The tandem configuration consisting of two or more solar cells is practically the only approach to overcome the Shockley-Queisser limit, as evidenced by the III-V multijunction solar cells. From theoretical calculation, it has been found that the combination of a top cell with a large bandgap energy (e.g. 1.5~1.7 eV) and a bottom cell with a low bandgap energy (e.g. 1.0~1.1 eV) can lead to a conversion efficiency higher than 30%. Given that the bandgap energy of most commercial single junction solar cells is around 1.1 eV, the perovskite solar cells with a bandgap energy around 1.6 eV must be a very promising candidate for the top cell of tandem solar cells.
In this presentation, I will discuss the essential requirements for preparing highly performing perovskite top cells of perovskite-based tandem solar cells. Firstly, the strategies for improving the performance of the p-i-n type planar perovskite solar cell, mostly focusing on the interfacial charge transfer, will be introduced. After a series of interfacial engineering procedures to the charge extraction layers, a conversion efficiency as high as 19% could be achieved. Secondly, strategies for fabricating transparent perovskite solar cells with a TCO top electrode layer will be discussed. Finally, some of the recent results on the highly efficient (> 23%) tandem solar cells incorporating the transparent perovskite top cell will be introduced.
KEYWORDS: Perovskite, Solar cells, Near field scanning optical microscopy, Lead, Microscopy, Atomic force microscopy, Photovoltaics, Scanning electron microscopy, Crystals, Silver
Photocurrent generation of methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) hybrid perovskite solar cells is observed at the nanoscale using near-field scanning photocurrent microscopy (NSPM). We examine how the spatial map of photocurrent at individual grains or grain boundaries is affected either by sample post-annealing temperature or by extended light illumination. For NSPM measurements, we use a tapered fiber with an output opening of 200 nm in the Cr/Au cladded metal coating attached to a tuning fork-based atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe. Increased photocurrent is observed at grain boundaries of perovskite solar cells annealed at moderate temperature (100 °C); however, the opposite spatial pattern (i.e., increased photocurrent generation at grain interiors) is observed in samples annealed at higher temperature (130 °C). Combining NSPM results with other macro-/microscale characterization techniques including electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and other electrical property measurements, we suggest that such spatial patterns are caused by material inhomogeneity, dynamics of lead iodide segregation, and defect passivation. Finally, we discuss the degradation mechanism of perovskite solar cells under extended light illumination, which is related to further segregation of lead iodide.
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