In a previous work, we described the theoretical fundamentals for the design of radiance meters. There, we observed that the length between the first and the second aperture of the instrument plays an important role in the performance of the meter. Such a length is a parameter related with the instrument response to variations of the size of the source and of the distance between the instrument and the source. Such dependences are not predicted by the theory of geometrical optics, normally used in the instrument design. Even the approximation of wave optics gives a partial understanding of the propagation of optical radiation. A more general treatment, based in the theory of partial coherence, gives a better description of the propagation.
Computer-based reconstruction models can be used to approximate urban environments. These models are usually based on several mathematical approximations and the usage of different sensors, which implies dependency on many variables. The sensitivity analysis presented in this paper is used to weigh the relative importance of each uncertainty contributor into the calibration of a panoramic camera–LiDAR system. Both sensors are used for three-dimensional urban reconstruction. Simulated and experimental tests were conducted. For the simulated tests we analyze and compare the calibration parameters using the Monte Carlo and Latin hypercube sampling techniques. Sensitivity analysis for each variable involved into the calibration was computed by the Sobol method, which is based on the analysis of the variance breakdown, and the Fourier amplitude sensitivity test method, which is based on Fourier’s analysis. Sensitivity analysis is an essential tool in simulation modeling and for performing error propagation assessments.
Inhomogeneity measurement is an important test of reference materials. In case of hardness reference blocks it consists of measurements at five distributed points on the surface with a test indenter. Unfortunately the test is destructive and it is not possible to use the same point for a new measurement. In this work we propose an optical method to measure the inhomogeneity of hardness standards. As we reported in a recent work, variations of hardness in a steel produces variations in their optical properties, this fact can be used to detect variations in the hardness of blocks with a non-destructive method.
Here we report on the application of the well known photo-goniometric method, based on illuminance spatial distribution
direct measurements, to determine the total luminous flux for high-intensity white LED sources; thus testing the
CENAM primary metrology capabilities recently developed to face the increasing needs claimed by the rapidly moving
solid-state lighting industrial sector in Mexico. These first results obtained at CENAM after the gonio-photometric
method implementation, allowed us to determine in good accuracy the total luminous flux for a high intensity white LED
source, with an estimated uncertainty of 2.86 % (k=1); still lower than the claimed by the tested LED manufacturer. We
clearly identified the spectral mismatch correction factor determination and the LED junction temperature measurement
and control as the dominant uncertainly sources, and will be addressed in order to improve the accuracy of the
measurement system for future experiments.
This paper describes a computer vision system designed to perform an inventory of traffic signals. The system consists
of five Ethernet synchronized cameras; the acquisition strategy allows us to take one image per camera every other
second. We then use those five images to generate a panoramic image each second. Signal detection and recognition is
carried out offline. Detection of traffic signal is done in the panoramic image using the Hough transform and
enhancement of HSV color space. Traffic signal recognition is made by a combination of Haar wavelet and violates Jones
classifier. Finally, we present experimental results using a database of one hundred images.
In this work, the observation of phase delay changes between parallel and perpendicular components of an optical beam
reflected on a metal surface is reported. Those changes have been induced by electrically charging a metal with static
charge. A quasimonochromatic lineally polarized beam is directed to a piece of steel where the beam is reflected, the
polarization of the reflected beam is in general elliptical. The module of each polarization component and their
difference of phase are measured with an ellipsometer. For the experiments we have started by making ellipsometry
measurements on a grounded steel sample, then a second measurement has been carried out on the same sample after
inducing electrostatic charge, results indicate a rotation of the elliptical polarization in the beam reflected on the
electrically charged sample.
The spectral responsivity of detectors is commonly measured through the comparison with a reference detector and an
optical system that provides monochromatic radiation. Such systems are designed to provide narrow bandwidth
monochromatic radiation whose optical flux is generally low. These levels of optical flux are not enough to excite
photopic instruments whose spectral response has to be measured. In this work we propose an optical arrangement with
enough optical flux to realize such measurements. The system consists of a color temperature calibrated lamp which is
the reference. The monochromatic separation is realized with a transmittance grating. The spectral distribution at the
plane of the instrument is calculated, it is practically the same that the lamp except for the level of irradiance. The
spectral response measured is corrected by the bandwidth of the system. Experimental results are presented and the
noise-to-signal level reached in the system is discussed.
Pyrometer calibration is a common task in most radiometry labs. When measurements are made in a wide range of
temperatures, it is necessary to use different blackbody radiators to cover the whole interval. A problem that arises with
this is the lack of concordance in the signals measured by the pyrometer when taken from different radiators.
In a recent publication, Fourier theory is applied to measure the temperature of inhomogeneous objects, particularly
periodic objects1. Those results are used to measure the temperature of the coil filament of a reference lamp (in a range
from 300 K to 3300 K, approximately), considering the filament as a periodic object, which is modeled with a simple
functions arrangement. Measurement verification is also presented by comparing our calculations to the experimental
data of the lamp's temperature.
In a recent work we reported dependence between the hardness of steels and its refraction complex index, showing that
this optical property can be taken as a measure of the electronic interaction inside the molecular structure of metals. If
the molecular structure changes then the electronic interaction changes and it is observed as a modification of its
refraction index. In this work we present experimental results on steel pieces thermally treated and maintained in rest in
the laboratory for material stabilization. The refraction complex index showed variations through a several days period.
Variations are attributed to released stresses of the material. The steel sample is thermally treated with a tempering
process and tested with an optical setup. The refractive index of the sample is measured through several days, showing
variations. The ratio of changes is grater in the first days, showing an exponential decaying in subsequent periods of
time.
In this work we present results of measuring deformations on cylindrical objects. The proposed technique is
based on panoramic vision principles with convex mirrors, particularly paraboloid mirrors. ESPI techniques are
then combined with this panoramic vision system to create a technique suitable of being applied on cylindrical
objects. Some results obtained with first-approach mirrors are shown. The system is composed of two modules,
illumination and capture, each one needs a paraboloid mirror. Nevertheless this is not the only possible setup
when using convex mirrors, an alternative setup is also proposed but is not studied experimentally. Results
show the feasibility of the system to determine full-field deformations inside a cylindrical object. The systems is
currently being patented and points to an attractive solution in cylindrical or panoramic geometries.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Near field diffraction, Diffraction, Point spread functions, Radiometry, Optical engineering, Signal detection, Radio optics, Stray light, Computer simulations
We present numerical calculations of the Fresnel diffraction for periodic structures in an optical system with two apertures. In such a system, measurements are affected by the relation between the spatial frequency of the sample and the geometrical parameters involved (i.e., aperture diameters, radiometer-sample distance, in-plane rotation, and translation of the sample). This numerical calculation of the Fresnel diffraction enables us to establish criteria to choose the right geometrical parameters of the system to ensure invariance of the measurements when the sample is rotated or shifted. We use the theory of partial coherence to calculate the Fresnel diffraction through two successive apertures. By using the point spread function of the system, as in the theory of partial coherence, we avoid complicated statistical processes that are commonly used in this theory. We show some numerical results that verify our proposal.
Duration of cutting tools has become a very wide field of study as of the beginning of tool machines for series production, since the life of a cutting tool is a very important economic factor in the cut of metals. In all production processes with chip outburst, it is very common that the wear and the fracture or breakages of the cutting tool are present. These factors for minimum that could seem modify the quality of the product. For such a reason one has the necessity of supervising the process and the cutting tool continually; this with the purpose of locating on time changes in the tools, so avoiding the generation of bad surfaces different of these schemed. In this work a method is presented for determining the wear and fractures of a cutting tool in a direct way by means of a fiber optic sensor with high resolution and large bandwidth, used during the manufacturing process. The sensor has been configured with two groups of fibers, distributed in a random fashion. One of the groups works as a light emitter that illuminates the tool, while the other captures the light reflected by the tool surface itself. The light is generated by a photodiode, which does not represent any risk to the health. This technique will allow observing the wear and breakage of the tool in real time while rotating with a high degree of accuracy.
A common and known problem in textile industry is the measurement of color and of their fabrics for quality control. Commercial equipment is limited to color measurements of objects with homogeneous surfaces. In the case of samples with no-homogeneous surfaces it is recommended the use of accessories such as an integrating sphere that averages the in-homogeneities along with the averaging of several measurements taken for different orientations of the sample. However, single measurements with these devices are still not precise enough. In order to solve this problem we proposed a novel system for color measurement of periodic objects. In a first stage we have presented novel illumination geometry capable to produce an homogeneous illumination over periodic objects. The measurements were made with a two-aperture radiometer which is coupled to the illumination setup. This system was used to measure the reflectance produced by a textile sample. In this work, we present the second stage, where the system is improved in order to measure color directly from textile samples. We present the results from a comparison between our system and a commercial one.
One of the main sources of error when making precise measurements of radiance is the one associated to the variation in the output signal of the radiometer due to changes in the size of the source. This effect is known as the size-of-source effect (SSE). It is observed experimentally that as the size of the source increases, the output signal of the radiometer increases as well. No standard method for measuring the SSE exists. The SSE is estimated as the ratio of the output signal at a given diameter of the source to the signal at a reference diameter. One method considers this reference diameter as the diameter of an infinite source. A second method sets the reference diameter to the largest diameter experimentally possible. Commonly, the second method is the one used since it is more practical. However, the first one is a better model, even though the limit to infinite is not available experimentally. In this work, we discuss a formal method to calculate this limit. The limit can be used in the first method for a better quantification of the effect in practical measurements.
Radiation pyrometers are widely used in industries and laboratories for non-contact temperature measurement of objects. In the case of very accurate pyrometry, the measurements are affected by two effects, namely, the size-of-source effect (SSE) and the distance to the source effect (DE). The lack of accuracy in the measurements due to the SSE is associated to variations in the size of the object for a fixed measuring distance, whereas for the DE is associated to variations of the measuring distance for a fixed size of the object. In this work we present a numerical method that can be used for the calculation of corrections for both effects. In this case the method is applied to a lensless double aperture pyrometer. The method is based on the theory of partial coherence for the calculation of the energy transport through the pyrometer. The corrections can be made for sources of any size and shape and for any distance. In this case we consider sources of circular shape given our black body radiators. We present experimental results that confirm our numerical calculations.
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Diffraction, Spatial frequencies, Point spread functions, Near field diffraction, Signal detection, Numerical simulations, Radiometry, Radio optics, Stray light
In this work, we present a study of Fresnel diffraction of periodic structures in an optical system of two apertures. This system of two apertures was used successfully for measuring color in textile samples solving the problems of illumination and directionality that present current commercial equipments. However, the system is sensible to the spatial frequency of the periodic sample’s area enclosed in its optical field of view. The study of Fresnel diffraction allows us to establish criteria for geometrical parameters of measurements in order to assure invariance in angular rotations and spatial positions. In this work, we use the theory of partial coherence to calculate the diffraction through two continuous apertures. In the calculation process, we use the concept of point-spread function of the system for partial coherence, in this way we avoid complicated statistical processes commonly used in the partial coherence theory.
Recently it was reported a method to calculate the instrument function of a two-aperture radiometer which describes the energy transport through two apertures using the theory of partial coherence. The result of that work was expressed as a multiplication of a two-fold integral and its complex conjugate. In this work we solve partially this two-fold integral, particularly we introduce a semi-cicle angular integral that reduces the integration. This new representation allows a faster numerical evaluation as well as an easier interpretation of energy transport for radiometric considerations.
Color measurements in textile samples is a very well known problem, current measurement methods are repositioning-of-sample dependent. In particular, the orientation of the sample is the first parameter of discrepancies in the reproducibility of measurements, even when we use the same instrument and the same sample. In this work we propose a new optical arrangement which is insensible to rotations. Preliminary experimental results show the invariance under rotations of two-dimensional periodic samples.
Stray light in an optical system is the radiation that is incident on the detector, but does not originate from the conjugate object point. Cool stops are placed at strategic locations to decrease the transfer of the thermal noise to the detector plane. We describe an approach to stray light management and control that may be performed simultaneously with the first order optical system design using the y, y-bar diagram.
A push-broom imaging camera with time expansion, selected for its ability to generate images with high resolution and high radiometric signal, is described for accurate site-certification from space. The imaging system providing the high resolution imaging requires a sensor with an increased dwell time to generate a high radiometric signal. This may be accomplished by pointing the camera at each pixel for a longer interval of time than that available due to the sensor motion in the push-broom imaging configuration. This is referred to as the push-broom imaging with time expansion. The use of the camera with time expansion may be applicable to any remote sensing imaging problem that requires simultaneously high spatial resolution and a high level of radiometric signal. For surveying a Martian landing site, it is necessitated by the imaging from an autonomous orbiting sensor that's speed is determined by its orbit and the planet mass.
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