Al2O3 reinforced by SiC whiskers (Al2O3/SiC-W) was sintered in order to investigate the fatigue strength of crack-healed specimens at high temperature. A semi-elliptical surface crack of 100μm in surface length was introduced on each specimen surface. These specimens were crack-healed at 1300°C for 1 h in air, and static and cyclic fatigue strengths were systematically investigated at room temperature, 900°C, and 1100°C by three-point bending. The static and cyclic fatigue limits of the crack-healed specimens were more than 70% of the average bending strength at each testing temperature. Crack-healed specimens of Al2O3/SiC-W were not sensitive to static and cyclic fatigues at room temperature and high temperatures. Therefore, the combination of crack-healing and whisker reinforcement can play an important role in increasing static and cyclic fatigue strengths at high temperature.
Al2O3 reinforced by SiC whiskers (Al2O3/SiC-W) was hot pressed to investigate the crack-healing behavior. Semi-elliptical surface cracks of 50 to 450μm in surface length were introduced using a Vickers indenter. The specimens containing pre-cracks were crack-healed at temperatures between 1000°C and 1300°C for 1h in air, and their strengths were measured by three-point bending tests at room temperature and elevated temperatures between 400°C and 1300°C. The results show that Al2O3/SiC-W possesses considerable crack-healing ability. The surface cracks with length of 2c=100μm could be healed by crack-healing at 1200°C or 1300°C for 1h in air. The maximum crack size that can be healed for Al2O3/SiC-W is 2c=200μm. Fracture toughness of the material was also determined. As expected, the SiC whiskers made their Al2O3 tougher.
Si3N4/SiC composite ceramics were hot-pressed to investigate the crack-healing behavior under stress. Semi-elliptical surface cracks of 0.1 mm in surface length were made on each specimen. The pre-cracked specimens were crack-healed under cyclic or constant bending stress, and the resultant bending strength and cyclic fatigue strength were studied. The threshold stress for crack-healing was investigated at healing temperatures of 1000° and 1200°C. The cyclic fatigue strengths of crack-healed specimens were also investigated at healing temperatures of 900° and 1000°C. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The threshold cyclic and constant stresses for crack-healing, below which pre-cracked specimens recovered their bending strength, were 300 MPa which was 75% of the bending strength of the pre-cracked specimens, and (2) The crack-healed specimens exhibited quite high cyclic fatigue strength at crack-healing temperatures of 900° and 1000°C.
Optical breakdown of air is explored by using high-speed photography for the realization of laser propulsion system in aerospace engineering. The multiple ionization and subsequent pear-shaped emission by laser pulse through a convex lens are recorded and analyzed by image converter camera. The improved pulsed-laser shadowgraphy employed in this system successfully enables us to visualize the transient structures of complicated shock waves more clearly than ever. The ionization just above the surface of an aluminum target is also examined in comparison with the case of no target, which may be the major mechanism of Myrabo's demonstration of a small flyer launching by a pulsed carbon dioxide laser. Not only the high- enthalpy states of the ionized atmosphere are calculated but also the precise history of breakdown initiation in the nanosecond laser pulse is obtained.
Air bubbles are observed at the moment of there emergence from a vertical nozzle in water. We can classify them into two types by formation process. The bubbles broken off from a large air bulk always emit sound pulses, but those not being split but keeping their initial volume hardly produce any sound. By comparing their motions and distortions not only by means of the sequential series of photographs but also by the streak photographs of the vertical linear portion of the axisymmetric bubble, we obtain the difference of the subtle distortion of their surface which causes the emission of sound pulse.
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