Dr. Gurpreet Singh Profile

Dr. Gurpreet Singh

at Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab

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Publications (3)

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SPIE Journal Paper | 17 March 2022

Modeling of intensity fluctuations in the turbid underwater wireless optical communication links

Maninder Lal Singh, Hardeep Kaur, Harpuneet Singh Gill, Mandeep Singh, Priyanka Priyanka, Sehajpal Kaur, Gurpreet Singh

OE, Vol. 61, Issue 03, 036107, (March 2022) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.61.3.036107

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The performance of the underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) point-to-point link is strictly affected by the turbulent nature of the ocean. The underwater turbulence mainly arises due to the random variations in the refractive index of the propagating medium, which limits the transmission range of the UWOC links. We study experimentally the effect of salinity-induced turbulence on the propagating optical beam. Three different channel scenarios have been considered, namely, uniform salinity concentrations, salinity gradients, and the different sized air bubbles. In the uniform channel, the received optical power follows an exponential decay with the increase in the salinity concentration in the water. The different gradients and air bubbles create random variations in the refractive index of the water, which results in a random fluctuation in the received intensities. These intensity fluctuations are modeled using the Gaussian mixture model (GMM), which is the sum of the Gaussian functions. The feasibility of both the proposed models is verified by conducting a goodness of fit test in terms of R2 and root means square error coefficients. The values of these coefficients indicate that the GMM acceptably matches the acquired experimental observations. Furthermore, the performance of the UWOC point-to-point link is also evaluated using the proposed model. The bit error rate of approximately 10 − 6 that corresponds to a signal-to-noise ratio of 43 dB has been estimated for both uniform and nonuniform channels at an air flow rate of 24 L / min. Hence, the proposed model can efficiently describe the effect of salinity variations, gradient conditions, and air bubbles in the turbulent UWOC point-to-point links.

SPIE Journal Paper | 30 March 2021

Statistical channel model for underwater wireless optical communication system under a wide range of air bubble populations

Mandeep Singh, Maninder Lal Singh, Gurpreet Singh, Harpuneet Singh Gill

OE, Vol. 60, Issue 03, 036111, (March 2021) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.60.3.036111

KEYWORDS: Wireless communications, Statistical modeling, Telecommunications, Signal to noise ratio, Optical engineering, Expectation maximization algorithms, Data modeling, Receivers, Laser beam propagation, Water

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The performance of the underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) system is severely affected by the presence of air bubbles in the water. Therefore, an experimental setup is designed to investigate the effect of different sized air bubbles on the laser beam propagating through the UWOC system. A wide range of air bubbles has been generated in the water tank by varying the diameter of the holes in a copper tube and by varying the air flow rates. When an optical beam propagates through the underwater environment in the presence of air bubbles, the received optical beam undergoes severe intensity fluctuations. The distribution of these intensity fluctuations conveys very useful information to predict the behavior of the underwater channel. The distributions of these intensity fluctuations have been modeled using a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), which is the sum of Gaussian functions. The parameters of the proposed GMM model are estimated by expectation maximization algorithm to obtain maximum likelihood estimation. The goodness of fit is also performed by considering a confidence interval of (95%) to estimate the feasibility of the proposed GMM model, which provides excellent results. The proposed GMM model excellently fits the experimental data for all the considered cases. In addition, based on this proposed model and experimental observations, the performance of the UWOC system is evaluated in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, outage probability, bit error rate, maximum Q-factor, etc. The results show an exact match between the experimental and proposed theoretical results that are modeled using GMM model and hence signifies the precision of the proposed model.

SPIE Journal Paper | 31 July 2017

Spectral bandwidth-efficient four-wave mixing minimization scheme for C-band dense wavelength division multiplexed system

Gurpreet Singh, Maninder Lal Singh

OE, Vol. 56, Issue 07, 076115, (July 2017) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.10.1117/1.OE.56.7.076115

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A hybrid suboptimum channel separation (S-CS) scheme is presented. The distinct feature of the scheme is that it selectively minimizes the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect on the worst-affected channels and enhances the performance and spectral bandwidth efficiency in a controlled way. The scheme is helpful in the precise adjustment of tradeoff between immunity from FWM and spectral bandwidth requirement. The simulative comparison of the S-CS with optimum unequal channel separation (OUCS) and equal channel separation (ECS) schemes is performed to show its effectiveness. A dense wavelength division multiplexed system having a total capacity of 1.64 Tb/s in C band is implemented using the presented scheme. A maximum of 82 channels spaced at minimum CS of 50 GHz operating at a data rate of 20 Gb/s for each of the channels is realized using a S-CS (n=12) hybrid scheme. The simulations are performed in the presence of all the linear and nonlinear impairments and noises. A maximum of 480- and 300-km distances using SSMF and ITUT.G655 fibers, respectively, is realized using dispersion-compensating fibers for 82 channels. The ECS and hybrid OUCS can be realized to cover the same distances but with 73 and 79 channels, respectively, due to the realization problem and bandwidth inefficiency.

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