A portable differential image motion sensor (DIMS) has been developed and field demonstrated to measure the
atmospheric coherence diameter, or Fried parameter, r0, both at daytime and at night. The hardware design was
developed using system requirements and performance analysis. A graphical user interface (GUI) and software were
developed to automatically measure r0 from collected imagery data. The DIMS system uses a short wave infrared
(SWIR) camera, IR telescope with custom environmental enclosure, a rack-mount computer accessed remotely through a
laptop, and an equatorial mount and tripod for accurate pointing at a selected star. The system is two-man portable. The
sensor continuously measures r0 from star imagery during clear weather at any time of day or night, with an update rate
of 10 minutes. A continuously nutating optical wedge moves the star image in a circle allowing automatic background
subtraction. Data output is provided at the SWIR 1.6 μm wavelength and scaled to 0.55 μm and pointing at zenith. Valid
r0 measurements range is from 1 cm to 20 cm (in the visible waveband). The r0 measurements over time were performed
at daytime at sea level in San Diego. The largest values of r0 were observed near and after the sunset. This approach
provides a straight-forward path to sea-based seeing measurements with an addition of a stabilized platform.
A concept of a Hybrid Wavefront-based Stochastic Parallel Gradient Decent (WSPGD) Adaptive Optics
(AO) system for correcting the combined effects of Beacon Anisoplanatism and Thermal Blooming is
introduced. This system integrates a conventional phase conjugate (PC) AO system with a WSPGD AO
system. It uses on-axis wavefront measurements of a laser return from an extended beacon to generate
initial deformable mirror (DM) commands. Since high frequency phase components are removed from the
wavefront of a laser return by a low-pass filter effect of an extended beacon, the system also uses off-axis
wavefront measurements to provide feedback for a multi-dithering beam control algorithm in order to
generate additional DM commands that account for those missing high frequency phase components.
Performance of the Hybrid WSPGD AO system was evaluated in simulation using a wave optics code.
Numerical analysis was performed for two tactical scenarios that included ranges of L = 2 km and L = 20
km, ratio of aperture diameter to Fried parameter, D/r0, of up to 15, ratio of beam spot size at the target to
isoplanatic angle, θB/θ0, of up to 40, and general distortion number characterizing the strength of Thermal
Blooming, Nd = 50, 75, and 100. A line-of-sight in the corrected beam was stabilized using a target-plane
tracker. The simulation results reveal that the Hybrid WSPGD AO system can efficiently correct the effects
of Beacon Anisoplanatism and Thermal Blooming, providing improved compensation of Thermal
Blooming in the presence of strong turbulence. Simulation results also indicate that the Hybrid WSPGD
AO system outperforms a conventional PC AO system, increasing the Strehl ratio by up to 300% in less
than 50 iterations. A follow-on laboratory demonstration performed under a separate program confirmed
our theoretical predictions.
For a non-cooperative target, a laser beacon is created by illuminating the target with a beacon beam. When a beacon
beam propagates though deep turbulence, turbulence spreads the beam. A conventional phase conjugate adaptive optics
(AO) system is not efficient in the presence of Beacon Anisoplanatism when the beacon beam spot size at the target
includes many isoplanatic patch sizes. We introduce a concept of the wavefront-based stochastic parallel gradient decent
(WSPGD) AO system, which uses an off-axis wavefront sensor to provide feedback for the beam control algorithm. This
concept is based on the finding that the phase aberrations of laser return from the target contain information about beam
spot size at the target, and that correction of a limited number of low-order Zernike modes increases on-axis intensity
and power in the bucket at the target. We evaluated the WSPGD AO system performance in simulation for two tactical
engagement scenarios in the presence of strong turbulence. We found that that the WSPGD AO system can efficiently
compensate the effects of strong turbulence including Beacon Anisoplanatism, even when the beam spot size at the
target includes up to 20 isoplanatic patch sizes and the isoplanatic angle is by a factor of 2.6 less than the diffraction
limit. The Strehl ratio gain for this scenario is 1.6 - 2.5, and the maximum Strehl ratio is achieved after 15-20 iterations.
A laboratory demonstration performed under a separate program confirmed our theoretical predictions.
A laboratory demonstration of two novel tactical beam control methods for correcting the effects of strong turbulence
including Beacon Anisoplanatism, and the combined effects of Beacon Anisoplanatism and Thermal Blooming,
respectively, were performed in SAIC's Tactical Beam Control Test-Bed. Both systems were tested with ratio of
aperture diameter to Fried parameter, D/r0, of up to 7, and ratio of beam spot size at the target to isoplanatic angle, θB/θo,
of up to 10. The first method was implemented in a Wavefront-based Stochastic Parallel Gradient Decent (WSPGD)
adaptive optics (AO) system, which uses an off-axis wavefront sensor (WFS) to provide feedback for a multi-dithering
beam control algorithm. The second method was implemented in a Hybrid WSPGD AO system, which incorporates the
WSPGD AO system with a conventional Phase Conjugate (PC) AO system. The Hybrid system uses an on-axis WFS to
generate initial deformable mirror commands and an off-axis WFS to generate additional commands that account for the
high frequency phase components removed from the wavefront of a laser return by Beacon Anisoplanatism. We
developed a low speed PC-based WSPGD controller, implemented designs of the WSPGD and Hybrid WSPGD AO
systems in SAIC's Test-Bed, and tested both AO systems in static and dynamic turbulence over a wide range of
turbulence conditions. A target-plane tracker was used to stabilize the line-of-sight in the AO corrected beam. Test
results show that the WSPGD AO system efficiently compensates the effects of Beacon Anisoplanatism for both static
and dynamic turbulence, providing a mean performance gain of 1.8 averaged over multiple turbulent realizations. We
also found in testing that the Hybrid WSPGD system efficiently compensates for Beacon Anisoplanatism in the presence
of Thermal Blooming - providing improved compensation for both Thermal Blooming and turbulence. In the presence
of strong Beacon Anisoplanatism with θB/θo of up to 10, the maximum performance gain is 4.9 and the mean
performance gain for multiple turbulence realizations is 2.1.
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