The precise reporting of critical dimension (CD) features on photolithographic masks is an essential part of
the mask production process. A wide range of external (standardization by national institutes) and internal
(standardization within mask houses to match different tools) methods has been set up to ensure calibration
consistency for the simple one dimensional case. One of the current developments is to expand these
concepts to area measurements. This is to achieve better reproducibility of CD tools and to achieve a better
characterization of contacts with respect to their imaging behaviour in wafer scanners. Here, we report some
very fundamental constrains of this approach that have to be taken into account regardless of the actual
measurement strategy. The major result is that for two dimensional contacts the shape has to be considered.
This is due to the fact that the usually constant offset for calibration of critical dimensions in one dimension
is no longer a constant but depends on the absolute size of the contact and the value of the corner rounding.
For standard values of 200 nm contacts with corner rounding of 75 nm and calibration offsets around 20 nm
maximum systematic differences of about 2nm will be obtained. Given the fact that even 40 nm calibration
differences for photomask standards can be observed even for national institutes, these systematic errors can
be easily as large as 6 nm for 200 nm structures. This systematic error clearly exceeds the road map targets
for critical dimension off-target specifications for the coming technology node. This statement is even
emphasized by the fact that in future contact layer specifications will be smaller than for lines/space layers.
Once tool independent characterization of contact areas has to be achieved, area measurement in each mask
house needs a second thought to implement these systematic constrains. Here, we show that the additional
measurement of the corner rounding ís a relatively easy method to accomplish this.
Critical Dimension uniformity (CDU) is one of the most critical parameters for the characterization of
photomasks. For years the understanding was that CDU describes a rather random fluctuation of the CD
across the mask. With more advanced CD tools and mask processes the local short-range CD variation (on a
length scale of micrometre) can be distinguished from the global CD signature (typically on a length scale of
centimetre). Recent developments in the pattern generator sector allow correcting for such global CD
signatures. This triggers the current challenge to find stable methods to characterize the global signature of
photomasks.
In our work we present matching results of a technique that calculates the CD signature using exponentially
weighted surrounding points. We investigated different CD SEM tools of different technology generations.
We show that our method allows determination of the CD signature independently of the measurement tool
with low uncertainty and moderate measurement effort. This holds even true when the CDU value is mainly
dominated by the measurement error. Thus our method provides a tool to extend the utilization of older
generation metrology tools as well as the possibility to improve the measurement capability for CD signature
of current tools.
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