We present two potential flow based computational tools for the design and analysis of efficient, low Reynolds number flapping wings. Our approach starts with a series of wake-only momentum and energetics analyses. We have used and extended the classical wake-only approach to efficiently perform a large number of computations over the flapping parameter space. The method considers the balance of flight forces in the coupled prediction of wing flapping kinematics and flight energetics. Following the wake-only energetics analysis, a quasi-inverse doublet lattice method (qi-DLM) is applied to determine flapping wing shape including localized wing morphing and deformation. This local wing morphing prescribed so that the wing may achieve the desired, minimum power wake vorticity distribution defined by the wake-only analysis. In this paper we illustrate these methods and perform a preliminary study to assess the impact of wing taper, wing camber and wing twist variations on efficient flapping flight.
This paper evaluates the conductive properties and sensing capabilities of various smart materials being considered for
enhancing parachute performance. In a previous review of sensing technologies, several materials showed potential for
parachute implementation - specifically, electrically conductive textiles and dielectric electro-active polymers (DEAPs).
Past efforts have been focused on mechanically testing and evaluating the sensing performance of conductive fabrics
(coated with carbon nanotubes, polypyrrole and polyaniline) and DEAPs. While some of the conductive fabrics
demonstrated sufficient sensing capability, they were not conductive enough to implement into an intelligent parachute
sensor network for transmitting power or data. Also, attaching or stitching DEAPs to the parachute fabric has proven to
be a challenge. The primary goal of this paper is to investigate the use of highly-conductive textiles in an intelligent
textile sensor network for sensing and as a means to transmit power or electrical signals. The applications of the
materials investigated in this paper may also extend beyond parachutes to any large-scale textile structure.
This paper quantifies the sensing capabilities of novel smart materials in an effort to improve the performance, better
understand the physics, and enhance the safety of parachutes. Based upon a recent review of actuation technologies for
parachute applications, it was surmised that the actuators reviewed could not be used to effectively alter the drag or lift
(i.e. geometry, porosity, or air vent openings) of a parachute during flight. However, several materials showed potential
for sensing applications within a parachute, specifically electrically conductive fabrics and dielectric electro-active
polymers. This paper introduces several new conductive fabrics and provides an evaluation of the sensing performance
of these smart materials based upon test results using mechanical testing and digital image correlation for comparison.
The performance (drag, lift, stability, etc.) of a parachute is a function of the physical properties of the canopy fabric
(such as porosity) and geometry of the canopy (such as air-vent openings). These variables typically remain constant
during descent and therefore the parachute retains constant drag and lift. The ability to change these variables and the
parachute drag and lift characteristics during flight will greatly widen the performance envelope of a parachute, the
maneuverability, and versatility of the airdrop mission. This paper provides a literature review of existing smart material
technologies in an effort to improve the performance characteristics and enhance the safety of existing parachutes and parafoils by incorporating these advanced materials into parachute systems.
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