The spatial light modulator (SLM) based on liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) technology has been widely used in applications such as holography and wavelength selective switches (WSS). Although there is some progress in terms of larger filling factor, improved surface process engineering, the concern lies in the light efficiency of SLM. For the reflectivity, various dielectric layer design have been proposed. This paper presents experimental results on the reflectivity of different filling factors and surface treatments. On the diffraction efficiency, factors such as liquid crystal material, voltage control and fringe field effect are also discussed. Previous research has focus on the phase depth and phase linearity of the SLM, but this paper emphasizes the importance of cell design and voltage control in achieving higher efficiency. The efficiency of blazed gratings with different numbers of steps are compared and intentionally increasing the driving voltage for gratings with a small pitch to compensate for the decrease in sharpness in the fly-back zone are suggested. Then, to estimate the influence of the fringe field effect, four simplified model are analyzed and the calculation result with two panels applied in optical communication in different grating cases, including small pitch grating and larger pitch grating are compared with real test results. The conclusion is valuable for guiding cell design and providing insight into the small pitch large angle blazed grating. Additionally, the diffraction efficiency of a two pi blazed grating is compared for different voltage ranges, starting from the lowest to the highest, with four types of liquid crystal materials filled into identical LCoS cells. Although the changing slope and efficiency values differ, the overall trend remains similar. In conclusion, both material selection and driving voltage control are crucial. A 1550nm LCoS based SLM is designed with more than 80% reflectivity, and the diffraction efficiency is higher than 50% with 4 step single pixel grating and 83% with 16 step single pixel grating.
In this paper, we focus on improving the performance of the SLM based on Liquid Crystal on Silicon, like frame rate, color control, phase linearity, surface flatness and surface process. The colorfulness is realized by lighting different laser light source with color sequential driving method. With this method, the color could be recovered simply using compact three color light sources, like in the present AR glasses. The lights are collimated and illuminate the SLM panel in pre-set time sequence, synchronized with the display content. Light efficiency has always been a great concern. It is important to increase the light efficiency while not decrease the diffraction efficiency at the same time.
For augmented reality applications, the micro display panels are generally used, as a straightforward method for display engines. But there are the light efficiency and vergence accommodation conflict problems, which affect the performance and application of the AR glasses, HMD and HUDs. One way to solve the problem is to use holography display instead of direct display, which exploit the diffraction light instead of reflection light of the liquid crystal panel. One of the big problems is the form factor of holographic systems which use SLM. Most of current SLMs are composed of a driver board with FPGA and a liquid crystal on silicon panel. The FPGA driver board is big and very power consuming, which makes it better for general SLM systems that cares more about changing the driving algorithm flexibly rather than make it a wearable gadget. A compact SLM system is designed specifically for AR applications, which replaced the normally used FPGA system with a driver IC and greatly reduce they whole system size and power consumption while realize the same function for holographic display. The driver IC could receive the RGB signal or MIPI signal and transform the standard picture signal to a high frame rate color sequential signal, also the gray scale could be tuned through on chip registers either beforehand or instantly, which makes it good for liquid crystals working in different wavelength. The driver board is 2*6 cm2 with a type-C connector which could easily transmit image data from a laptop or a cellphone. This form factor is almost the same with monocular glasses. The power consumption of the driver IC is around 250mW for the driver IC comparing to the normally 5W power of FPGAs. Also, the frame rate could be from 60 to 120 Hz. A simple Fourier holography optical system is used to demonstrate the holographic display, with a lens tear apart from a smart glass on the market. The 3D holographic is displayed in the lens.
High resolution and accuracy phase modulation could help to improve the diffraction efficiency of spatial light modulator. For spatial light modulator with analog driving pixels, the phase accuracy is mainly decided by the DAC design. The conventional circuit design method to improve the DAC accuracy is using a large chip area or using expensive advanced manufacturing technology. In this paper, a calibration method with both analog and digital algorithm is presented. By adding digital calibration and improving the frame frequency, the liquid crystal response characteristic is improved without changing the on chip DAC design. An 8 bit DAC LCoS panel is used for verification. The experiment result shows, the phase error is reduced from 1.49% to 0.44%, and the diffraction efficiency is improved from 72% to 75%. And a holography picture is projected to verify the effect.
This paper proposes a method for calculating phase-only computer-generated hologram (CGH) in holographic display with reduced speckle noise. The method works by encoding the desired complex-amplitude field of object into a phase-only CGH by a linear canonical transform algorithm. The complex-amplitude field can then be reconstructed independently from the encoded CGH using a filter at the Fourier plane of a single-lens optical system. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by a simulation experiment. An optical experiment for holographic display was also conducted with reduced speckle using a single phase-only spatial-light modulator. The object was, in fact, reconstructed with different depth of focus clearly without speckle noise due to the simultaneous modulation of both amplitude and phase, confirming our method’s ability to suppress speckle noise in holographic displays by modulating complex amplitude in three-dimensional space.
We proposed a new method to calculate the color computer generated hologram of three-dimensional object in holographic display. The three-dimensional object is composed of several tilted planes which are tilted from the hologram. The diffraction from each tilted plane to the hologram plane is calculated based on the coordinate rotation in Fourier spectrum domains. We used the nonuniform fast Fourier transformation (NUFFT) to calculate the nonuniform sampled Fourier spectrum on the tilted plane after coordinate rotation. By using the NUFFT, the diffraction calculation from tilted plane to the hologram plane with variable sampling rates can be achieved, which overcomes the sampling restriction of FFT in the conventional angular spectrum based method. The holograms of red, green and blue component of the polygon-based object are calculated separately by using our NUFFT based method. Then the color hologram is synthesized by placing the red, green and blue component hologram in sequence. The chromatic aberration caused by the wavelength difference can be solved effectively by restricting the sampling rate of the object in the calculation of each wavelength component. The computer simulation shows the feasibility of our method in calculating the color hologram of polygon-based object. The 3D object can be displayed in color with adjustable size and no chromatic aberration in holographic display system, which can be considered as an important application in the colorful holographic three-dimensional display.
KEYWORDS: 3D modeling, Integral imaging, Image quality, 3D image processing, OpenGL, 3D image reconstruction, 3D displays, Optical components, Image processing, LCDs
Integral imaging is a promising technique for both 3-D scene capturing and reconstruction. Recently, computational
simulation has been used to generate the free view of reconstructed scenes without optical devices, which can easily
overcome image quality degradation due to the physical limitations of optical devices. In the reconstruction process of
integral imaging, current researches focus on the pinhole array model which regards lenslet array as pinhole array for
simplicity. But in fact, the optical characteristics of the lenslet such as the focal length, the aperture size of the lenslet,
and so on, have significant impact on the reconstructed 3-D scene. In this paper, we proposed a lenslet array model in
computational integral imaging. The elemental images were picked up by using a well developed computer graphics
programming library OpenGL. And then 3-D scene was reconstructed by an ideal diffraction-limited integral imaging
model which taken into account of the effect of the focal length and the aperture size. We presented some simulations
and evaluated the image quality by the peak-to-peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). Experimental results show that the
proposed lenslet array model increase the depth of field.
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) and electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) are based on the electrokinetic mechanisms which
have great potential in microfluidic manipulation. DEP dominate the movement of particles induced by polarization
effects in nonuniform electric field ,while EWOD has become one of the most widely used tools for manipulating tiny
amounts of liquids on solid surfaces. Liquid lens driven by EWOD have been well studied and developed. But liquid lens
driven by DEP has not been studied adequately. This paper focuses on modeling liquid lens driven by DEP force. A
simulation of DEP driven droplet dynamics was performed by coupling of the electrostatic field and the two-phase flow
field. Two incompressible and dielectric liquids with different permittivity were chosen in the two-phase flow field. The
DEP force density, in direct proportion to gradient of the square of the electric field intensity, was used as a body force
density in Navier-Stokes equation. When voltage applied, the liquid with high permittivity flowed to the place where the
gradient of the square of the electric field intensity was higher, and thus change the curvature of interface between two
immiscible liquid. The differences between DEP and EWOD liquid lens were also presented.
The simultaneous modulation of coherent light distributions on several closely spaced planes by one phase-only spatial light modulator is described to create 3-D light distribution. The pure phase distribution on the phase-only spatial light modulator is retrieved by a new multiplane iteration method based on the Gerchberg-Saxton iteration method, which consecutively propagates the coherent light on several parallel planes with amplitude constraints. A comparison between our proposed method and the complex distribution addition method is presented by numerical simulation. The result indicates that a sharp grayscale image is realized on each closely spaced plane by our proposed method, implying potential applications both in 3-D holographic displays and optical tweezers.
This paper describes an optical system for high temperature strain measurement by using quartz optical fiber, super long working distance microscope and digital image processing techniques. In this system one ends of the quartz optical fibers are arrayed in a small area on the specimen surface and the other ends are illuminated by a laser beam. The fiber ends on the specimen surface from the spot array. The small optical spots on the specimen are tracked by a CCD camera and the images are processed by digital image processing software. As the diameter of each quartz fiber is only 100 microns the fibers can be arrayed in a tiny area. The local strains were determined by measuring the variety of relative distance between two spots. The measurement results of local creep strain on the welding joints of 15CrMo and HK40 at 850 degrees C are obtained.
The electric field situation of three single-substrate AC- PDP cells has been investigated by computer simulation. The electric field distribution has been analyzed before firing and the period of extinguishing when charged particles deposited on the surface of the MgO layer. It is concluded that electric field on the region near barrier ribs is mainly dominated by electrode voltages existed, while the effect of charged particles could be overlooked.
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