Active Learning (AL) is an artificial intelligence (AI) training paradigm that improves training efficiency in cases where labeled training is hard to obtain. In AL, unlabeled samples are selected for annotation using a bootstrap classifier to identify samples whose informational content is not represented in the current training set. Given a small number of samples, this optimizes training by focusing annotation on “informative” samples. For computational pathology, identifying the most-informative samples is non-trivial, particularly for segmentation. In this work, we develop a feature-driven approach to identifying informative samples. We use a feature extraction pipeline operating on segmentation results to find “outlier” samples which are likely incorrectly segmented. This process allows us to automatically flag samples for re-annotation based on architecture of segmentation (compared with less robust confidence-based approaches). We apply this process to the problem of segmenting oral cavity cancer (OCC) H&E stained whole-slide images (WSIs), where the architecture of OCC tumor growth is an aggressive pathological indicator. Improving segmentation requires costly annotation of WSIs; thus, we seek to employ an AL approach to improve annotation efficiency. Our results show that, while outlier features alone are not sufficient to flag samples for re-annotation, we can identify some WSIs which fail segmentation.
Utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) generated tissue maps for outcome prediction would aid in reducing the exhaustive workload on pathologists. But how quantitatively analogous are these maps to pathologist labeled maps must be studied. Another area that interested us was to understand how the "satellite tumor" definition in tissue label maps affects the features extracted. Our work was motivated from these ideas. This work aids in understanding the impact on feature values extracted when an automatic relabeling is applied on both hand-annotated and AI tumor maps This would be a first step towards investigating if the AI maps can be reliable for recurrence risk prediction in early stage oral cavity cancer patients.
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