Cirrus clouds are product of weather processes, and hence their occurrence and macrophysical/optical properties can vary significantly over different regions of the world, deriving in different implications in climate-related issues. In this sense, a few case studies of cirrus clouds observed at both subtropical and polar latitudes are examined. Observations are carried out in three stations: Sao Paulo (Brazil, 23.6°S/46.8°W) and Sta. Cruz de Tenerife (Spain, 28.5°N/16.3°W), being both subtropical sites, and the Belgrano II base (Argentina, 78ºS/35ºW) in the Antarctic continent. Active remote sensing (LIDAR) is used for profiling measurements, and cirrus clouds features are retrieved by using a recently proposed methodology. Local radiosounding profiles are also used for cirrus-temperature correlation analysis. Optical and macrophysical properties (COD-cloud optical depth, top/base heights and Lidar Ratio, mainly) of both the subtropical and polar cirrus clouds are reported. This study is focused on the classification of the daily cloud features into three Cirrus COD-related categories: svCi-subvisual (COD < 0.06), stCi-semitransparent (0.06 < COD < 0.3), and opCiopaque (COD < 0.3) clouds. In general, subtropical Cirrus clouds present lower LR values and are found at higher altitudes than those detected at polar latitudes. In addition, a higher svCi presence is observed over the polar station along the day, since svCi clouds are formed at lower temperatures. However, results are specific for those particular cases analyzed in this preliminary work. Similarities and differences can be plausibly provided, as long as a larger dataset can be available to be analyzed in each station.
In the framework of AMISOC (Atmospheric Minor Species relevant to the Ozone Chemistry) project, a multiinstrumented campaign was performed in the Canary Islands area in summer-time from 01 July to 11 August 2013. Both ground-based remote-sensing and airborne in-situ measurements were performed under dust loading conditions. Saharan dusty (DD) conditions were reported during 57% of the overall campaign period. Particular DD cases corresponded to a 2-day period with a progressively arriving Saharan dust intrusion over Tenerife on 31 July (weak incidence) and 01 August (strong incidence). As reference, the non-dusty (ND) situation on 30 July was also examined. Vertical size distributions (SD) for particles within an extended fine-to-coarse (0.16-2.8 μm) mode were provided by using aircraft aerosol PCASP sonde measurements. Extinction profiles and Lidar ratio (LR) values were derived from Micro Pulse Lidar measurements. Despite no MAXDOAS aerosol profiling retrievals were available, the potential of this technique has also been introduced. A good agreement is found between the optical and microphysical properties, showing dust particles confined in a wide layer of around 4.5 km thickness from 1.5 to 6 km height. Dust incidence mostly affected the Free Troposphere (FT). LR ranged between 50 and 55 sr, showing typical values for Saharan dust particles. In general, the dust impact on mass concentration was enhanced due to the increase of larger particles, affecting both the Boundary layer (BL) and FT, but showing differences depending on the dusty case. MAXDOAS profiles are expected to be included in an extended version of this work.
Modern polymeric materials possess an ever increasing potential in a large variety of outdoor objects and structures
offering an alternative for many traditional materials. In outdoor applications, however, polymers are subject to a
phenomenon called weathering. This is primarily observed as unwanted property changes: yellowing or fading, chalking,
blistering, and even severe erosion of the material surface. One of the major weathering factors is UV radiation.
In spring 2005, the Finnish Meteorological Institute with its research and industrial partners launched a five-year
material research project named UVEMA (UV radiation Effects on MAterials). Within the framework of the project, a
weathering network of seven European sites was established. The network extends from the Canary Islands of Spain
(latitude 28.5°N) to the Lapland of Finland (latitude 67.4°N), covering a wide range of UV radiation conditions. Since
autumn 2005, the sites of the network have been maintaining weathering platforms of specimens of different kinds of
polymeric materials. At the same time, the sites have been maintaining their long-term monitoring programmes for
spectrally resolved UV radiation. Within UVEMA, these data are used for explaining the differences between the
degradation rates of the materials at each site and for correlating the UV conditions in accelerated ageing tests to those
under the Sun.
We will present the objectives of the UVEMA project aiming at deeper understanding of the ageing of polymers and
more reliable assessments for their service life time. Methodologies adopted within the project and the first results of the
project will be summarized.
During the period 2000-2005, the atmospheric dynamic showed a significant influence on the dust inputs dynamic and, as a result, on the primary production of the northwest African Upwelling System since 2000 to 2005. In this period, the annual mean sea level pressure became higher, ranging from 1014 to 1015 mb. Mean annual zonal wind intensity became higher (from 1.1 to 1.8 m s-1), while the mean annual meridional wind reduced from 6.2 to 5.3 m s-1. Mean annual satellite-derived AVHRR/NOAA Sea Surface Temperature recorded in the northwest African Upwelling becomes warmer with 18.3°C to 18.8°C in Cape Ghir, and from 19.5°C to 20.3°C north Canary Islands waters. Chlorophyll data from SeaWiFS/OV-2 showed a different pattern trend. Mean annual CHL levels increased at eutrophic-like waters of Cape Ghir from 0.65 mg m-3 to 0.9 mg m-. However, data were significantly reduced from 0.59 mg m-3 to 0.31 mg m-3 in oligotrophic-like waters of the Canary Islands. Changes observed in the role of CHL during the last 6-years period could be associated to intensive dust deposition and the exceptional weather warming observed in this area since 2000. However, it is addressed to a single 7 years period and conclusions on possible links between dust deposition and marine biochemistry activity cannot be generalized.
PHOTONS is the french component of the AERONET sun-photometer network which provides globally distributed
near-real-time observations of aerosol spectral optical depth and sky radiance as well as derived parameters such as
particle size distributions, single-scattering albedo and complex refractive index. Now more than 12 years of worldwide
distributed data from the network of ground-based radiometers are available. These data are best suited to reliably and
continuously derive the detailed aerosol optical properties in key locations. Mid 2007, about 40 sites mainly located in
France, Europe, Africa as well as in Asia are managed by PHOTONS. Since 2001, the network also contributes to
passive/active sensors synergies. Several sites in France, western as well as eastern Europe, sometimes in connection
with EARLINET, are equipped with both lidar system and sun-photometer dedicated to aerosol and cloud observations.
These synergies will be enhanced in the future mainly within the context of A-Train experience. In this paper, we
provide a general description of PHOTONS network activities and facilities, and present recent results both on
instrumental side (development on new sun-photometer, vicarious calibration methods), on scientific side (A-Train
mission validation like aerosol retrieval algorithms of PARASOL) and aerosols retrieval from ground-based
measurements method.
An Antarctic UV-monitoring network established in 1999 as a Spanish-Finnish-Argentinian co-operation consists of multiband filter radiometers located at Belgrano, Marambio, and Ushuaia. To provide with quality controlled and assured calibrated groundbased Antarctic UV data, bi-weekly lamp tests were used on every site and visits of travelling reference instruments on two of the sites. Along the six years of operation, the sensitivity in some of the instrument channels was found to drift up to 61%. In both stations, always the same channels showed the best stability or worst instability. The rigorous quality assurance programme ensured that reliable time series of solar data could be produced, however. The most recent Antarctic ozone depletion period of 2005/2006 was studied by comparing OMI satellite-based erythemally weighted daily doses with the measured polynomial corrected data for August 2005-March 2006 for Ushuaia and Marambio. The root mean square (RMS) of difference between the groundbased and satellite-retrieved daily doses was on monthly basis smaller for Ushuaia (19 - 28 %) than for Marambio (17-58 %), possibly due to e.g. bigger heterogeneity of the ground albedo, and variability of the cloudiness. Our final task of combining the polynomial corrected lamp calibration factors and the traveling reference calibration factors, to produce the final calibrated Antartic UV data, is discussed, too.
Satellite data measuring aerosols over the Canary Islands need to be correctly interpreted in accordance with the spatial resolution and spectroscopic channels used. In situ data are still a necessary reference for calibrating and interpreting the aerosol index provided by different spectrometers onboard satellites.
A comparison of both techniques (in situ and remote) is discussed in this paper, showing there is no linear correlation between the aerosol index and the extinction coefficient. Here, we present an interpretation of different situations arising and discuss critically the correct interpretation of the aerosol index and images provided by the TOMS in accordance with the dust presence over the Observatories. The aerosol index measured at sectors centered at both Observatories (Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos -ORM-, on La Palma and Observatorio del Teide -OT-, on Tenerife) is also compared.
Satellite data measuring aerosols over the Canary Islands need to be correctly interpreted in accordance with the spatial resolution and spectroscopic channels used. In situ data are still a necessary reference for calibrating and interpreting the aerosol index provided by different spectrometers onboard satellites.
Most of the airmass flux component arriving at the Canarian Archipelago comes from the North Atlantic Ocean and consists of sea aerosols, i.e. absorbent chloride in the UV which does not affect the extinction in the visible range.
African dust intrusions affect the western and eastern Canary Islands differently. Moreover, the presence of a stable inversion layer and the sharp orography of the western islands (La Palma at Tenerife) produce different mass flux patterns in the low (mixing) layers closer to the sea and in the median-upper (or free) troposphere layer. The aerosol index provided by the TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) is one of the most widely accepted products to detect the daily aerosol content. On the other hand, several techniques have been developed in situ to characterize the presence of dust locally at the Canarian Observatories. In particular, a parameter related to sky transparency, the atmospheric extinction coefficient, has been measured at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory (ORM) on La Palma since 1984 by the Carslberg Automatic Meridian Circle Telescope (CAMC). In situ aerosols are also available for the Teide Observatory (OT) on Tenerife, from 1986 onwards. In this work we compare aerosol index data of TOMS/Earth Probe observations and atmospheric optical extinction coefficient from CAMC in the period 1996-2004.
A preliminary comparison of both techniques (in situ and remote) is discussed in this paper, showing there is no linear correlation between the aerosol index and the extinction coefficient. Here, we present an interpretation of different situations arising and discuss critically the correct interpretation of the aerosol index and images provided by the TOMS in accordance with the dust presence over the Observatories.
A ground-based spectrometer using the DOAS technique measuring at zenith was deployed at Izana Observatory during the 2nd CRISTA flight, in August 1997. CRISTA was flown on the ASTROPAS free-flying platform during the Space Shuttle mission STS-85, and among other species measured NO2 profiles. The twilight measurements of NO2 profiles. The twilight measurements of NO2 total column over the station obtained by the ground-based spectrometer has been used to estimate the profile of this species in the subtropics for summer and to compare with the results of CRISTA during the overpassings. The results of both data sets, and the origin of the discrepancies are discussed in the paper.
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