Laser beam shaping problem remains relevant for various applications of modern laser physics – from laser cutting of metals to wireless long-distance energy transmission. For example, the transformation of the original Gaussian profile into flat-top profile is necessary to improve the technology (material processing, holograms recording) while the doughnut-like profile ensures uniform temperature distribution on a target and increases the stability of various thermal processes, such as melting. To solve this problem the automated adaptive optical system with phase-only special light modulator and intensity analyzer are assembled and tested. The experimental results of the flat-top and doughnut-like intensity distributions formation are presented. We were able to concentrate ~60% and 75% of the initial beam energy for the doughnut-like and flat-top intensity distributions, correspondingly.
This paper presents consecutive correction of the low- and high-order wavefront aberrations. To compensate for large-scale phase distortions bimorph deformable mirror was used with aperture 50 mm and 28 electrodes. The mitigation of the small-scale distortions was performed with 78-mm and 55 actuators wavefront corrector of the piezostack type. To investigate behavior of the laser beam two Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors and far-field camera were used.
Atmospheric turbulence causes refractive index fluctuations that introduce extra distortions to the wavefront of the propagated radiation. It degrades the resolution of the telescope for imaging applications and reduces the radiation power density in focusing applications. One of the possible ways of research the impact of the turbulence is to numerically simulate the spectrum of refractive index fluctuations, to reproduce it using a wavefront corrector and to measure the resultant wavefront using a Shack-Hartmann sensor. In this paper, we developed turbulence simulator software that generates the sequence of phase screens with Kolmogorov spectra. We reconstructed the generated set of phase screens using a stacked-actuator deformable mirror.
A multispectral wavefront sensor can be used to perform a single-shot spatio-temporal characterization of a laser pulse. In order to measure the spatio-spectral electric field, a laser pulse can be spectrally modulated, separated and measured by a wavefront sensor. In order to simplify the experimental setup and hardware control, the single wavefront sensor can be used. In this research we discuss the development of the multi-channel wide-aperture high-resolution Shack-Hartmann sensor for multispectral wavefront sensing. The whole sensor area of 15×15 mm was divided into four logical apertures, each for separate laser beam. The development and calibration procedure are described. The wavefront sensor control software is developed and tested.
In this paper the efficiency of the heat sink for various configurations of the stacked-actuator wavefront correctors with thermostabilization of the mirror substrate through piezoactuators body was investigated. The simulation of the thermomechanical behavior of the mirrors under influence of the continuous-wave laser radiation with power of 10 kW was performed. Stacked-actuator deformable mirrors with diameters of 50, 78, 120 mm and 19, 55, 121 actuators, respectively, were used as wavefront correctors. Also, the alternative design of actuators with individual metal housing of control elements was proposed.
KEYWORDS: Cameras, Wavefronts, High power lasers, Semiconductor lasers, Near field, Kinematics, Laser radiation, Wavefront sensors, Near field optics, Mirrors
This paper presents the automated system for minimizing the deviation of the path of passage and the divergence of a secondary radiation source with similar parameters of the main beam of a high-power Ti:Sa laser using mirrors in kinematic mounts on the motorized stages. As an alignment laser, the diode laser with a fiber output was used with radiation characteristics coinciding with the parameters of the main beam (wavelength, beam diameter). The successive approximation algorithm was used to minimize the beam deflection. The deviations of the main alignment parameters from ‘live’ to ‘pilot’ beam are following positioning accuracy (X axis – 0.96 μm, Y axis – 0.96 μm), pointing accuracy (X axis – 8.78 μm, Y axis – 6.14 μm), beam size matching (X axis – 0.96 μm, Y axis – 0.96 μm), wavefront curvature (P-V = - 0.072 μm).
The paper presents an analysis of the efficiency of using bimorph deformable mirrors and mirrors on piezoactuators for the problem of focusing scattered laser radiation. In this paper, we study the efficiency of a piezoactuator deformable mirror with 61 piezopackets and an aperture of 60 mm, as well as a bimorph mirror with 48 electrodes and an aperture of 50 mm. It is shown that such mirrors can be used to optimize the focal spot formed by scattered radiation in the far-field.
Necessity of miniaturize and to create reliable components for wavefront correctors leads to reduction of the cross-section of the control elements in deformable mirrors. Moreover, such elements should provide reasonable stroke to compensate for wavefront aberrations of the laser radiation propagated through turbulent atmosphere. In this work we simulated the possibility of reducing the cross-sectional area of piezoactuators from 16 mm2 to 5 mm2 in order to hold up the local stroke as 5 microns in the cartridge-type deformable mirror for correction of large- and small-scale phase fluctuations of laser radiation. To increase the reliability of deformable mirror design, the gap structure was used for wiring of electrodes instead of interdigitated commutation.
The adaptive optical system with phase-only spatial light modulator and CCD intensity analyzer were assembled and tested. The experimental results of formation of the flattop and doughnut-like intensity distributions were presented. Up to 75 % of the initial energy were concentrated inside the target shape of the far field.
The semi-automatic system for laser beam alignment was developed and researched. The alignment system was used to make the laser beam follow the predetermined path through the optical scheme (basically a series of reflective surfaces such as mirrors or lenses). The algorithm and the software to control the system was developed and tested. The system contained of diode laser source, two gimbal mirror mounts with stepper motors, multi-axis motion controller, near field sensor, far field sensor, wavefront sensor, and control software. It allowed to control the positioning of the beam, tip-tilt and overall curvature of the wavefront.
The reduction of cross-sectional area of actuators from 4*4 mm2 to 2*2 mm2 in cartridge-type piezostack deformable mirror was investigated. Harmonic analysis showed that stroke of the actuators with 16 mm2 and 4 mm2 was equal 5.33 and 5.52 microns correspondingly in case of interdigital commutation of layers. However, the mechanical stiffness of such actuators was low. To increase robustness of wavefront corrector a gap structure for inner electrode configuration was used. The piezoceramic cartridges with cross-sectional area of individual actuator with 2*2 mm2 was produced. The local stroke of single piezostack was 4.6-4.8 microns per 300 V.
To increase the cost-effectiveness of the piezostack deformable mirror we proposed to use the modular design of such wavefront correctors. Each module contains 5 individual multilayer actuators with size of 4*4 mm. The performance of 50*50 mm cartridge-type piezostack deformable mirror with 100 control elements was investigated. Main parameters of the developed wavefront corrector were estimated such as the local stroke, influence functions, the control bandwidth.
We have developed three types of deformable piezoelectric mirrors with a high density of control elements to compensate for the aberrations of the wavefront of high-power laser radiation that has passed through a turbulent atmosphere: bimorph and piezoactuator types. When creating correctors of the first type, laser engraving and microwelding methods were used, which made it possible to create a 30 mm bimorph mirror with 37 electrodes, compensated for wavefront aberrations up to the 7th order of the Zernike polynomials. The design of the piezoactuator mirrors provided for the possibility of replacing the piezoelectric stacks in the event of their failure, as well as thermal stabilization of the corrector's reflective substrate through the body of the actuators. Main parameters of all types deformable mirrors were investigated and compared.
The impact of the number and dislocation scheme of electrodes of piezoelectric bimorph mirror on the efficiency of scattered laser beam focusing was researched. The mirrors with the apertures up to 50 mm and the number of electrodes up to 50 were investigated using the proposed algorithm of numerical focusing. The algorithm used the experimentally measured response functions of each mirror.
The modified Fizeau interferometer that allows to diagnose plane and spherical optical elements with the diameter ranging from 10 to 100 mm is discussed. The modified method of interference patterns reconstruction based on reference lines is described. Two algorithms — the algorithm of 4th order polynomial smoothing and the algorithm of fast Fourier transform are implemented. The modified method allowed to increase the reliability of interferometric pattern reconstruction and suppress the influence of incoming noise. Accuracy of the measurements is about λ/10 (λ=0.63 um).
Laser beam propagated through surface layers of the atmosphere changes its properties under influence of the turbulence effect. To mitigate the consequences of its adaptive optics tools are widely used. In this paper the optimization of main parameters (stroke, first resonance frequency, substrate and piezoplate layers thicknesses) of the bimorph wavefront corrector was performed considering severe atmospheric conditions (refractive index structure constant Cn2=10-13 m-2/3, length of the trace L = 500 mm, beam diameter D = 300 mm, wavelength λ = 1064 nm, Fried parameter ro = 34 mm, wind velocity v = 10 m/s).
Wavefront correction efficiency by bimorph deformable mirror could be estimated through the modal functions’ reconstruction. Zernike polynomials at this point could be considered as an effective and easy-to-use tool for this purpose. The 37-channel bimorph deformable mirror was able to reproduce wavefront aberrations up to 7th order with reasonable amplitude and residual RMS of less than 0.05 μ.
The paper presents an analysis of the efficiency of using bimorph and piezostack deformable mirrors for scattered laser radiation focusing. In this paper, we study the beam focusing efficiency with the use of a piezostack deformable mirror with 61 piezoactuators and an aperture of 60 mm, as well as a bimorph deformable mirror with 48 electrodes and an aperture of 50 mm. It is shown that such mirrors can be successfully used to optimize the focal spot formed by scattered radiation in the far-field.
The efficient technique based on the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law for experimental measurement of the concentration value of an optically scattering medium is presented. The software for batch analysis of intensity distributions of scattered laser beam is developed and tested. An experimental laboratory setup to measure the concentration value of a scattering suspension of polystyrene microbeads is assembled.
Phase-only spatial light modulator with Full HD resolution was applied to focus laser radiation that passed through the thick layer of the scattering suspension. Polystyrene microbeads of 1 μm diameter diluted in distilled water was used as a scattering medium. The concentration values of the suspension were varied from 105 to 106 mm-3. In order to analyze the intensity distribution of the focal spot in the far-field a CCD camera with micro-objective was used. Shack-Hartmann sensor was used to analyze the wavefront distortions caused by the scattering medium. We demonstrated that the assembled experimental setup can increase the integral intensity of the focused light by approximately 10% while simultaneously decrease the focal spot size by approximately 20%.
A high-quality flat wavefront is usually used to calibrate the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors. The article discusses the possibility of calibrating sensors with spherical wavefronts. Special attention is paid to the consideration of calibration in standard laboratory conditions. The mathematical apparatus and the scheme of the experiment are considered. A statistical analysis of the calibration accuracy of the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is carried out. Spherical wavefronts from a point source were used as references. As a result, the parameters of the wavefront sensor were determined: the focal length and the dimensions of the digital camera pixel. This calibration method is considered in comparison with the traditional calibration using flat wavefronts.
In this paper we demonstrate the results of implementation of B-spline surface approximation algorithm for Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. We compared the efficiency of reconstruction of simple simulated wavefronts, represented by the single aberrations, such as defocus, coma, astigmatism, trefoil, spherical aberration, etc. by means of Zernike and B-spline polynomials. We also demonstrated the efficiency of the use of B-spline approximation of the complex wavefronts: Franke surface (RMS of the initial and the reconstructed surface was equal to 0.38 and 0.39 um, respectively) and wavefront of the thin ring-shaped detail (outer/inner diameter of the ring was 114/95 mm) with the peak-to-valley of approximately 3.5 um.
KEYWORDS: Field programmable gate arrays, Mirrors, Photodiodes, Data communications, Zernike polynomials, Wavefronts, Laser systems engineering, Turbulence, Data conversion, Wavefront sensors
We present an adaptive optical system to stabilize the position of a laser beam passed through the turbulent atmosphere. The system uses two tip-tilt mirrors and is controlled by an FPGA to increase the bandwidth. An internal FPGA structure is presented. FPGA reads the error signal from the sensors formed by quadrant photodiodes and calculates the voltages to be applied to the piezo-driven tip-tilt mirrors by the control units.
A bimorph deformable mirror with a diameter of 320 mm, including 127 control electrodes, has been developed and investigated. The flatness of the initial surface of the mirror RMS = 0.16 μm was achieved due to mechanical adjustment in the system of fixing the mirror substrate in the frame. An adaptive system with deformable mirrors and a ShackHartmann-type wavefront sensor was installed in a 4.2 PW Ti: Sa laser. Correction of the wavefront made it possible to obtain a record radiation intensity in the focusing plane of 1.1x1023 W/cm2, while the Strehl ratio was 0.84.
Experimental investigations of visible laser radiation focusing through a scattering medium using LCOS-SLM with the resolution 1920x1080 was performed. Optical depth of the scattering medium was varied from 1 to 10, anisotropy factor was equal to 0.9. According to the principle of similarity the medium with such parameters can be considered as an equivalent to the layer of the mid-density fog with the length from 300 m up to 5 km. Experimental investigations of the focusing improvement have demonstrated that it is possible to decrease the diameter of the focal spot by 5-13%.
Bimorph deformable mirrors can be successively used to improve focusing of a laser beam passed through a moderately scattering medium with optical density in the range of 1 ... 10. In this paper we investigate the efficiency of the stacked actuator deformable mirror with 61 piezo stacks and clear aperture of 60 mm. We demonstrate that such kind of mirrors also can be used to optimize the focal spot in the far-field. Shack-Hartmann sensor was used to measure the averaged wavefront distortions and CCD camera was used to estimate the intensity distribution of the focal spot in the far-field.
Conventional Shack-Hartmann sensor uses Zernike polynomials in order to approximate the wavefront of the light. Zernike approximation is well-known, well-established and widely used technique. And in most cases the quality of approximation is good enough, especially if the measured light beam has circular aperture. But when the light beam is rectangular or ringshaped (for example, if one need to measure the surface flatness of the detail that is ring-shaped), the approximation using Zernike polynomials fails. In this work we implemented the approach of the approximation of the wavefront using Bspline polynomials. We present the results of approximation of a complex simulated wavefront (Franke surface) and an experimentally measured wavefront of the ring-shaped detail using B-Spline polynomials.
Adaptive system for wavefront correction based on 240-mm bimorph deformable mirror and Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor is presented. The dynamic characteristics of the deformable mirror and the performance of the wavefront correction in various operating modes of the PEARL facility as well as the features of phase distortion compensation in a single-shot generation regime are studied. An improvement in the quality of focusing that led to an increase in the Strehl ratio to 0.6 is demonstrated.
The article discusses the use of stacked-actuator adaptive mirrors to improve the focusing of laser radiation. The criterion of focusing efficiency is the fraction of the energy of the laser radiation passing through the pinhole located in the focal plane of the focusing lens.
Bimorph and stacked actuator deformable mirrors were used to increase the efficiency of focusing of partially coherent laser radiation propagated through the scattering suspension that was equivalent to the middle-density fog layer with the length ranging from 300–500 meters up to 5 kilometers. We used Shack-Hartmann sensor to measure the averaged wavefront distortions and CCD camera to estimate the intensity distribution of the focal spot in the far-field. Numerical and experimental investigations of focusing improvement demonstrated that it is possible to increase the peak intensity of the focal spot by more than 60 %.
One of the main problems in tasks of laser beam propagation though Earth’s atmosphere is decrease the efficiency of the optic-electronic systems operation due to atmospheric turbulence influence that leads to laser beam’s wavefront distortions. Use of fast adaptive optical system are suggested to solve this problem. It allows to compensate the wavefront distortions, which upper bound of the spectrum is up to 150 Hz, in real time. Owing to the fact that adaptive optical system is discrete (it’s defined by digital camera included in the system), the sampling rate shall be at least 1500 Hz (frames per second).
Increasing of the focusing efficiency of partially coherent laser radiation propagated through a scattering medium was investigated. To improve focusing of scattered laser beam, we applied bimorph deformable mirror with 48 control electrodes and LCOS-SLM with 1920×1080 pixels resolution and compared their efficiencies. We used 5 mm thick glass cuvette filled with the suspension of 1 um polystyrene microspheres, diluted in distilled water. The concentration of scatterers were varied from 105 to 106 mm-3 . According to principle of similarity a medium with such parameters can be considered as an equivalent to the middle-density fog layer with the length ranging from 300 meters up to 5 kilometers. Numerical and experimental investigation of the focusing improvement showed that it is possible to increase the peak intensity of the focal spot up to 60%.
An adaptive optical system that implements a phase conjugation algorithm designed to compensate for the effect of atmospheric turbulence the propagating laser beam is presented. The system allows compensating for the influence of atmospheric disturbances up to 200 Hz (in terms of sine). To achieve the compensation effect system operates at a frequency of 2000 Hz (in terms of fps - frames per second). Such high performance can be achieved only when using FPGA as the master control element of the system. The results of correction of disturbances obtained by using a heat fan, simulating the turbulence to frequencies of 200 Hz, are presented.
Bimorph deformable mirror with 63 electrodes on 20 mm aperture is discussed. Methods of dividing all round electrode into sectors with a square of 2-4 mm2 are described. Results of flat-top beam formation by means of 50 mm bimorph deformable mirror with 48 electrodes and 20 mm miniature bimorph mirror with 27 electrodes are presented.
The article discusses the use of stacked-actuator adaptive mirrors to improve the focusing of laser radiation. The criterion of focusing efficiency is the fraction of the energy of the laser radiation passing through the pinhole located in the focal plane of the focusing lens.
In tasks related to free-space communications, a significant role has a turbulent atmosphere which influences lead to a decrease in the efficiency of systems. Since the characteristic turbulence spectrum rarely exceeds 100 Hz for typical paths, it is proposed to use a discrete adaptive optical system with a frequency of 1500 frames per second to reduce the influence of the atmosphere. The structure of the system based on the use of FPGA as a computing device as well as the main results associated with the correction of both static and dynamic components of aberrations are presented.
Laser beam shaping technology nowadays requires as small diameter of the adaptive optics as possible. In our lab we usually control for laser radiation by means of bimorph deformable mirrors with a typical size of more than 50 mm. To fit the most of industrial and scientific applications the aperture of the corrector should be reduced because the use of extra optics instead makes the whole optical scheme more complicated and introduces extra distortions. But in a bid to reduce the size of the mirror we should care of the response of the mirror electrodes which obviously should not decrease drastically. Here we present 20 mm bimorph mirror with high density of electrodes which is manufactured using laser engraving technology to divide the electrode on the piezoceramic disc into a large number of the controlled sectors. The ability of laser beam formation by means of this mirror is discussed, the results are compared with the ones obtained using 50 mm bimorph deformable mirror.
In this work, we investigate the efficiency of the use of the bimorph deformable mirror to focusing laser beam in the pinhole. Pinholes of different diameters are used as an instrument for focusing verification. Different algorithms are discussed and analyzed for the investigation of the process of the beam focusing. It is shown that tip-tilt correction is an essential condition for increasing the focusing efficiency.
Bimorph deformable mirror with the clear aperture of 50 mm and 48 control electrodes and spatial light modulator with resolution of 1920x1080 pixels were used to increase the efficiency of focusing of partially coherent laser radiation, propagated through the 5 mm layer of the scattering suspension of 1 um polystyrene microspheres, diluted in distilled water, with the concentration values ranging from 105 to 106 mm-3. Medium with such parameters can be considered as an equivalent to the mid-dense fog layer with the length ranging from 300–500 meters up to 5 kilometers. Shack- Hartmann sensor was used to measure the distortions of averaged wavefront of laser beam, and CCD camera was used to estimate the intensity distribution of the focal spot in the far-field. Numerical and experimental investigation of the focusing improvement showed that it is possible to increase the peak intensity of the focal spot up to 45–60 %.
We present our latest research results on intensity distribution transformation from Gaussian to a flattop and doughnut. The theoretical calculations and experimental results of the efficiency of different types of deformable mirrors are given. During the experiments the wavefront was measured with Shack-Hartmann sensor and then modified with bimorph deformable mirror to reach the desired intensity distribution in the far-field. Then the bimorph mirror was substituted with the stacked-actuators deformable mirror to confirm the simulations.
This article discusses the use of bimorph adaptive mirrors to improve the focusing of laser radiation. The criterion of
focusing efficiency is the fraction of the energy of the laser radiation passing through the pinhole located in the focal
plane of the focusing lens.
A high-quality flat wave front is usually used to calibrate the Shach-Hartmann wave-front sensors. The article discusses the possibility of calibrating sensors with spherical wave fronts. Special attention is paid to the consideration of calibration in standard laboratory conditions. The mathematical apparatus and the scheme of the experiment are considered.
The ability to focus laser beam with wavelength 0.65 um through the multiply scattering suspension of polystyrene microspheres, diluted in distilled water, was investigated. Experimental setup, contained the Shack-Hartmann sensor for measurements of the local slopes of the Poynting vector, the CCD camera for estimation of the far-field focal spot’s intensity and the bimorph mirror with 48 electrodes was built. Numerical and experimental investigations of focusing efficiency was carried out also.
Fast adaptive optical system can be used, for example, for correction of laser beam passed through a strong turbulent atmosphere. The frequency that such a system should operate with to achieve an acceptable level of wavefront correction is about 1 - 1.5 kHz. There are two most popular methods to develop this system: by using a standard PC computer and by using FPGA. This paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches. The results obtained with the use of these systems are presented. Recommendation for achieving higher performance are given.
Laser beam focusing (λ = 0.65 μm) through the scattering suspension of polystyrene microspheres in distilled water was investigated. Shack-Hartmann sensor was used to measure the local slopes of the Poynting vector, the CCD camera was used to measure the far-field focal spot’s intensity. Numerical and experimental investigations of focusing efficiency of the two bimorph deformable mirrors with 14 and 48 control channels were performed.
The latest results on intensity distribution transformation from Gaussian to a flattop and doughnut are presented in the paper. The wavefront was modified with bimorph deformable mirror to reach the desired intensity distribution in the farfield. LC phase modulator was also considered as an alternative device for laser beam shaping. The theoretical calculations and experimental results of the efficiency of different types of wavefront correctors are given.
The process of remapping the intensity profile of a laser beam is presented. Bimorph deformable mirror was used to change the beam phase; the control signals for the mirror were calculated in accordance with both phase analysis and far-field intensity distribution measurements.
We investigated the ability to focus laser beam (λ = 0.65 nm), propagated through the scattering suspension of polystyrene microspheres in distilled water, by means of two bimorph mirrors. Shack-Hartmann sensor was used to measure the local slopes of the Poynting vector, and the CCD camera was used to measure the intensity of the focal spot in the far-field. Correction efficiency of the two bimorph deformable mirrors — with 14 and 31 control channels — were compared. Numerical and experimental investigation of the focusing improvement of the laser beam propagated through the scattering medium was performed.
The transformation of an intensity distribution from Gaussian to a flattop, doughnut, etc. still is a very interesting and important task. And the necessary result could be obtained with the use of adaptive optics that changes the phase of the beam and modifies the shape of the focal spot in the far-field zone. In this paper, we present the flattop and doughnut beam formation result with the use of a bimorph and stacked-actuator deformable mirrors as well as LC phase modulator. The experimental results are also given.
Distortions of the scattered laser beam (λ=0.65μm) were numerically estimated by means of Shack-Hartmann technique
and experimentally measured. The ability to focus laser beam, passed through the scattering suspension of polystyrene
microspheres in distilled water, using bimorph deformable mirror was investigated both numerically and experimentally.
Shack-Hartmann technique was used to measure the local slopes of the Poynting vector, and CCD camera was used to
analyze the intensity distribution of the focal spot in the far-field. Bimorph deformable mirror with 14 electrodes was
utilized in order to increase the focusing efficiency of the laser beam. The voltages to be applied to the mirror electrodes
were calculated using three techniques: LSQ (least squares) fit-error minimization by Shack-Hartmann sensor, Hillclimbing
optimization by Shack-Hartmann sensor and Hill-climbing optimization by the far-field CCD camera.
Laser beam propagation through the scattering suspension of polystyrene microspheres in distilled water was studied. The distorted laser beam was analyzed by both Shack-Hartmann sensor and CCD camera. The measured local slopes of the Poynting vector were compensated for by means of bimorph deformable mirror with 14 electrodes in order to increase the intensity of the focal spot in the far-field. Three different techniques for laser beam focusing were implemented and compared: LSQ fit-error minimization by Shack-Hartmann sensor, Hill-climbing optimization by Shack-Hartmann sensor and Hill-climbing optimization by far-field CCD camera.
We investigate the ability to focus the laser beam (λ=0.65μm) propagated through the scattering suspension of polystyrene microspheres in distilled water by means of bimorph deformable mirror. Shack-Hartmann sensor was used to measure the local slopes of the Poynting vector, while the CCD camera was used to measure the intensity of the focal spot in the farfield. Bimorph deformable mirror with 14 electrodes was applied in order to increase the intensity of the focal spot in the far-field. We investigated the efficiency of the laser beam focusing improvement by means of three techniques: LSQ fiterror minimization by Shack-Hartmann sensor, Hill-climbing optimization by Shack-Hartmann sensor and Hill-climbing optimization by far-field CCD camera.
It is well known that turbid medium such as fog or biological tissues causes light scatter. This phenomenon is known as major impediment for imaging and focusing of light. Thus it is important to understand the impact of the turbid medium on the light characteristics, namely intensity and phase distributions. In this work laser beam propagation through the scattering suspension of polystyrene microspheres in distilled water was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. We obtained the dependence of the wavefront aberrations on the particles concentration and shown the existence of high-order symmetric wavefront aberrations of the laser beam passed through turbid medium. The investigation showed that with the use of bimorph deformable mirror the wavefront aberrations of scattered light could be effectively corrected.
Access to the requested content is limited to institutions that have purchased or subscribe to SPIE eBooks.
You are receiving this notice because your organization may not have SPIE eBooks access.*
*Shibboleth/Open Athens users─please
sign in
to access your institution's subscriptions.
To obtain this item, you may purchase the complete book in print or electronic format on
SPIE.org.
INSTITUTIONAL Select your institution to access the SPIE Digital Library.
PERSONAL Sign in with your SPIE account to access your personal subscriptions or to use specific features such as save to my library, sign up for alerts, save searches, etc.