A modelling and an experimental study of thermal lensing in Yb3+ doped sesquioxide ceramics are presented here.
Wavefront measurements realised in various laser media using a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor enable us to study
the evolution of thermal lensing versus absorbed pump power at various temperatures. A computation of thermal effects
is then investigated in the framework of the finite-elements CASTEM code. At last, we propose to explain our thermal
lensing measurements from simulation results.
We present in this paper the actual status of the LUCIA project, a high average power diode-pumped solid-state laser chain capable to deliver 100 J in nanosecond regime at 10 Hz. In a first step, we deal with the choice of the amplifier medium and the pump and extraction architecture. We present after the thermal management and the cooling architecture. Then, we investigate the damage threshold required. We present last the performances already obtained and the improvements we are working out.
We present the current status of the Lucia laser being built at the LULI laboratory, the national civil facility for intense laser matter interaction in France. This diode pumped laser will deliver a 100 Joules, 10 ns, 10 Hz pulse train from Yb:YAG using 4400 power diode laser bars. We first focus on the amplifier stage by describing the reasons for selecting our extraction architecture. Thermal issues and solutions for both laser and pumping heads are then described. Finally, we emphasize more specifically the need for long-lifetime high-laser-damage-threshold coatings and optics.
A diode-pumped Yb:YAG laser has been demonstrated. A V-shape unstable resonator with a Super Gaussian coupling mirror was chosen. We describe the model that permits to choose the parameters of the cavity and predict the laser performances. A diode pumping architecture is used in which 941 nm radiation is homogenously delivered to the laser crystal. We present here the Pumping Delivery Optics and the laser performances.
In large-aperture laser amplifiers such as those envisioned for the NIF and LMJ lasers, the geometry is such that the front and back faces of the laser slab are heated unevenly by the pump process. This uneven heating result in a mechanical deformation of the laser slab and consequent internal stresses. The deformation and stresses, along with a temperature-dependent refractive index variation, result in phase variations across the laser beam. These phase variations lead to beam steering which may affect frequency conversion as well as energy-on-target. We have developed a model which allows us to estimate the pump-induced wavefront distortion for a given amplifier configuration as well as the spatially-resolved depolarization. The model is compared with experiments taken in our amplifier development laboratory, AMPLAB.
Geoffroy LeTouze, Olivier Cabourdin, J. Mengue, Mireille Guenet, Eric Grebot, Stephane Seznec, Kenneth Jancaitis, Christopher Marshall, Luis Zapata, A. Erlandson
A 3D ray-trace model has been developed to predict the performance of flashlamp pumped laser amplifiers. The computer program, written in C++, includes a graphical display option using the Open Inventor library, as well as a parser and a loader allowing the user to easily model complex multi-segment amplifier systems. It runs both on a workstation cluster at LLNL, and on the T3E Cray at CEA. We will discuss how we have reduce the required computation time without changing precision by optimizing the parameters which set the discretization level of the calculation. As an example, the sample of calculation points is chosen to fit the pumping profile through the thickness of amplifier slabs. We will show the difference in pump rates with our latest model as opposed to those produced by our earlier 2.5D code AmpModel. We will also present the results of calculations which model surfaces and other 3D effects such as top and bottom refelcotr positions and reflectivity which could not be included in the 2.5D model. This new computer model also includes a full 3D calculation of the amplified spontaneous emission rate in the laser slab, as opposed to the 2.5D model which tracked only the variation in the gain across the transverse dimensions of the slab. We will present the impact of this evolution of the model on the predicted stimulated decay rate and the resulting gain distribution. Comparison with most recent AmpLab experimental result will be presented, in the different typical NIF and LMJ configurations.
LMJ/NIF shot rate is limited by thermal recovery of laser slabs and beamtubes. Most of the electrical energy input is dissipated thermally in the amplifiers. Wall-plug efficiency is around 1 percent. Wavefront distortion due to non uniform heat deposition or thermal gradient in gases can only be corrected in the limits of the adaptive optics. Laser focusing requirements thus dictate a maximum chain aberration which can be expressed in wavefront distortion per slab per pass and lead to thermal recovery requirements. Aberrations are analyzed in terms of residual temperature differences in slabs and gas columns of amplifier cavities and beamtubes, and of wavefront distortions.
Neodynium doped phosphate glass laser has been chosen as the gain medium of large laser facilities devoted to ignition such as NIF or LMJ [1] because it can be cast into a great variety of form and size with excellent homogeneity at relatively low cost. In this respect Megajoules class laser design relies on previous experimental and numerical studies on energy storage and gain capabilities. These parameters are particularly needed as inputs in the modeling of the amplifying stages in order to dimension and caracterize laser systems. Although there is a abondant litterature on Nd:phosphate glass, we found it necessary to make absolute value measurements. We have so developed different experimental scheme based on amplifiers pumped by a laser [2, 3] and by flashlamps [4]. In parallel, we have developed numerical models which take into account the exact configuration of the amplifiers. The main result of these different experiments is that the use of an adjustable parameter (so-called arbitrary quantum yield) is always needed to obtain a good agreement between experimental and numerical results on gain measurements. Whatever method of pumping was used, we had to introduce a quantum yield close to 0.8 [2, 3, 4] which encompasses all unknown loss mechanisms and all hypothesis assumed in the models (section 2). We have analysed the different energy pathways and we put into evidence loss mechanisms correlated to spectroscopic properties of neodymium ions in host glasses. These mechanisms are energy transfer up-conversion [5]and Excited State Absorption (ESA) of both pump and laser radiation (amplified pulse or florescence from the upper laser state) [6, 7]. The two latter processes are correlated to a high population of excitated states, but all of them can significantly affect the energy storage efficiency and the gain capability of these laser systems by depopulating the upper laser level or reducing the state lifetime. These mechanisms have already been reported for some materials such as neodymium doped fluorite host medium [8] or crystals [7, 9]. Surprinsingly enough few works have been published in case of neodymium doped glasses [10]. Our goal in this work, was to identify and quantify each spectroscopic process that could exist in Nd :doped glasses. We report here spectroscopic experiments and the use of absolute characteristic values as new inputs in the modeling of gain capabilities of a Nd :phosphate amplifying stage (section 3). However part of the losses is also due to non spectroscopic factors such as the pumping geometry. For instance, in case of slab transversally-pumped, not taking into account Fresnel reflectivity could be at the origin of strong losses. This is the reason why we have developed in collaboration with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), a full 3D ray trace code that we have used to simulate gain measurement (section 4) [11]. Note that this study is of larger interest for NIF-LMJ program since rare earth doped-glasses appear also promising for future broad-band solid-state systems which would be diode-pumped.
Alvin Erlandson, H. Lambert, Luis Zapata, L. Pedrotti, Doug Larson, Mark Rotter, W. Dallum, Stephane Seznec, Geoffroy LeTouze, Eric Grebot, O. Carbourdin, J. Fornerod, P. Bosch
We have analyzed the availability and reliability of the flashlamp-pumped, Nd:glass amplifiers that, as a part of a laser now being designed for future experiments, in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), will be used in the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Clearly, in order for large ICF systems such as the NIF to operate effectively as a whole, all components must meet demanding availability and reliability requirements. Accordingly, the NIF amplifiers can achieve high reliability and availability by using reliable parts, and by using a cassette-based maintenance design that allows most key amplifier parts to be replaced within a few hours. In this way, parts that degrade slowly-- as the laser slabs, silver reflectors, and blastshields can be expected to do, based on previous experience--can be replaced either between shots or during scheduled maintenance periods, with no effect on availability or reliability. In contrast, parts that fail rapidly--such as the flashlamps--can and do cause unavailability or unreliability. Our analysis demonstrates that the amplifiers for the NIF will meet availability and reliability goals, respectively, of 99.8% and 99.4%, provided that the 7680 NIF flashlamps in NIF have failure rates of less than, or equal to, those experienced on Nova, a 5000-lamp laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
We have developed a fully 3D model for the performance of flashlamp pumped laser amplifiers. The model uses a reverse ray-trace technique to calculate the pumping of the laser glass by the flashlamp radiation. We have discovered several different methods by which we can speed up the calculation of the gain profile in a amplifier. The model predicts the energy-storage performance of the Beamlet amplifiers to better than 5%. This model will be used in the optimization of the National Ignition Facility amplifier design.
Slabs in NIF/LMJ large-aperture amplifiers are set at Brewster angle between two lamp arrays. A 2D+ ray-trace code is used to predict pump and gain coefficients profiles in the aperture. Code predictions, in good agreement with experimental results, show the high decay rate due to amplification of spontaneous emission leads to a strong depletion of the stored energy on the edges of the slabs. To compensate for this roll-off, shaped reflectors were calculated at CEL-V, using a dedicated routine added to the ray-trace code. They were fabricated and tested on the modified beamlet amplifier at LLNL. Numerical and experimental results agree to show that it is possible to redirect light using shaped reflectors, and that directing the pump radiation towards the edges of the aperture leads to a more uniform gain.
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