Thermal effects of power cables are critical factors for determining the remaining lifetime and efficiency of power grids. Herein, we propose a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor package with high-temperature sensitivity. Using polyacetal, which has a higher coefficient of thermal expansion than typical optical fibers, we constructed the proposed sensor structure. The developed sensor exhibited about 14.1 times higher temperature sensitivity than a typical bare FBG sensor. To measure the temperature variation of power cable joints caused by partial discharge, we constructed a mock system similar to a manhole, and we installed the developed sensor at a 22.9-kV crosslinked polyethylene cable joint. The experimental result reveals that even a slight temperature difference of 0.2°C can be measured using PD (300 pC at 20 kV).
We propose a four-channel signal-receiver optical subassembly (ROSA) for partial-discharge signal transmission using a coarse-wavelength-division multiplexing (CWDM) thin-film filter (TFF). The proposed four-channel ROSA consists of an ultrasmall-factor-based demultiplexer module, which is fabricated with a parallel optical block, four CWDM TFFs, and four 28-Gbps integrated positive-intrinsic-negative photodiode blocks. The partial discharge on a 22.9-kV XLPE cable joint was successfully measured using the proposed module with phase-resolved partial-discharge analysis and a pulse-diagnosis system. The experimental results demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed ROSA module for the diagnosis of partial discharge, which is important for monitoring electric power facilities.
In optical interconnection technology, high-speed and large data transitions with low error rate and cost reduction are key issues for the upcoming 8K media era. The researchers present notable types of optical manufacturing structures of a four-channel parallel optical module by fully passive alignment, which are able to reduce manufacturing time and cost. Each of the components, such as vertical-cavity surface laser/positive-intrinsic negative-photodiode array, microlens array, fiber array, and receiver (RX)/transmitter (TX) integrated circuit, is integrated successfully using flip-chip bonding, die bonding, and passive alignment with a microscope. Clear eye diagrams are obtained by 25.78-Gb/s (for TX) and 25.7-Gb/s (for RX) nonreturn-to-zero signals of pseudorandom binary sequence with a pattern length of 231 to 1. The measured responsivity and minimum sensitivity of the RX are about 0.5 A/W and ≤−6.5 dBm at a bit error rate (BER) of 10−12, respectively. The optical power margin at a BER of 10−12 is 7.5 dB, and cross talk by the adjacent channel is ≤1 dB.
We present an advanced demodulation technique for a fiber-optics interferometric current transducer. A quadrature sampling method with internal triggers was adopted for structural simplification and cost-effective phase demodulation. The internal triggers for quadrature signal processing were generated at zero crossing points of an ac-coupled reference signal, which was distinguished from the current-induced interference signal by utilizing fiber Bragg grating. Phase variation was extracted from the arctangent demodulation process. The proposed technique demonstrated accurate and stable phase demodulations performance and better than that of the conventional lock-in amp demodulation.
Low-cost single-mode four-channel optical transmitter and receiver modules using the wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) method have been developed for long-reach fiber optic applications. The single-mode four-channel WDM optical transmitter and receiver modules consist of two dual-wavelength optical transmitter and receiver submodules, respectively. The integration of two channels in a glass-sealed transistor outline-can package is an effective way to reduce cost and size and to extend the number of channels. The clear eye diagrams with more than about 6 dB of the extinction ratio and the minimum receiver sensitivity of lower than −16 dBm at a bit error rate of 10−12 have been obtained for the transmitter and receiver modules, respectively, at 5 Gbps/channel. The 4K ultrahigh definition contents have been transmitted over a 1-km-long single-mode fiber using a pair of proposed four-channel transmitter optical subassembly and receiver optical subassembly.
A low-cost packaging method utilizing a fully passive optical alignment and surface-mounting method is demonstrated for pluggable compact and slim multichannel optical interconnection modules using a VCSEL/PIN-PD chip array. The modules are based on a nonplanar bent right-angle electrical signal path on a silicon platform and direct-butt-optical coupling without a bulky and expensive microlens array. The measured optical direct-butt-coupling efficiencies of each channel without any bulky optics are as high as 33% and 95% for the transmitter and receiver, respectively. Excellent lateral optical alignment tolerance of larger than 60 μm for both the transmitter and receiver module significantly reduces the manufacturing and material costs as well as the packaging time. The clear eye diagrams, extinction ratios higher than 8 dB at 10.3 Gbps for the transmitter module, and receiver sensitivity of better than −13.1 dBm at 10.3 Gbps and a bit error rate of 10−12 for all channels are demonstrated. Considering that the optical output power of the transmitter is greater than 0 dBm, the module has a sufficient power margin of about 13 dB for 10.3 Gbps operations for all channels.
A histogram-based denoising algorithm was developed to effectively reduce ghost artifact noise and enhance the quality of an optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging system used to guide surgical instruments. The noise signal is iteratively detected by comparing the histogram of the ensemble average of all A-scans, and the ghost artifacts included in the noisy signal are removed separately from the raw signals using the polynomial curve fitting method. The devised algorithm was simulated with various noisy OCT images, and >87% of the ghost artifact noise was removed despite different locations. Our results show the feasibility of selectively and effectively removing ghost artifact noise.
We propose a novel, low-cost bidirectional optical subassembly (BOSA) that uses a single glass-sealed conventional transistor-outline (TO)-CAN package for passive optical network application. In this BOSA, optical transmitting and receiving functions are incorporated into a silicon optical bench and in a TO-CAN package, respectively. With these features, the optical and electrical crosstalk is efficiently suppressed. The single TO-CAN BOSA has an extinction ratio of 11.69 dB and output power of 2.93 dBm for 1.25 Gb/s operation. The penalty of optical dispersion is 1.2 dB after 20-km single-mode fiber transmission. The receiver sensitivity is less than −30 dBm at a bit error rate of 10−3 for 10.3 Gb/s operation and the signal crosstalk penalty of a single TO-CAN BOSA is 0.8 dB.
For condition monitoring of high-voltage power transformers, a fiber-optic multi-stress sensing system is suggested by combining fiber grating sensors and mandrel sensors embedded in a fiber-optic Sagnac interferometer. The gratings and the mandrel sensors measure the temperature and the vibrations at multi-locations in a power transformer. To separate and demodulate the sensor outputs, we used a wavelength-sweeping laser source and placed a fiber-optic attenuator in the Sagnac loop, which enabled to separate the Bragg wavelengths from the transmission spectrum. The temperature and vibrations of multi-locations could be measured at the same time by using optical circuit and single signal processing unit.
An enhanced surface tracking system based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) modality has been developed and tested for use in a surgical guidance system. A surface detection algorithm based on a Savitzky-Golay filter of A-scan data and thresholding was applied to real-time depth tracking. The algorithm output controlled a motorized stage to adjust the probe position according to the sample's topological variance in real-time. As a result, the root mean square error (RMSE: 4.2 μm) of our algorithm was relatively lower than the conventional method (RMSE: 16.6 μm). Also, OCT images obtained using the algorithm showed a significantly extended imaging range and active surface tracking in real time. Consequently, the devised method demonstrated potential for use in systems for guiding surgical robots and endoscopic OCT.
A dual-wavelength optical subassembly (OSA) using a typical glass-sealed transistor outline-can (TO-CAN) package is presented. The proposed OSA has a simple structure and is sufficiently compact to integrate two optical channels in a single TO-CAN package. And the proposed OSA realizes the reduction in cost by reducing the number of parts and the laser welding process. The measurement results of 3 dB of bandwidth of the proposed dual-wavelength OSA are more than 4.5 GHz for transmitter module and more than 4.0 GHz for receiver module. The clear eye diagrams with more than 8.6 dB of the extinction ratio and less than −24.5 dBm of receiver minimum sensitivity at a bit error rate of 10−10 are obtained under 2.5 Gbit/s operations.
The design, fabrication, and characteristic of the plastic optical fiber (POF), beam splitter, for the automotive network, has been demonstrated. The fabricated 1×2 POF beam splitter consisted of a poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) core, which had a structure of circular waveguide and a diameter of 0.98 mm, UV curable epoxy (PC-414) clading of 0.02 mm thickness, and three POF pigtails with multimedia oriented system transport standard ferrules. A 1×2 PMMA waveguide, which was designed to have an optimal angle of 15.8 deg at the beam splitting point, was fabricated using the injection molding method for mass production. The total volume of the fabricated 1×2 POF beam splitter is 48×18×12 mm3 with 1.2 m length input and output POF pigtails. From the measurement results, we experimentally confirm that the fabricated 1×2 POF beam splitter has excellent properties such as a beam splitting ratio of 50:50 ± 10 % and excess loss of less than 3.52 dB and it works well up to 250 Mbps for the automotive network.
We propose a fiber-optic interferometric CT that uses a time-delayed sampling signal processing to extract
the current-induced phase information. The interference signal of the reflection type Sagnac sensor coil is
sampled with a carefully adjusted time delay. And the phase is extracted by using an arctangent
demodulation. The accuracy comparison between the proposed and a lock-in amplifier demodulation showed
the feasibility of the proposed technique. Also the outputs from a flint glass sensor coil and a standard fiber
sensor coil were compared in the same condition, proving the low birefringence of the flint glass shows the
better performance. The phase measurement accuracy of the proposed demodulation technique was about
8.09 mrad.
We propose an efficient phase stabilization/shifting technique for the use in fiber-optic ESPI system by using a Fuzzy PID controller. To obtain required phase steps between the CCD captured speckle patterns, we implemented a Fuzzy-logic-based PID controller which is known as more suitable for nonlinear, time-delayed, and vague systems. Phase steps with a quarter-wave phase difference, which are required for four phase step methods, are continuously generated by a closed-loop switching and a synchronization signal. From the experimental results, the Fuzzy controller system has shown the faster and more accurate phase stabilization and continuously generated the four phase shifting in the presence of ambient temperature drift and vibration.
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