Prof. Kip O. Findley Profile

Prof. Kip O. Findley

at Washington State Univ

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Proceedings Article | 18 October 2007 Paper

Fracture and deformation behavior of common and novel scintillating single crystals

K. Findley, J. Johnson, D. Bahr, F. Doty, J. Frey

Proceedings Volume 6707, 670706 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.740822

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Cerium, Ions, Manufacturing, Scintillators, Lanthanum, Ceramics, Crystallography, Chemical species, Sodium

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The ability to manufacture large scale scintillating crystals is directly linked to the mechanical properties of the crystal. In this paper, estimated mechanical properties, including hardness, modulus, and fracture toughness of novel and established scintillating single crystals including CsI(Tl), CdWO₄, NaI(Tl), and LaBr₃(Ce). Lanthanum and cerium halide crystals have shown particular promise as scintillating materials because of their high luminosity and proportional response. However, the ability to manufacture large crystals of these materials is limited by their low fracture toughness. The mechanical properties of all the crystals are discussed in terms of the materials' deformation and fracture mechanisms and resulting manufacturability.

Proceedings Article | 2 October 2007 Paper

Structure and properties of lanthanide halides

F. P. Doty, Douglas McGregor, Mark Harrison, Kip Findley, Raulf Polichar

Proceedings Volume 6707, 670705 (2007) https://doi.org/10.1117/12.740849

KEYWORDS: Crystals, Lanthanum, Bromine, Lanthanides, Scintillators, Chemical species, Sensors, Cerium, Ions, Prisms

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Lanthanum and cerium bromides and chlorides form isomorphous alloy systems with the UCl₃ type structure. These scintillating alloys exhibit high luminosity and proportional response, making them the first scintillators comparable to room temperature semiconductors for gamma spectroscopy; Ce(III) activated lanthanum bromide has recently enabled scintillating gamma ray spectrometers with < 3% FWHM energy resolutions at 662 keV. However brittle fracture of these materials impedes development of large volume crystals. Low fracture stress and perfect cleavage along prismatic planes cause material cracking during and after crystal growth. These and other properties pose challenges for material production and post processing; therefore, understanding mechanical behavior is key to fabricating large single crystals, and engineering of robust detectors and systems. Recent progress on basic structure and properties of the lanthanide halides is reported here, including thermomechanical and thermogravimetric analyses, hygroscopicity, yield strength, and fracture toughness. Observations including reversible hydrate formation under atmospheric pressure, loss of stoichiometry at high temperature, anisotropic thermal expansion, reactivity towards common crucible materials, and crack initiation and propagation under applied loads are reported. The fundamental physical and chemical properties of this system introduce challenges for material processing, scale-up, and detector fabrication. Analysis of the symmetry and crystal structure of this system suggests possible mechanisms for deformation and crack initiation under stress. The low c/a ratio and low symmetry relative to traditional scintillators indicate limited and highly anisotropic plasticity cause redistribution of residual process stress to cleavage planes, initiating fracture. This proposed failure mechanism and its implications for scale up to large diameter crystal growth are also discussed.

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