We present a projective geometry framework for color invariants using the Extended Dichromatic Reflection Model, in which more realistic and complicated illuminations are considered. Many assumptions which have been used by other methods are relaxed in our framework. Specifically some of the proposed invariants do not require any additional assumption except the ones assumed by the Extended Dichromatic Reflection Model. By putting the color invariance into the projective geometry framework, we can generate different types of invariants and clarify the assumptions under which they are valid. Experiments are presented that illustrate the results derived within our framework.
KEYWORDS: Image retrieval, Error analysis, Databases, Information operations, Statistical analysis, RGB color model, Solar thermal energy, Content based image retrieval, 3D image processing, Image processing
Color is widely used for content-based image retrieval. In these applications the color properties of an image are characterized by the probability distribution of the colors in the image. These probability distributions are very often estimated by histograms although the histograms have many drawbacks compared to other estimators such as kernel density methods.
In this paper we investigate whether using kernel density estimators instead of histograms could give better descriptors of color images. Experiments using these descriptors to estimate the parameters of the underlying color distribution and in color based image retrieval (CBIR) applications were carried out in which the MPEG7 database of 5466 color images with 50 standard queries are used as the benchmark. Noisy images are also generated and put into the CBIR application to test the robustness of the descriptors against the noise. The results of our experiments show that good density estimators are not necessarily good descriptors for CBIR applications. We found that the histograms perform better than kernel based methods when used as descriptors for CBIR applications.
In the second part of the paper, optimal values of important parameters in the construction of these descriptors, particularly the smoothing parameters or the bandwidth of the estimators, are discussed. Our experiments show that using over-smoothed bandwidth gives better retrieval performance.
We present a framework to compute the distance between color distributions based on differential geometry. We investigate more detailed the case when color distributions are described as linear combinations of a set of pre-computed basic functions. Experiments in our color based image retrieval system, which were done on 1000 images from Corel image database, show the advantage of our method based on the new distance measure and color descriptor.
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