A common approach in Photoacoustic Imaging (PAI) is to use a linear or curved piezoelectric transducer array, which provides flexibility and versatility during image acquisition. However, these PAI systems often have limited Field-of-View (FOV), resolution, and contrast, resulting in low quality images. In this study, a multi-transducer approach is proposed to improve FOV, resolution, and contrast, with the goal of facilitating human carotid plaque imaging. A prototype consisting of multiple Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (CMUTs) on a flexible array with shared channels was developed and evaluated using simulated and ex-vivo human carotid plaque samples. In numerical simulations, the results are evaluated based on input ground truth parameters. For ex-vivo plaque samples, results for multi-transducer are evaluated and compared to the images acquired with single transducer. All the results demonstrate that the proposed approach improves contrast, FOV, and most notably, it allows resolving the structural information in the medium where more than 25% improvement in gCNR values is achieved in both simulations and experiments compared to the PA images obtained with single transducer.
KEYWORDS: Acoustics, Data modeling, In vitro testing, Speckle, Tissue optics, Tissues, Photoacoustic spectroscopy, Data acquisition, Point spread functions, Computer simulations
Significance: Physics-based simulations of photoacoustic (PA) signals are used to validate new methods, to characterize PA setups and to generate training datasets for machine learning. However, a thoroughly validated PA simulation toolchain that can simulate realistic images is still lacking.Aim: A quantitative toolchain was developed to model PA image acquisition in complex tissues, by simulating both the optical fluence and the acoustic wave propagation.Approach: Sampling techniques were developed to decrease artifacts in acoustic simulations. The performance of the simulations was analyzed by measuring the point spread function (PSF) and using a rotatable three-channel phantom, filled with cholesterol, a human carotid plaque sample, and porcine blood. Ex vivo human plaque samples were simulated to validate the methods in more complex tissues.Results: The sampling techniques could enhance the quality of the simulated PA images effectively. The resolution and intensity of the PSF in the turbid medium matched the experimental data well. Overall, the appearance, signal-to-noise ratio and speckle of the images could be simulated accurately.Conclusions: A PA toolchain was developed and validated, and the results indicate a great potential of PA simulations in more complex and heterogeneous media.
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has a great potential to assess vulnerable plaques in the carotid artery. However, in vivo, PAI suffers from low angular coverage, limited field of view (FOV), and lateral resolution especially when imaging a few centimeters deep in the tissue. To improve these shortcomings, here, we propose to image with multiple capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducers on a flexible substrate with orientation sensors to improve the image quality independent of the patient anatomy. We tested the multi-perspective PAI on a phantom and the experimental results demonstrate improvement in FOV, angular coverage, and resolution, strongly increasing the diagnostic capability of the PAI system.
Capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducers (CMUTs) are gaining more interest for photoacoustic imaging due to its low-cost, high bandwidth and flexibility in size and shape. However, the beampattern of CMUTs usually exhibits wide mainlobes and high sidelobes, degrading the imaging resolution and contrast. We propose to improve the beampattern with optimization of apodization by imposing conditions on the angular distribution of the signal energy received from a PA point source to minimize the sidelobes magnitude and maintain the mainlobe energy. Both simulations and experiments results demonstrate that the proposed apodization suppress the sidelobes up to 30dB when compared with Uniform weights.
Rupture of carotid plaques triggers stroke. Current diagnosis of stroke is based on lumen stenosis, resulting in sever overtreatment. Photoacoustic (PA) imaging can provide comprehensive and patient-specific assessment of plaque vulnerability, and prevent overtreatment. However, no in vivo PA imaging of carotid plaque is available due to low SNR. Here, we present a fast PA/US imaging system and motion corrected averaging algorithm to increase PA SNR. The imaging system and algorithm are verified ex vivo, and in vivo on patients during carotid endarterectomy (intra-operatively). The results may accelerate the clinical translation of PA imaging of carotid plaques.
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