Monitoring of atmospheric compounds at high latitudes is a key factor for a better understanding of the processes driving
the chemical cycles of ozone and related chemical species. In this frame, the GASCOD (Gas Analizer Spectrometer
Correlating Optical Differences) equipment is installed at the Mario Zucchelli Station (MZS - 74.69S, 164.12E) since
December 1995, carrying out observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3). The recent advances in sensor technologies and processor capabilities, suggested the setup of a new equipment, based on the same optical layout of the 'old' GASCOD , with enhanced performances and improved capabilities for the measurements of solar radiation in the
UV-visible spectral range (300-700nm). The efforts accomplished, allowed for the increase of the investigated tracers.
Actually, mainly due to the enlargement of the covered spectral range and to the adoption of a CCD sensor, in addition to
the NO2 and O3 compounds, others species can be monitored with the new instrumental setup such as bromine, chlorine and iodine oxides (BrO, OClO and IO). The innovative equipment called GASCODNG (GASCOD New Generation)
was installed at MZS during the 2012/2013 Italian Antarctic expedition, in the framework of the research projects
SAMOA (Automatic Station Monitoring Antarctic Ozonosphere) and MATAGRO (Monitoring Atmospheric Tracers in
Antarctica with Ground Based Observations) funded by the Italian and Portuguese Antarctic programs respectively. In
this paper a brief description of the new equipment is provided, highlighting the main improvements with regard to the
'old' one. Furthermore the full dataset (1996 - 2012) of NO2 total columns, obtained with the GASCOD installed at MZS,
is compared with the data obtained with satellite borne equipments (GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI and GOME2) and the
main statistical parameters are analyzed and discussed in detail.
Clouds are the major factor regulating the Earth radiation budget, therefore their detection and characterization is of
major importance. Cloud detection and classification is a requirement in order to allow for accurate studies of cloud
microphysical and optical properties, as well as subsequent assessment of their radiative effects. In the present work, a
method for the detection and classification of clouds, over the Iberian Peninsula, is presented. The methodology
developed relies on the use of Meteosat-8 satellite images in different spectral bands combined to form different color
composites, which are then analyzed, in an unsupervised way. The results show that more features are distinguished in
the cloud mask, with respect to the use of traditional methods.
In the current study, the cloud base height obtained from the ceilometer measurements, in Evora (south of Portugal), are
compared with the results obtained from atmospheric modelling. The atmospheric model adopted is the nonhydrostatic
MesoNH model, initiated and forced by ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range weather Forecasts) analyses.
Also the simulated cloud depth results are presented. The availability of mesoscale modelling for the region, as well as
the cloud local vertical distributions obtained from the ceilometer, provide a good opportunity to compare cloud base
height and estimate the errors associated. From the obtained results it is possible to observe that the simulated cloud base
height values are in good agreement with the correspondent values obtained from the ceilometer measurements.
The multi purpose UV-Vis. Spectrometer for Atmospheric Tracers Measurement (SPATRAM) is installed at the
Observatory of the Geophysics Centre of Evora (38.5º N, 7.9º W) - Portugal, since 2004, measuring the zenith scattered
radiation in the 300-550 nm spectral range. The main products are the total column and the vertical profiles of NO2 and
O3 obtained with the application of the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) algorithms and with
inversion schemes based on the Optimal Estimation methods respectively. Recently (February 2009), the MIGE
(Multiple Input Geometry Equipment) was coupled to the SPATRAM instrument allowing for the measurements of the
diffused radiation in directions away from the zenith one (Off-Axis). MIGE is an alt-azimuth platform based on a very
simple optical layout, using an optical fibre to transmit the radiation inside the monochromator of the SPATRAM
equipment. Thanks to the solution adopted in the developing phase, MIGE is able to scan the whole hemisphere. In this
work, after a brief description of the MIGE, the first and preliminary results for vertical profiles of NO2 in the Planetary
Boundary Layer (PBL), and the values of Slant Column Densities (SCD) of O3 and SO2 measured in Off-Axis
configuration at Evora Station, are presented and discussed.
A comparative study is reported regarding the use of two different surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, a
homemade SPR grating biosensor and a reference prism coupled biosensor, to perform quantification of C-reactive
protein (CRP) in human blood serum. Surface functionalization was conducted using anti-CRP fragments immobilized
directly on gold. Adsorption time optimization for the antibody fragments monolayer, non-specific binding (NSB)
resistance evaluation and CRP detection were conducted, with better results achieved by the grating biosensor on all
topics, namely less functionalization time, higher resistance to NSB and wider CRP dynamic concentration range. A
study regarding comparison between continuous flow and surface coating immobilization is also reported in this work.
We have shown that surface coating immobilization achieves similar NSB resistance and CRP detection results, allowing
a 75% assay cost reduction by lower solution volume requirement. Results suggest that the coating immobilization
technique is the best suited to be used in further studies in order to obtain a viable immunosensor for CRP and other
biomarkers detection in complex biological fluids.
The aim of this work is the study of the Saharan desert dust storms effects on clouds properties and respective radiative
forcing during a strong desert dust transport that occurred in 27, 28 and 29 May 2006. This is done by examining the
results obtained from a mesoscale atmospheric model (MesoNH), over Portugal area and nearby Atlantic Ocean.
The assessment of the aerosol properties provides information on the altitude of the aerosol layers and the determination
of the cloud properties, influenced by the presence of desert dust aerosol, gives the information about the possible
modifications that the cloud may suffer when they develop in an atmosphere where desert dust aerosols are present. The
cloud radiative forcing (CRF) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) is also estimated. The CRF at the TOA, in a dust free
atmosphere, present lower values when compared with the TOA CRF over the regions where dust aerosols are present.
A VAISALA Ceilometer CL31 is operating continuously in the Observatory of the Évora Geophysics Centre (CGE)
since May 2006. The CL31 ceilometer provides measurements of the cloud base height up to three simultaneous layers
and of the profile of the backscatter coefficient, which in the absence of clouds gives a good approximation of the
qualitative aerosol boundary layer profile. The ceilometer backscatter measurements are used here to study special
aerosol events that reach Évora (38°34'N, 7°54'W, 300m a.m.s.l.) such as forest fires, desert dust transports originating
from the Sahara desert, which often occur in the south of Portugal and European pollution. The aerosol backscatter
coefficient corresponding to the lowest layers of the atmosphere is also correlated with mass concentration
measurements obtained from a TEOM (Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance) installed in the same place (CGE
observatory). The TEOM measures the in situ mass concentration of aerosols near the ground, with aerodynamic
diameter lower than 10μm (PM-10), with temporal sampling of 10min. Furthermore, ceilometer measurements and
derived mixing height are also compared with measurements taken with a Lidar during an intensive campaign that took
place at the CGE observatory in Évora, during the first half of June 2006.
The present work aims to investigate the effects of Saharan desert dust storms on cloud properties and respective
radiative forcing over the South of Portugal and nearby Atlantic Ocean, for a case study that occurred between 26 and 29
May 2006, using the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data.
The determination of cloud properties in different regions subject to the presence of dust aerosols provides information
on the possible alterations that these clouds may suffer due to the presence of an aerosol layer. Cloud effective radius,
optical depth and water path retrieved values are considerably smaller for clouds developing in a dusty atmosphere than
for clouds in a dust-free atmosphere. Due to these changes it was also possible to observe that the instantaneous cloud
radiative forcing (ICRF) values at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface are lower when dust aerosols are
not present.
Aerosols direct and indirect effects on the Earth's climate are widely recognized but have yet to be adequately quantified. Difficulties arise due to the very high spatial and temporal variability of aerosols, which is a major cause of uncertainties in radiative forcing studies. The effective monitoring of the global aerosol distribution is only made possible by satellite monitoring and this is the reason why the interest in aerosol observations from satellite passive radiometers is steadily increasing.
From the point of view of the study of land surfaces, the atmosphere with its constituents represents an obscurant whose effects should be as much as possible eliminated, being this process sometimes referred to as atmospheric correction. In absence of clouds and using spectral intervals where gas absorption can be avoided to a great extent, only the aerosol effect remains to be corrected. The monitoring of the aerosol particles present in the atmosphere is then crucial to succeed in doing an accurate atmospheric correction, otherwise the surface properties may be inadequately characterised. However, the atmospheric correction over land surfaces turns out to be a difficult task since surface reflection competes with the atmospheric component of the signal. On the other hand, a single mean pre-established aerosol characterisation would not be sufficient for this purpose due to very high spatial and temporal variability of aerosols and their unpredictability, especially what concerns particulary intense "events" such as biomass burning and forest fires, desert dust episodes and volcanic eruptions. In this context, an operational methodology has been developed at the University of Evora - Evora Geophysics Centre (CGE), in the framework of the Satellite Application Facility for Land Surface Analysis - Land SAF, to derive an Aerosol Product from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) data, flying on the Geostationary (GEO) satellite system Meteosat-8.
The aerosol characterization obtained is used to calculate the fluxes and estimate the aerosol radiative forcing at the top of the atmosphere. The methodology along with the results of the aerosol properties and radiative forcing using SEVIRI images is presented. The aerosol optical thickness results are compared with ground-based measurements from the Aerosol Robotic NETwork (AERONET), to assess the accuracy of the methodology presented.
The application of Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) methodology to the zenith scattered light data collected with the GASCOD spectrometer developed at the ISAC Institute allow for the detection of stratospheric trace gases involved in the ozone cycle such as NO2, OClO, BrO. The instrument was installed in December 1995 in the Italian Antarctic station at Terra Nova Bay (74°26'S, 164°03E', Ross Sea), after several tests both in laboratory and in Antarctic region, for unattended and continuous measurement in extreme high-latitude environment. The GASCOD is still working and producing very interesting data for the study of the denitrification processes during the formation of the so-called ozone hole over the Antarctic region. For the continuous NO2 monitoring for whole the year, also during winter when the station is unmanned, the [407 - 460] nm spectral region is investigated. The results for Nitrogen Dioxide, obtained by application of DOAS algorithms to the data recorded during the year 2001, are presented. ERS-2 was launched in April 1995 into a near-polar sun-synchronous orbit at a mean altitude of 795 km. The descending node crosses the equator at 10:30 local time. GOME is a nadir-scanning double monochromator covering the 237 nm to 794 nm wavelength range with a spectral resolution of 0.17-0.33 nm. The spectrum is split into four spectral channels, each recorded quasi-simultaneously by a 1024-pixel photodiode array. The global spatial coverage is obtained within 3 days at the equator by a 960 km across-track swath (4.5 s forward scan, 1.5 s back scan). The ground pixel size of the measurements is 320 X 40 km2. A comparison of GASCOD and GOME results for NO2 total column is performed.
Aerosols direct and indirect effects on the Earth's climate are widely recognized but have yet to be adequately quantified. Aerosol particles scatter and absorb the radiation while at the same time acting as cloud condensation nuclei and thus entering the cloud formation process, influencing their microphysics and eventually the precipitation processes. Therefore the assessment of the aerosol optical properties is of greatest importance. Difficulties arise due to the very high spatial and temporal variability of aerosol concentration, which is the major cause of uncertainties in quantifying the atmospheric radiative forcing. A method to exploit the synergy between the polar orbiting Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) onboard ERS-2 and the METEOSAT geostationary system was proposed, aiming at increasing the accuracy of the aerosol characterization and monitoring of the optical thickness. Results of the ongoing validation are presented for relevant transport events of desert dust and biomass burning aerosol over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans during year 2000. Retrieved aerosol optical properties are combined with radiative transfer calculations to assess the direct short wave aerosol radiative forcing in selected regions over the ocean, where strong aerosol events are detected. Retrievals are compared with space-time co-located measurements from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) TOA flux product.
The interest in aerosol observations from satellite passive instrument is steadily increasing since satellite instruments supply unique global observations for establishing an aerosol climatology. A correct characterization of single aerosol events from satellite requires adequate temporal and spatial resolution. Most state-of-the-art algorithms are based on a single sensor, so that they often suffer from specific limitations: poor spatial or spectral resolution, large re-visitation time, poor de-clouding,... A method to exploit the synergy between the polar orbiting instrument GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) and the METEOSAT geostationary system was proposed, aiming at increasing the accuracy of the aerosol characterization over the ocean by determining with GOME the actual aerosol model to be adopted for aerosol optical thickness determination with METEOSAT. Applications of the algorithm to relevant aerosol events are presented characterizing aerosol optical properties and thickness. The comparison with results obtained via independent space-time co-located ground-based measurements and retrievals from other algorithms that make use of satellite measurements such as POLDER, allows for a first validation of the algorithm. Comparisons also address limitations of the retrieved aerosol model in terms of time-space coverage.
Satellite measurements at high spectral resolution and span that avoid gas absorption bands and determine aerosol spectral optical properties are necessary for obtaining aerosol optical thickness values at the reference wavelength of 550 nm (hereinafter AOT). GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment on board the ERS-2 spacecraft) measurements fit such requirements, with a suitable spectral resolution over the region between UV and near IR while presenting a low spatial (320 X 40 Km2) and temporal resolution. The present new method overcomes these limitations by combining aerosol optical characteristics retrieved from GOME with METEOSAT visible data; the latter allow for monitoring aerosol events with adequate temporal resolution over wide cloud-free oceanic areas. The AOT results from fitting the measured broad-band visible METEOSAT radiance with the simulated radiance from radiative transfer calculations; aerosol properties estimated from GOME data are the essential input parameters. Several parameterizations of aerosol microphysical quantities have been tested to improve the AOT retrievals.
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