KEYWORDS: Tumors, Photodynamic therapy, Bladder, Luminescence, Bladder cancer, Control systems, Animal model studies, Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, Tissues, Green fluorescent protein
The prevalence of bladder cancer is very high, due to its high recurrence rate in superficial bladder
cancer (30 to 85%), which is the staging of approximately 80% of the patients at first diagnosis. Risk of
recurrence and progression is associated with grade, stage, presence of concomitant carcinoma in situ, size and
number of lesions, as well as time to first recurrence. Recurrences can be partly attributed to new occurrences
but also to residual tumors after resection. Incomplete tumor removal has been observed in 30 to 50% of TUR's,
especially when dealing with T1 or poorly visible malignant or pre-malignant disease1. Fluorescence guided
resection with 5 amino levulinic acid (ALA) or its hexyl ester derivative (Hexvix, has now unequivocally
been demonstrated to increase detection rate and a growing number of studies indicate this has a positive impact
on recurrence and progression ratesImplantation of viable tumor cells, dispersed during resection, is a third factor influencing bladder cancer recurrence. The aim of early intravesical therapy is to interfere with cell
viability and thus reduce implantation risks.
Cartilage degenerative diseases like osteoarthritis affect the organization of the biological extracellular matrix
(ECM) surrounding chondrocytes. This ECM is mainly composed by collagen giving rise to a strong Second Harmonic
Generation (SHG) Signal, due to its high non linear susceptibility.
Mechanical stress leads to perturbation of the collagen network comparable to modification occurring in
disease. To be sure that SHG signal comes specifically from the collagen network, the enzymatical action of Collagenase
was followed. We clearly noted the decrease of the collagen specific signal according to incubation time due to
enzymatic degradation.
To characterize structural modification on the arrangement of collagen fibers in the ECM, we used image
analysis based on co-occurrence matrix (Haralick). Textural features give information like homogeneity ('Angular
Second Moment') or size of textural elements ('Inverse Difference Moment', 'Correlation'). Samples submitted to
compression are characterized by higher 'Correlation', associated with a decrease of 'IDM' and 'ASM'. Those
evolutions suggest the presence of long linear structures, an effect of packing of collagen fibrils and the apparition of
nodes where the density of collagen is important versus areas showing a lack of molecules.
Collagen I, II and VI are biomarkers characterising disease states since its presence is increased in pathological
cartilage (osteoarthritis). Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy (FLIM) associated to Spectral and SHG analysis
confirmed the presence of Collagen I and II in the extracellular and Collagen VI in the pericellular matrix of
chondrocytes.
SHG, FLIM and Spectral Imaging combined with multiphoton excitation enable tissue imaging at deep
penetration. We pointed out a local modification of the ECM of cartilage without any labelling (SHG) under mechanical
stress. Thus the association of all these techniques represents a potential diagnosis tool for disorganization of collagen.
The aim of this work was to study synthetic polycation effects on erythrocyte agglutination mediated by anti-glycophorin
using image digital analysis. Polycations are oligomers or polymers of natural or synthetic origin, which bear a great
number of positive charges at pH 7.4. Several of these polycations are nowadays used in clinic for human and veterinary
purposes. New applications of polycations to the development of new drug delivery systems are investigated, in order to
promote the drug absorption through the gastro-intestinal and blood brain barriers. However, up to now, there are no
clear relationships between macromolecular features of polycations (molecular weight, mean charge density, charge
repartition, etc.) and their interactions with blood elements (which bear superficial negative charges). The interaction on
the red blood cell membrane with synthetic polycations having well-controlled macromolecular features and
functionalized with pendent polyethylene glycol segments was investigated. The alterations over stationary and dynamic
viscoelastic properties of erythrocyte membranes were analyzed through laser diffractometry. Image digital analysis was
used to study erythrocyte agglutination mediated by anti-glycophorin. Results show different reactivities of the
polycations on the erythrocyte membrane. These findings could provide more information about the mechanisms of
polycation interaction on erythrocyte membranes. We consider that this work could provide useful tools to understand
and improve the haemocompatibility of polycations and enlarge their potential in clinic.
Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) has been shown to be involved in the carcinogenesis process. Gap-FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) technique could be used to estimate gap junctions functionality and their potential involvement for distinguish normal and cancer cells. In this study, the gap-FRAP technique was used to analyse functional gap-junction-mediated communication for cell lines with different GJIC status. Gap-FRAP data and connexin 43 protein expression decreased for FaDu cancer cell line, in contrast to fibroblast and KB positives cell lines. To check the involvement and functionality of gap junctions in the restitution of the fluorescence after photobleaching, we used a gap junction channel inhibition assay with 18 α-glycyrrhetinic acid. Our results indicate that the degree of gap junctional intercellular communication could be estimated by this technique in vitro.
Several reports show that cancerous cells are linked to early decrease in gap-junction number and functionality diminution. This precancerous phenomenon may be accessed by different fluorescence techniques and particularly by gap-FRAP technique (gap-junction fluorescence recovery after photobleaching). Measurements at cell or tissue scale allowed by this method lead to consider its potential interest in endoscopic technics applied to early cancer detection. Experiments were performed on HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma), MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell) and CCD-1137Sk (human Fibroblasts) in the presence of 5.6CFDA. Dye was bleached by laser light (488nm) during few seconds depending on the region of interest (one or fewer cells). Fluorescence recovery kinetic after photobleaching was measured by imaging and spectral analysis with a confocal laser scanning microscope as reference technique. Then, a microspectrofluorimeter was used in order to evaluate the faisability on a fiber optics based system offering measurement condition close to the tissue clinical endoscopy conditions.Preliminary results obtained on the various cells lines show significant differences in kinetics for normal and cancerous cells. We have shown that CCD-1137Sk line cells possess functional communicating junctions, contrary to the carcinogenic HT-29 and MCF-7 cells. Results obtained by microspectrofluorimetry are related to confocal microscopes ones confirming the feasibility in endoscopy.
We report the adhesion of human erythrocyte membranes mediated by monoclonal antibodies anti-glycophorin. The distribution of the linked antibodies on membrane was identified with selective fluorescence labels. To analyze the antibody distribution on interfacial region between two cells agglutinated and on its surface, three types of fluorescence marked strategy were evaluated. The 3D images were obtained in a CellScan and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy CLSM. We considered the FRET signal to characterize the agglutination of Red Blood Cells (RBC) by specific monoclonal antibodies (anti-glycophorin A or B). The fluorescence labeling demonstrated that distribution of antibody on erythrocyte membranes is not homogeneous. The fluorescence intensity on contact region in the agglutinated is bigger than the intensity on exterior surface. Tentatively, we interpreted these intensity differences in terms of the mobility of antibody linked to the glycocalix on cell surface. Such mobility has a large consequence in the morphology of cellular agglutinated.
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