. This metastability based physical random number generator provides a compact and low-power solution which can be fabricated using standard IC manufacturing processes. Test-chips were fabricated in TSMC 0.18um process and experimental results show that the generated random bits pass standard randomness tests successfully. The operation of
the proposed scheme is robust against environmental changes since it can be re-calibrated to new environmental conditions such as temperature and power supply voltage.
A hardware random number generator is different from a pseudo-random number generator; a pseudo-random number generator approximates the assumed behavior of a real hardware random number generator. Simple pseudo random number generators suffices for most applications, however for demanding situations such as the generation of cryptographic keys, requires an efficient and a cost effective source of random numbers. Arbiter-based Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) proposed for physical authentication of ICs exploits statistical delay variation of wires and transistors across integrated circuits, as a result of process variations, to build a secret key unique to each IC. Experimental results and theoretical studies show that a sufficient amount of variation exits across IC’s. This variation enables each IC to be identified securely.
It is possible to exploit the unreliability of these PUF responses to build a physical random number generator. There exists measurement noise, which comes from the instability of an arbiter when it is in a racing condition. There exist challenges whose responses are unpredictable. Without environmental variations, the responses of these challenges are random in repeated measurements.
Compared to other physical random number generators, the PUF-based random number generators can be a compact and a low-power solution since the generator need only be turned on when required. A 64-stage PUF circuit costs less than 1000 gates and the circuit can be implemented using a standard IC manufacturing processes. In this paper we have presented a fast and an efficient random number generator, and analysed the quality of random numbers produced using an array of tests used by the National Institute of Standards and Technology to evaluate the randomness of random number generators designed for cryptographic applications.
In this paper, we present and analyze the most fundamental constraint of RFID systems, power rectification. This issue plays an important role in development of long-range RFID systems. Rectifiers are the key components in power rectifications and efficiency of an RFID system. Therefore this paper is concentrated in investigating this major issue. To tackle this problem a novel Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD) has been proposed. The proposed SBD provides good power conversion rate and switching properties.
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