Ms. Hayley Roberts Profile

Hayley Roberts

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Publications (3)

Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

POLARBEAR-2: a new CMB polarization receiver system for the Simons array (Conference Presentation)

Masaya Hasegawa, The POLARBEAR COLLABORATION, Peter Ade, Mario Aguilar, Yoshiki Akiba, Aamir Ali, Kam Arnold, Peter Ashton, Carlo Baccigalupi, Darcy Barron, Dominic Beck, Shawn Beckman, Amy Bender, Federico Bianchini, David Boettger, Julian Borrill, Julien Carron, Scott Chapman, Yuji Chinone, Gabriele Coppi, Kevin Crowley, Ari Cukierman, Matt Dobbs, Rolando Dunner, Tucker Elleflot, Josquin Errard, Giulio Fabbian, Stephen Feeney, Chang Feng, George Fuller, Nicholas Galitzki, Andrew Gilbert, Neil Goeckner-Wald, John Groh, Tijmen Haan, Nils Halverson, Takaho Hamada, Masashi Hazumi, Charles Hill, William Holzapfel, Logan Howe, Yuki Inoue, Jennifer Ito, Greg Jaehnig, Andrew Jaffe, Oliver Jeong, Maude Jeune, Daisuke Kaneko, Nobuhiko Katayama, Brian Keating, Reijo Keskitalo, Theodore Kisner, Nicoletta Krachmalnicoff, Akito Kusaka, Adrian Lee, David Leon, Eric Linder, Lindsay Lowry, Alex Madurowicz, Suet Mak, Frederick Matsuda, Tomotake Matsumura, Andrew May, Nathan Miller, Yuto Minami, Joshua Montgomery, Martin Navaroli, Haruki Nishino, Julien Peloton, Anh Pham, Lucio Piccirillo, Richard Plambeck, Davide Poletti, Giuseppe Puglisi, Christopher Raum, Gabriel Rebeiz, Christian Reichardt, Paul Richards, Hayley Roberts, Colin Ross, Kaja Rotermund Rotermund, Yuuko Segawa, Blake Sherwin, Maximiliano Silva-Feaver, Praween Siritanasak, Leo Steinmetz, Radek Stompor, Aritoki Suzuki, Osamu Tajima, Satoru Takakura, Sayuri Takatori, Daiki Tanabe, Raymond Tat, Grant Teply, Takayuki Tomaru, Calvin Tsai Tsai, Clara Verges, Ben Westbrook, Nathan Whitehorn, Alex Zahn, Junichi Suzuki, Takahiro Okamura

Proceedings Volume 10708, 1070802 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2311576

KEYWORDS: Receivers, Polarization, Bolometers, Sensors, Multiplexing, Telescopes, Microwave radiation, Helium, Staring arrays, Superconductors

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POLARBEAR-2 is a new receiver system, which will be deployed on the Simons Array telescope platform, for the measurement of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) polarization. The science goals with POLARBEAR-2 are to characterize the B-mode signal both at degree and sub-degree angular-scales. The degree-scale polarization data can be used for quantitative studies on inflation, such as the reconstruction of the energy scale of inflation. The sub-degree polarization data is an excellent tracer of large-scale structure in the universe, and will lead to precise constraints on the sum of the neutrino masses. In order to achieve these goals, POLARBEAR-2 employs 7588 polarization-sensitive antenna-coupled transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers on the focal plane cooled to 0.27K with a three-stage Helium sorption refrigerator, which is ~6 times larger array over the current receiver system. The large TES bolometer array is read-out by an upgraded digital frequency-domain multiplexing system capable of multiplexing 40 bolometers through a single superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). The first POLARBEAR-2 receiver, POLARBEAR-2A is constructed and the end-to-end testing to evaluate the integrated performance of detector, readout, and optics system is being conducted in the laboratory with various types of test equipments. The POLARBEAR-2A is scheduled to be deployed in 2018 at the Atacama desert in Chile. To further increase measurement sensitivity, two more POLARBEAR-2 type receivers will be deployed soon after the deployment (Simons Array project). The Simons Array will cover four frequency bands at 95GHz, 150GHz, 220GH and 270GHz for better control of the foreground signal. The projected constraints on a tensor-to-scalar ratio (amplitude of inflationary B-mode signal) is σ(r=0.1) = $6.0 \times 10^{-3}$ after foreground removal ($4.0 \times 10^{-3}$ (stat.)), and the sensitivity to the sum of the neutrino masses when combined with DESI spectroscopic galaxy survey data is 40 meV at 1-sigma after foreground removal (19 meV(stat.)). We will present an overview of the design, assembly and status of the laboratory testing of the POLARBEAR-2A receiver system as well as the Simons Array project overview.

Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

Electrical characterization and tuning of the integrated POLARBEAR-2a focal plane and readout (Conference Presentation)

Darcy Barron, Kam Arnold, Tucker Elleflot, John Groh, Daisuke Kaneko, Nobuhiko Katayama, Adrian Lee, Lindsay Lowry, Haruki Nishino, Aritoki Suzuki, Sayuri Takatori, P. Ade, Y. Akiba, A. Ali, M. Aguilar, A. Anderson, P. Ashton, J. Avva, D. Beck, C. Baccigalupi, S. Beckman, A. Bender, F. Bianchini, D. Boettger, J. Borrill, J. Carron, S. Chapman, Y. Chinone, G. Coppi, K. Crowley, A. Cukierman, T. de Haan, M. Dobbs, R. Dunner, J. Errard, G. Fabbian, S. Feeney, C. Feng, G. Fuller, N. Galitzki, A. Gilbert, N. Goeckner-Wald, T. Hamada, N. Halverson, M. Hasegawa, M. Hazumi, C. Hill, W. Holzapfel, L. Howe, Y. Inoue, J. Ito, G. Jaehnig, O. Jeong, B. Keating, R. Keskitalo, T. Kisner, N. Krachmalnicoff, A. Kusaka, M. Le Jeune, D. Leon, E. Linder, A. Lowitz, A. Madurowicz, D. Mak, F. Matsuda, T. Matsumura, A. May, N. Miller, Y. Minami, J. Montgomery, T. Natoli, M. Navroli, J. Peloton, A. Pham, L. Piccirillo, D. Plambeck, D. Poletti, G. Puglisi, C. Raum, G. Rebeiz, C. Reichardt, P. Richards, H. Roberts, C. Ross, K. Rotermund, Max Silva Feaver, Y. Segawa, B. Sherwin, P. Siritanasak, L. Steinmetz, R. Stompor, O. Tajima, S. Takakura, D. Tanabe, R. Tat, G. Teply, A. Tikhomirov, T. Tomaru, C. Tsai, C. Verges, B. Westbrook, N. Whitehorn, A. Zahn

Proceedings Volume 10708, 1070808 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2311502

KEYWORDS: Bolometers, Polarization, Sensors, Receivers, Microwave radiation, Telescopes, Frequency division multiplexing, Aluminum, Capacitors, Circuit switching

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POLARBEAR is a cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiment located in the Atacama desert in Chile. The science goals of the POLARBEAR project are to do a deep search for CMB B-mode polarization created by inflationary gravitational waves, as well as characterize the CMB B-mode signal from gravitational lensing. POLARBEAR-1 started observations in 2012, and the POLARBEAR team has published a series of results from its first two seasons of observations, including the first measurement of a non-zero B-mode polarization angular power spectrum, measured at sub-degree scales where the dominant signal is gravitational lensing of the CMB. The Simons Array expands POLARBEAR to include an additional two telescopes with next-generation POLARBEAR-2 multi-chroic receivers, observing at 95, 150, 220, and 270 GHz. The POLARBEAR-2A focal plane has 7,588 transition-edge sensor bolometers, read out with frequency-division multiplexing, with 40 frequency channels within the readout bandwidth of 1.5 to 4.5 MHz. The frequency channels are defined by a low-loss lithographed aluminum spiral inductor and interdigitated capacitor in series with each bolometer, creating a resonant frequency for each channel's unique voltage bias and current readout. Characterization of the readout includes measuring resonant peak locations and heights and fitting to a circuit model both above and below the bolometer superconducting transition temperature. This information is used determine the optimal detector bias frequencies and characterize stray impedances which may affect bolometer operation and stability. The detector electrical characterization includes measurements of the transition properties by sweeping in temperature and in voltage bias, measurements of the bolometer saturation power, as well as measuring and removing any biases introduced by the readout circuit. We present results from the characterization, tuning, and operation of the fully integrated focal plane and readout for the first POLARBEAR-2 receiver, POLARBEAR-2A, during its pre-deployment integration run.

Proceedings Article | 10 July 2018 Presentation

Scalable arrays of planar metamaterial lenslets for use in millimeter and submillimeter focal planes (Conference Presentation)

Christopher McKenney, Nils Halverson, Jason Austermann, Bradley Dober, James Beall, Johannes Hubmayr, Gregory Jaehnig, Hayley Roberts, James Sayre, Wendeline Everett, Aritoki Suzuki, Giampaolo Pisano, Robert Bruder

Proceedings Volume 10708, 107080H (2018) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2313879

KEYWORDS: Silicon, Staring arrays, Metamaterials, Sensors, Semiconducting wafers, Finite element methods, Phased array optics, Phased arrays, Fabrication, Optics manufacturing

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The need for larger arrays of millimeter and submillimeter wavelength detectors for Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) experiments is driving a demand for focal planes which can field large numbers of detectors with both high sensitivity and wide bandwidth. Current CMB experiments have $\sim 10^{4}$ detectors, with next generation focal planes requiring $\sim 10^{5}$ or more. One challenge of expanding the array size is coupling the detectors to instrument optics with a method that is broadband, low loss, and scalable. Current state of the art methods of coupling incident radiation include phased array antenna-coupled detectors, corrugated feedhorn arrays, and hemispherical lenslet array-coupled planar antennas. Phased array antennas are fabricated using planar lithography techniques and therefore easily scalable, but are typically narrow band ($\sim 30\%$). Silicon platelet feedhorns are scalable and low loss, but typically achieve only an octave of bandwidth. Lenslets have been produced using silicon hemispheres stacked on silicon plates to approximate an elliptical lens. Low loss and broadband behavior is accomplished by individually molding anti-reflection layers made of materials with appropriate refractive indices and individually glued to arrays; however this approach does not easily scale to larger arrays. We are developing planar lenslet arrays using metamaterials fabricated with standard microlithograpy techniques on silicon wafers. Instead of using difficult to manufacture curved optical surfaces, the lenslets consist of stacks of silicon wafers which are each patterned with an array of sub-wavelength features to produce optical features which form a well defined beam at measurement wavelengths. These arrays are being developed using two approaches: GRadient INdex (GRIN) lenslets which are fabricated by etching holes on a sub-wavelength grid to produce a spatially varying effective index of refraction, and metal-mesh lenslets which are produced by depositing spatially varying metallic features which act as a series of Transmission Line (TL) lumped element features to control phase delay across the wafer. GRIN lenslets are fabricated by etching sub-wavelength holes on a periodic, sub-wavelength grid using standard microlithography techniques. The wafers can be stacked, allowing the spatial index to be altered along all dimensions, which allows for arbitrary anti-reflective coatings to be integrated in the lenslet design. Simulations in finite element modeling (FEM) software have been used to both evaluate the effective index of an individual element and simulate full lenslet structures. Dielectrically embedded mesh-lenses are based on existing mesh-filter technology. Differently from the mesh-filters, the grids are inhomogeneous and their geometry is designed in such a way to impart variable phase shifts across the surface. The local phase shifts reproduce those that would be introduced by a classical dielectric lens. In this work we are developing mesh-lenslets on silicon substrates. The metal grids are supported by silicon nitride (SiN) membranes and kept at specific distances in an air-gap configuration. Finite element analysis is used to quantify and optimize the performance of these devices. We report on progress in both lenslet design approaches. In each case we have developed a set of design equations which guide the design of the full lenslet structure. These structures are simulated using finite element modeling simulations. We report on measurements and efficacy of the design and simulation process and agreement with laboratory measurements of prototype lenslet arrays.

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