A time-of-flight measurement-based three-dimensional (3D) profiler system employing a lightweight scanning system is demonstrated. To reduce the weight of the scanning system, and thereby achieve faster scanning speeds, two Fresnel prism sheets were employed as the scanning optics and installed to work as a pair of Risley prisms. Each Fresnel prism sheet has a diameter of 102 mm and mass of 15 g, which is about 12 times lighter than ordinary bulky prism. By scanning the laser beam with the developed scanning system, a 3D point cloud image of a target object located 8 m away could be successfully obtained. The image distortion was removable by correcting six geometrical parameters of the scanner using a simple optimization algorithm. It was confirmed by the experiment that once the distortion has been corrected, it is valid for other scanning speeds (and trajectories), enabling 3D profile measurements that do not require postprocessing of measured data. Measurement results for a standard target composed of square extrusions were in good agreement with the reference values, with deviations of <1 mm.
Fiber Bragg grating is used in a variety of applications. In this study, we suggest compact, cost-effective coherent anti- Stokes Raman spectroscopy which is based on the pulse shaping methods via commercialized fiber Bragg grating. The experiment is performed incorporating a commercialized femtosecond pulse laser system (MICRA, Coherent) with a 100 mm length of 780-HP fiber which is inscribed 50 mm of Bragg grating. The pump laser for coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy has a bandwidth of 90 nm and central wavelength of 815 nm with a notch shaped at 785 nm. The positive chirped pulse is compensated by chirped mirror set. We compensate almost 14000 fs2 of positive group delay dispersion for the transform-limited pulse at the sample position. The pulse duration was 15 fs with average power of 50 mW, and showed an adequate notch shape. Finally, coherent anti-Stokes Raman signals are observed using a spectrometer (Jobin Yvon Triax320 and TE-cooled Andor Newton EMCCD). We obtained coherent anti-Stokes Raman signal of acetone sample which have Raman peak at the spectral finger-print region. In conclusion, the proposed method is more simple and cost-effective than the methods of previous research which use grating pairs and resonant photonic crystal slab. Furthermore, the proposed method can be used as endoscope application.
KEYWORDS: Nondestructive evaluation, Photoresist materials, Near field, Lithography, Plasmonics, Process modeling, Finite-difference time-domain method, Photoresist developing, Near field scanning optical microscopy, 3D modeling
In plasmonic nano lithography, a photoresist responds to the localized electric field which decays evanescently in the
direction of depth. A simple analytic model is suggested to predict profiles of exposed and finally developed pattern with
a finite contrast of photoresist. In this model, the developing process is revisited by accounting the variation of
dissolution rate with respect to expose dose distribution. We introduce the concept of nominal developing thickness
(NDT) to determine the optimized developing process fitting to the isointensity profile. Based on this model, we
obtained three dimensional distribution of near-field of bowtie shaped plasmonic nano aperture in a metal film from the
near-field lithography pattern profile. For the near-field exposure, we fabricated a nano aperture in a aluminum metal
film which is coated on the contact probe tip. By illuminating 405 nm diode laser source, the positive type photoresist is
exposed by the localized electric field produced by nano aperture. The exposed photoresist is developed by the TMAH
based solution with a optimum NDT, which leads the developing march encounters the isoexposure contour at threshold
dose. From the measurement of developed pattern profile with a atomic force microscope (AFM), the three-dimensional
isoexposure (or iso-intensity) surface at the very near region from the exit plane of an aperture (depth: 5 ~ 50 nm) is
profiled. Using the threshold dose of photoresist and exposure time, the absolute intensity level is also measured. The
experimental results are quantitatively compared with the calculation of FDTD (finite- difference time-domain) method.
Concerning with the error in exposure time and threshold dose value, the error in measurement of profile and intensity
are less than 6% and 1%, respectively. We expect the lithography model described in this presentation allows more
elaborated expectation of developed pattern profile. Furthermore, a methodology of mapping is useful for the
quantitative analysis of near-field distribution of nano-scale optical devices.
The nonlinear optical interference of two successively generated coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) signals from two different samples placed in series is demonstrated for the imaging performance, in which a collinear phase matching geometry is used. The relative phase of two CARS signals is controlled by a phase-shifting unit made of dispersive glass materials of which the thickness can be precisely varied. The clear interference fringes are observed as the thickness of the phase-shifting unit changes. The interference effect is then utilized to achieve a better quality CARS image of a biological tissue taken from a mouse skin. Placing the tissue in the second sample position and performing raster scans of the laser beams on it, we can acquire a CARS image of higher contrast compared to the normal image obtained without interferometric implementation.
Nonlinear interference of two successively generated coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) signals from thin glass slabs is demonstrated, in which a collinear phase matching geometry is tried. We used 76 MHz mode-locked Nd:YAG pulsed laser at 1064 nm and its frequency-doubled optical parametric down-converted signal at 817.2 nm as Stokes and pump beams, respectively. The pulse duration time is around 7 ps for both incident laser beams. The relative phase of two CARS signals is controlled by a phase shifting element made of dispersive glass material of which thickness can be varied. The clear interference fringes are observed as the thickness of the phase shifting element changes. The interference effect is utilized to achieve better CARS image quality. We first try imaging the polystyrene beads immersed in water to estimate how the nonlinear interference could improve the contrast of the beads image. Performing the raster scan of the laser beams on the sample, we can get the CARS image and investigate the image quality as a function of the relative phase and amplitude.
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